Beyond Sustainability - TVVLuuid:2ab006a4-76f3-4aa9-b… · Beyond Sustainability • Materials...
Transcript of Beyond Sustainability - TVVLuuid:2ab006a4-76f3-4aa9-b… · Beyond Sustainability • Materials...
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Peter Luscuere
Beyond Sustainability
Delft University of Technology
Content
• Sustainability 7
• Energy 10
• Water 4
• Top Soil 5
• Materials, biological 6
• Materials, technical 7
• Wrap up and RNE 8
Sustainability, dimensions I
Challenges
Resources
- Energy
- Water
- Materials
- Top Soil
Biodiversity
Health
Effects
Climate
Change Scarcity Fairness
Ecology Economy Equity
Sustainability, dimensions
Values Ecology Economy Equity Re- cources
Biodiversity Health Effects Climate Change
Scarcity Cost /
Benefits PR
Metaphor Social
Responsibility Fairness
Energy SO2, Acid rain NOx, PM 2.5 CO2 Fossil fuels Pay Back
Time ******* Life Cycle Analysis *******
Total Cost of Ownership
******* Life Cycle Costing *******
Hard & Soft Costs and Benefits
'Net Positive'
Energy Positive Buildings
'Supergrid' Coal Powered Electricity
************ Child Labor
*********** Resource Depletion
************* 'Externalising'
Costs *************
Rampant Environmental
Pollution
Solar-, Wind-, Environmental-, Geothermal Energy and Highly Productive Biofuels (Algae)
Water
Contaminated Water
Hormones & Medicines
Rising Sea Level
Fresh Water 'Clean'
Cleaner Discharge as
Intake
Geo-Political Governance
(lack of) Local Cleaning (Reed filters), use of Algae, Nutrition
Regeneration
Materials
Waste *) Hazardous Emissions
Chlorofluorocarbons
Virgin Materials
'Healthy' Actively Cleaning Buildings
'Securing' Resources Non-Toxic, -Carcinogenic or –Mutagenic Substances, From
Down- to Re- and UpCycling
Top Soil
Loss & Degradation
Contamination CH4 -
Emissions Phosphate
'Fertile'
Positive Contribution to
Top Soil Production
Displacing Arable Land by
BioFuels Apply Green Roofs & Walls, Close Cycles, Recovery of Nutrients, Large Scale Eco-Rehabilitation Projects
*) Toxic-, Carcinogenic-, Mutagenic, etc. Environmental Challenges / Solutions / model v11, PG Luscuere, December 2015
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Efficiency & Effectiveness I
• Efficiency is doing things right
• Effectiveness is doing the right things
Source: Steven Beckers
Is a high boiler efficiency effective? a
Exergy of heat
Ex(Q) = Q * (1 – T0/T) (T0=293 K or 20 °C)
Heat Exergy
(°C) (%)
1.200 80
1.000 77
800 73
600 66
400 57
200 38
100 21
80 17
40 6
30 3
20 0
Energy is conserved
Exergy can be destroyed
Efficiency & Effectiveness II
• We do bad things very efficient
• Wrong things are done perfectly right!
• We’re not good in doing the right things
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Positive Footprint
• Efficiency is all about reducing costs and
reducing negative effects
• It is the embodiment of a negative footprint
• What if we could generate positive footprints?
• It would be beneficial to Society
Source: Steven Beckers
Source: Douglas Mulhall Source: Douglas Mulhall
Energy, renewable transition
Energy, renewable transition Energy, renewable transition
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Nuclear Power as a solution? The abundance of the sun
Source: Richard Perez & Marc Perez
Price drop outpacing Moore’s law Price drop outpacing Moore’s law
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Positive Footprint: Energy
• Produce more renewable energy as
consumed by the building
• Including the embodied energy
Univ. Prof. Dr. -Ing. M.N. Fisch IGS – Institut für Gebäude- und Solartechnik | TU Braunschweig
IG
S
Passiv-
Haus
Plus- Energie
Haus
Primärenergie Errichtung und Betrieb Primärenergie Bau – „Graue Energie“
EnEV -
Standard
Jahre
…über dem Lebenszyklus „Plusenergie“
PV Installed in Germany
2011: 24,8 GW peak cap. ≈ 50 power plants 2015: 40 GW
Used 5-10 % of time!
[Ad van Wijk, 2012]
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Mobility: Fossil – Electric – Fuel Cell Mobility: Fossil – Electric – Fuel Cell
Mobility: Fossil – Electric – Fuel Cell
[Ad van Wijk, 2012]
Mobility: Fossil – Electric – Fuel Cell
[Ad van Wijk, 2012]
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The Third Industrial Revolution
Convergence of new Energy Regimes and Communication Technologies
– 1. Steam Engine and Steam Powered Printing
– 2. Combustion Engine and Electrical Communication
– 3. Renewable Energies and Internet: Intergrid
Five Pillars
– Renewable energy
– Buildings as energy sources
– Hydrogen and other energy storages
– Power grids to Intergrid by internet technology
– Electric and fuel cell vehicles
[Jeremy Rifkin, 2008]
Water
Source: USGS
Water in the world
2,5 % Fresh
1,3 % at Surface
26,9 % non Frozen
Available:
87 ppm ! A
Scarce
Commodity
Water
Source: USGS
Water in the world
2,5 % Fresh
1,3 % at Surface
26,9 % non Frozen
Available:
87 ppm !
How many cups of water needed?
1,100 !! www.waterfootprint.org
A
Scarce
Commodity
Water
Source: USGS
Water in the world
2,5 % Fresh
1,3 % at Surface
26,9 % non Frozen
Available:
87 ppm !
How many cups of water needed?
