Better Management Practices SEAWEED FARMING · Better Management Practices Manual for Small Scale...

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To stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build

a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.

Better Management Practices

SEAWEED FARMING (Kappaphycus alvarezii), (Kappaphycus striatum),

(Eucheuma denticulatum)Cottonii Sacol and Spinosum

Manual for Small Scale Fishery

st1 Edition | June 2014© W

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SUSTAINABLESEAFOOD

ID

Better Management Practices

Manual for Small Scale Fishery

SEAWEED FARMING - Cottonii (Kappaphycus alvarezii),

Sacol (Kappaphycus striatum) and Spinosum (Eucheuma denticulatum)st1 Edition | June 2014

ISBN 978-979-1461-36-8

© WWF-Indonesia

ForewordThe greatest praise to The Almighty God for allowing us to complete Better

Management Practices (BMP) of seaweed farming -Cottonii (Kappaphycus

alvarezii), Sacol (Kappaphycus striatum), and Spinosum (Eucheuma

denticulatum). This document can be applied easily in practice without

neglecting environmental aspects while at the same time emphasizing both

sustainable and responsible farming activities.

This document was developed through several steps e.g.:literature review, field

data collection, internal review of WWF-Indonesia's aquaculture team and Focus

Group Discussion (FGD) together with seaweed farmers, expert as a part of the

external expert reviewer. This BMP is a living document which will continue to

be updated and revised based on the development of aquaculture activities and

inputs from the aquaculture actors and experts.

We would like to express our gratitude for the assistance, team work, input and

correction from all participants during the preparation of this BMP document:

Directorate General of Aquaculture, Mariculture Development Center (MDC)

Lombok-NTB, Mariculture Development Center Lampung, Brackish water

Aquaculture Research and Development Center Maros-South Sulawesi,

Laboratory of Takalar Center for Brackish water Aquaculture-Takalar-Sulawesi

Selatan, Marine and Fisheries Department Alor District-NTT,Local Development

Planning Agency-NTT, Marine and Fisheries Department NTB Province, Marine

and Fisheries Department Sumbawa District-NTB, Alor Seaweed Forum-NTT,

Jasuda-Makasar, ILO-NTT, Artha Wacana Christian University-Kupang,

Mataram University-NTB, Hasanuddin University-Makasar, UD Sentosa,

Celebes Seaweed Group, and Farmers Group Juku Ejaya-South Sulawesi.

We are open for any kind of constructive input for improvement of this

document. We do apologize if there is any mistake of the preparation and content

of this document.

June 2014 Redactor and editor team

WWF-Indonesia

Better Management Practices | BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT - Kotoni, Sacol, dan Spinosum | i

Writer and Editor

Contributor

Ilustrator

Publisher

Credit

: AquacultureTeam WWF-Indonesia

: Anne Boucard Lechat, Niko Runtuboy, Helmy J. Maro,

Donny M. Bessie, Subair, Ernes Sau Sabu, Hanawi, Fahrul, Badrudin,

Rusman, Rajuddin Syam, Asdar Marzuki, Jelamu Ardu Marius,

Hasan Abdullah, Boedi Sardjana Julianto, Nasrul Efendi,

Salnida Yuniarti L., Nunik Cokrowati, Rahmat Hidayat, Darwis,

Darmawis Nur, Asfin, M. Zainuddin, Herlambang, Akmal, Andi Suryadi,

Ardanti Y.C. Sutarto

: Dwi Indarty

: WWF-Indonesia

: WWF-Indonesia

ii | Better Management Practices| SEAWEED FARMING - Kotoni, Sacol, and Spinosum

Desinfectant

Endemic

Eutrophication

Photosynthesis

Pure strain

Weeds

Herbivorous fish

Contaminant

Tissue culture

Macroalgae

Nitrate

Ice - Ice Disease

Phosphate

Pruning

Variety Selection

PE rope

: Compound used to kill or hamper the growth of bacteria.