1,100 !! www.waterfootprint.org
A
Scarce
Commodity
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Water
Source: USGS
Water in the world
2,5 % Fresh
1,3 % at Surface
26,9 % non Frozen
Available:
87 ppm !
How many cups of water needed?
1,100 !! www.waterfootprint.org
A
Scarce
Commodity
Positive Footprint: Water
• Produce locally a better water quality
out as in
Effective Hospital Sewage Treatment
ROI ≈ 5-10 y
Natural energy:
Solar, wind or biomass,
or any low temperature
heat
Feed water:
Seawater, brackish or any
water source
Pure water:
from less then
1µS/cm to drinking
water quality
Vacuum Membrane Destillation
Low pressure
Low temperature
Multi stage-
Membrane distillation
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TOP SOIL
50 % is lost in the last 150 y
(WWF)
TOP SOIL
50 % is lost in the last 150 y
(WWF)
Desertification
TOP SOIL
50 % is lost in the last 150 y
(WWF)
Desertification
Deforestation
TOP SOIL
50 % is lost in the last 150 y
(WWF)
Desertification
Deforestation Blowing in the wind
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TOP SOIL
50 % is lost in the last 150 y
(WWF)
Desertification
Deforestation Blowing in the wind Blowing in the wind
Positive Footprint: Topsoil
• Have more Topsoil produced over the
lifetime of the building as is destroyed by
the building / project (Worldscale)
• Improve Top Soil quality, based on local
threats: erosion, compaction and organic
matter content (Dutch scale)
FORD ROUGE CENTER storm water strategies
Source: EPEA
FORD ROUGE CENTER storm water strategies
Source: EPEA
Original plan: 50 M$
Realization: 15 M$
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Rehabilitation Eco-systems
John D. Liu in China
Biological Materials
Are renewable by Definition
They Grow !
But often not as fast as we consume !
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Biological Materials
Are renewable by Definition
They Grow !
But often not as fast as we consume !
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Biological Materials
Are renewable by Definition
They Grow !
But often not as fast as we consume !
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Source: Australian Government, Department of Agriculture
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Biological Materials
Are renewable by Definition
They Grow !
But often not as fast as we consume !
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Source: Australian Government, Department of Agriculture
Biological Materials
Are renewable by Definition
They Grow !
But often not as fast as we consume !
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Source: Australian Government, Department of Agriculture
• See Waste as Resource
Positive Footprint: Biological Materials Waste as a Recource, eg CO2
• CO2 as a resource, food:
– Urea, Bevarages, Decaffeinate, Greenhouses
• CO2 as a resource, industry:
– Polycarbonates, CO2 to CH4 ,
Thermodynamic cycles,
Biofuel / Biomass
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Yield from biofuel feedstock
Source: National Renewable Energy Lab
Yield from biofuel feedstock
Source: National Renewable Energy Lab
Yield from biofuel feedstock
Source: National Renewable Energy Lab
Yield from biofuel feedstock
Source: National Renewable Energy Lab
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Micro-algae
Micro-algae
Super Critical CO2
Liquid-like density
Great for turbines
Gas-like viscosity and
surface tension
Ability for “fine-tuning”
dissolving properties
ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids
Fragrances
Proteins
Technical Materials, eg Copper
Paul Mobbs, University of London
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Copper, one doubling left
Paul Mobbs, University of London
Technical Materials
Are being depleted!
Zn
Technical Materials
Are being depleted!
Zn
Technical Materials
Are being depleted!
Zn
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Technical Materials
Are being depleted!
PG Luscuere after AM Diederen
Zn
Waste as Resource ?
• What do we do with our waste?
– Put it in landfills ?
– Burn it ?
• and call that sustainable energy ?
Waste as Resource ?
• What do we do with our waste?
– Put it in landfills ?
– Burn it ?
• and call that sustainable energy ?
– From Down- to Re- or Up cycling !
• Waste as Resource, what is the value?
What is the value of our waste?
• Gold:
– 1 kg gold: ≈ 30 k€
• 1 kg of gold comes from:
– 200 - 1,000 ton ore from gold mines
– ≈ 3,3 ton of used mobile phones!
– + 471 kg Cu, 10 kg Ag, 0,4 kg Pd, 10 g of Pt
• Urban mining / Waste as Resource
• ‘Ex Waste’
Source: USGS
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The limits to growth
On the Cusp of Global Collapse?
Updated Comparison of The Limits to Growth with Historical Data, Graham M.Turner
Paul Mobbs, University of London
Positive Footprint: Technical Materials
• Necessity to re- and upcycle
• Need for disassembly
– Materials
– Substances
• Need for redesign
– Products
Positive Footprint: Technical Materials
• Necessity to re- and upcycle
• Need for disassembly
– Materials
– Substances
• Need for redesign
– Products
– Processes
Beyond Sustainability
• Energy
– Sun is abundent, fossils are the problem
• Water
– Clean&sweet water is scarce, energy can help
• Top Soil
– Lost Topsoil can be formed, but is it enough?
– Solutions global and local
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Beyond Sustainability
• Materials
– Biological materials grow, but often not as fast
as we consume
– Technical materials are critical
• Recycling and upcycling are essential
• Need for separation/severability materials and
substances
• Redesign products and processes
Research
1. Energy, materials and use of space
2. Water, top soil and food production
3. Circular Economy
4. Society
• Building a community between various
societies and parties in the Built
Environment
Metropole region
Rotterdam Den Haag Roadmap Next Economy
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OCAP-pipeline; CO2 from industry and power
delivers 400 kton/y CO2 fertilizer to 580
greenhouses
BMC Moerdijk; From Chicken Manure to power and
regaining phosphate from ashes as fertilizers
AEB Amsterdam; Growing proteins from residuals
in sewage treatment ‘Power to Protein’
Peter Luscuere
Beyond Sustainability
Building a Community
Delft University of Technology