: Organism found as native, restricted to a certain area and cannot

be found in other area.

: Excessive nutrients availability in environment which causes

uncontrolled growth of aquatic plant.

: The use of light energy by plants and other organisms to convert

carbondioxide and water into carbohydrate (chemical energy).

: Plants which are produced either from crossing or self

fertilization and possess identical characters with parental.

: Any plant that crowd out cultivated plants.

: Fishes that eat plant material.

: Unwanted compound or substance which makes impure the product

and reduces the quality of seaweed product.

: Growth of tissues on artificial media separate from organism.

: Macroscopic and multicellular algae.

: Nitrogenous compound which is found in aquatic environment

and plays a role as main nutrient for aquatic plant.

: A disease with recognized symptom is whitening mainly on the base

part of seaweed.

: Essential macro nutrient for aquatic plant and phytoplankton.

: Harvesting method of seaweed by pulling and cutting it from the

rope.

: Seaweed selection based on the best morphology characteristics

and the fastest growth rate.

: Plastic rope which is commonly used in aquaculture activity.

INDEX

Better Management Practices | - Kotoni, Sacol, and Spinosum | iiiSEAWEED FARMING

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Introduction

Seaweed: Uses and Utilization

Seaweed Farmer Group

Planning and Preparation of Seaweed Farming

A. Planning

B. Preparation of Seaweed Farming

Seaweed Farming Methods

A. Off-bottom Method

B. Longline and Floating Raft Method

Seaweed Seed

A. Characteristics of Good Seed

B. Transport and Handling

Planting and Maintenance

A. Preparation

B. Tying and Planting of Seedlings

C. Treatment/Handling of Seaweed

D. Pest and Disease in Seaweed Farming

Harvest and Post-harvest

A. Harvesting Procedure

B. Post-harvest Handling

Social Aspect of Seaweed Farming

Analysis of Seaweed Farming

Documentation of Farming Activity

Bibliography

Contents

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I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

Foreword

Contents

Index

I. INTRODUCTION

Seaweeds or macroalgae belong to aquatic

plant with big size and are visible by naked eye

without the aid of any instrument. They live

naturally either as benthic organism or grown

attach to substrate in marine ecosystem.

There are thousands of seaweed species in

marine ecosystem. According to FAO (2010),

33 species of seaweed are cultivated and

traded worldwide.

Seaweed production in Indonesia comes from

aquaculture both mariculture and brackish

water pond culture and wild harvest. The

production from natural harvesting is going

down and replaced by the production from

farming activity.

Some cultivated species in marine ecosystem

are Kappaphycus alvarezii (was known before

as Eucheuma cottonii), Kappaphycus

striatum and Eucheuma denticulatum.

Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus

striatum are commercially known as Cottonii,

while Eucheuma denticulatum is

commercially known as Spinosum.

According to seaweed global production which

was reported by FAO in 2010, Indonesia led

production of Cottonii (63.37 % from world

total production) and was ranked as second

biggest producer of Gracilaria (30.02 % from

world total production). In national scale,

seaweed production in Indonesia is

dominated by Cottonii and Gracilaria.

Coastal communities dominate seaweed

farming in Indonesia, either as main or side

occupation. Several advantages of seaweed

farming are: 1) no high capital is necessarily

needed, 2) simple cultivation technology is

applied thus it is easily adapted by small

farmer communities, 3) time efficiency, 4)

short cycle, harvesting can be performed after

45 days, 5) can be conducted by anyone

including housewives.

In order to increase quality of seaweed

product and its productivity, several practical

aquaculture guidelines have been published as

reference for seaweed farmers.

Generally, these documents more focus on

technical aspects. Corresponding to its vision

and mission, WWF-Indonesia provides this

BMP document by considering not only

farming techniques but also social,

environmental and legal aspects. The

materials used for content were obtained from

technical guidelines which were published by

several institutions and enriched with field

data and input from stakeholders. We hope

this document can be used as a reference for

farmers to maintain the sustainability of

seaweed farming through responsible

cultivation practices.

1 | Better Management Practices| SEAWEED FARMING - Kotoni, Sacol, and Spinosum Better Management Practices| SEAWEED FARMING - Kotoni, Sacol, and Spinosum | 2

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Source: , 2011.Directorate General of Aquaculture

Distribution Map of Seaweed Production in Indonesia

3

East Java;388,952 tonnes (9.96%)

10

Banten; 52,426 tonnes (1.34%)

1

South Sulawesi ; 1,245,771 tonnes (31.89%)

8

Bali;99,481 tonnes (2.55%)

7

West Nusa Tenggara;162,441 tonnes (4.16%)

5

2

Central Sulawesi;728,280 tonnes (18.64%)

9

Gorontalo;64,035 tonnes (1.64%)

6

Moluccas;260,155 tonnes (6.66%)

4

Southeast Sulawesi;348,981 tonnes (8.93%)

1. South Sulawesi (31.89%) Production = 1,245,771 tonnes

2. Central Sulawesi (18.64%) Production = 728,280 tonnes

3. East Java (9.96%) Production = 388,952 tonnes

4. Southeast Sulawesi (8.93%) Production = 348,981 tonnes

5. East Nusa Tenggara (8.9%) Production = 347,726 tonnes

6.

Moluccas (6.66%) Production = 260,155 tonnes

7. West Nusa Tenggara (4.16%) Production = 162,441 tonnes

8. Bali (2.55%) Production = 99,481 tonnes

9. Gorontalo (1.64%) Production = 64,035 tonnes

10.

Banten (1.34%) Production = 52,426 tonnes

East Nusa Tenggara;347,726 tonnes (8.90%)

Seaweed species which are commercially cultivated or harvested

from marine ecosystem in Indonesia are:

Kappaphycus alvarezii

(Red algae).

It was known before as

Eucheuma cottonii.

Local name:

Katoni, Tambalang, Rumput

Laut Kangkung

Gracilaria verrucosa

( ), Red algae

Local name:

Sango-sango

Kappaphycus striatum

( ), Red algae

Nama lokal:

Sacol ( )pronounced as Sakol

Sargassum spp.

( ),Brown algae

Local name:

-

Eucheuma denticulatum

It was known as

Eucheuma spinosum

Local name:

Spinosum, Safari

Turbinaria conoides

( ),Brown algae

Local name:

-

Halymenia durvillaea

( ), Red algae

Local name:

Rumput Laut Merah

Hypnea spp.

(Red Algae)

Local name:

-


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II. SEAWEED: USES AND UTILIZATION

Seaweed contains nutrients and compounds which are beneficial for many aspects in human life,

either for consumption or materials in industry, cosmetic, and medicine.

The uses and utilizations of seaweed related to its content are summarized in table below :

III. SEAWEED FARMER GROUP

In order to improve bargaining power, and

unity among farmers to be able to maintain

sustainability of seaweed farming activity, the

farmers are coordinated into certain forum or

group with following criteria:

1. The group/forum is legally accepted and

monitored by local Fisheries agency.

2. Consist of several farmers as member.

Ideally, each group consists of 10-25

people or even more (strong group

organization system is required). Women

are equally accepted as member.

3. Farmers are accompanied by extension

officer from local government.

4. Farmers have the same productive activity

which is seaweed farming.

5. Conduct routine meeting, at least once

every two weeks.

6. Has organization system which is elected

democratically, with a clear membership

and administration system. It is strongly

suggested to choose leader from the group.

7. The leader has good leadership skills

8. Attempt to build good relationship with

related stakeholders.

9. The group is formed based on region and

farming location (for practical

management).

Gracilaria

Gelidium

Eucheuma/

Kappaphycus

Hypnea

Spinosum

Sargassum

Turbinaria

Agars

Carrageenan

Alginate

Consumption:

Food, improves food texture, canning

industry of beef and fish, diet food.

Pharmacy/Medicines:

Tablet, pill, liquid medicine (Penicillin)

Cosmetics:

Soap, toothpaste, shampoo, lipstick,

hand body lotion, hair lotion.

Biotechnology:

As medium for tissue culture

Non-food:

Cattle/livestock feed, feed in

aquaculture (abalone, sea cucumber,

rabbit fish and fish pellet), ceramic

coating for automotive, paint solvent

adhesive yarn, dye for thread, film

paper and its coating, etc.

NO.

1

2

3

SEAWEED SPECIES CONTENT USAGE/PRODUCT

GROUP LEADERBETTER ISFARMERITSELF


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The increase of world seaweed production from year to year is trigerred by the increase of

demand and more varies seaweed utilization.

Table 1. Content and Usage of Several Seaweed Species

TO DETERMINE NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN EACH FARMER GROUP, IT IS STRONGLY RECOMMENDED TO

CONSIDER THE EASE OF MANAGEMENT OF SEAWEED BASED ON FARMING AREA AND COORDINATION

AMONG GROUP MEMBERS

Activities in farmer group:

1. Discussion of farming activities and any

problem that present, for example

finding solution to solve ice-ice disease

infection. Early warning mechanism of

disease infection in seaweed farming can

be organized in the group.

Sharing up to date information related to

price and recent technology available.

Collective sales which open possibility to

increase price in market.

Mediating conflict that may happen.

Planning seaweed farming activity in that

area.

Management of seedling nursery.

THE RECOMMENDED GROUP IN

THIS BMP IS A FORMAL GROUP

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Early warning mechanism of

disease infection in seaweed

farming can be prepared by

the group

IV. PLANNING AND PREPARATION OF SEAWEED FARMING

A. Planning

Develop a seedling nursery in one farming area (if

the available farming area is > 15 ha). High quality

seeds are obtained either from variety selection or

government

Planting and maintenance

Preparation of

seeds

Construction of

farming facilities

Harvesting,

Drying, &

Packing

Evaluation and

planning for further

farming activity

Legal aspect of

farming and site

selection

Determination of

farming/cultivation

method

Calculation of operational

cost and production

schedule

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B. Preparation of Seaweed Cultivation

Several aspects that have to be considered concerning site selection are:

1. Legal Aspect of the AquacultureActivity

Preparation of Site Selection

a. . Site selection is based on the regulation from the local government

Site is determined according to the regulation of aquaculture which is regulated in

Coastal and Small Islands Zonation Planning and/or spatial planning for land in

city/district or province level. Suitability of farming area is aimed to avoid conflict

with other utilization planning for that area such as housing, conservation, capture

fishery, tourism, industry, sailing, etc.

If these two mentioned documents are not available, it should be reported and

discussed with local authorities on the village, sub-district or district level thus the

area will be considered legally as farming area.


Legal Permitb.

According to regulation issued by Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

(MMAF) Number 49/Permen-KP/2014 related to aquaculture, any fish farming must

own lisence/permission (Surat izin Usaha Perikanan (SIUP) or Tanda Pencatatan

Usaha Pembudidayaan Ikan (TPUPI)).

Intermediate and big scale farmers are obliged to own SIUP which is issued by associated

fishery authorities.

Small scale farmer is obliged to own TPUPI but not SIUP. Regulations for small scale

farmer according to Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 49/Permen-

KP/2014 about fishery activity are:

Use simple technology in farming activity

Use less than 2 ha area

The following criterias of SIUP for fishery activity as conform to the regulation issued by

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 3/2015 about legal permission for

fishery are:

Use capital from foreign country,

Located in the area above 12 miles measured from coastal line to seawater body,

Located in land on borderline of province,

Use super intensive technology.

Legal permit is issued with the recommendation from Ministry of Maritime Affairs

and Fisheries.

c. :Other regulations related to fishery activity in coastal area are

UU Number 27/2007 and its amendment, law No. 1/2014 about Coastal Area and

Small Islands Management which does not allow land and ecosystem conversion in

farming/fishery area to maintain sustainability of ecology function of coastal and

small islands area.

UU Number 31/2004 about fishery and PP Number 60/2007 about fishery source

conservation. These regulations allow the utilization of mangrove, seagrasss, coral

reef, and other ecosystems for fishery activity.

Tourism site

Site for capture fishery

Transportation site

Farming site

9 | Better Management Practices | BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT - Kotoni, Sacol, dan Spinosum Better Management Practices| SEAWEED FARMING - Kotoni, Sacol, and Spinosum | 10

b.

Water bottom composition should be sandy and rocky.

Bay for seaweed farming Protected shallow marine area for seaweed farming

Strait for seaweed farming Protected shallow marine area for sacol farming

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Water characteristic

For off-bottom method, farming site has to be free from any parasites and pests such

as sea urchins, sea cucumber, starfish and turtle. Pest handling has to be conducted in

such a way that does not cause any animal death.

Protected from strong wave that can destruct farming construction and seaweeds. It is

recommended to do farming in bay, strait and protected shallow marine area.

Muddy water bottom is less suitable because

the slow water flow will allow mud becomes

easily attached to seaweed and hamper the

.growth of seaweed

Eligibility of seaweed farming location is based on water characteristics, water

quality, and access to the farming area :

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Tabel 2. Optimum range of water quality parameters for seaweed farming

PARAMETERNO UNIT OPTIMUM RANGE1

Temperature

oC

26-32

2 Salinity ppt

27-34

3 pH 7- 8.5

4 Nitrate ppm 1-3

5 Phosphate ppm 0.01 - 0.021

Waste from household, fish ponds or

agriculture and industry may increase

nutrient content in water and leads to

uncontrolled growth of weeds/pest.

SELECT FARMING SITE WHICH IS FAR FROM POLLUTION/ WASTE

The presence of wild seaweed and or seagrass indicates

.that location/site is suitable for seaweed farming

CHOOSE FARMING

SITE WHERE

SEAWEED AND

SEAGRASS GROW

NATURALLY

WARNING! DO NOT DAMAGE SEAGRASS AND CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM !


Select location with water depth more than 5 m during the lowest tide,

Use long line method and keep a wide space between seeds and between

rope spans to allow sunlight penetration,

Keep minimum space between seeds at 50 cm, and space between rope

spans at 100 cm,

Put anchor carefully and keep it stable to avoid any damage of seaweed and

coral,

Maintenance of seaweed has to be performed using boat.

Stepping on coral is strictly prohibited,

AVOID SEAWEED FARMING IN CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM!If there is not any choice :

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Water Quality

Water flow at rate of 0.5 m/s is required to distribute nutrients needed for seaweed

growth and help to clean any attached impurities on seaweed surface. Avoid too

strong water flow which may damage seaweed.

Water depth is determined according to farming system applied. Water depth in off-

bottom farming should not be less than 0.3 m, while water depth in longline farming

should not be less than 0.1 m during the lowest tide. Longline method can be

performed in deep water.

Longline method requires clear water with light penetration more than 5 m.

The wave is not too high (less than 1.0 m) to avoid any damage of seaweed and

farming facilities.

Avoid location which is too close to freshwater (estuary). Low salinity is not suitable

for seaweed growth.

Avoid location with too high nitrate and phosphate content that exceeds optimum

range. It indicates eutrophication which may give negative effect to the seaweed

growth.

a.

b.

c.

d.

f.

e.

Accessibility

Farm site has to be easily accessible for

maintenance and assurance of seaweed

development.

There are adequate facilities and

infrastructure in the farm site to support

farming, post-harvest handling and

marketing activities.

Farm site is located close to high quality

seeds. Otherwise, seed can be imported

from other areas following proper

handling and transporting procedures.

a.

b.

Legal Permit

According to Regulation of the Minister of

Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Number PER

12/MEN/2007 about Fishery Legal Permit,

farmers are obliged to own Surat Ijin Usaha

Perikanan (SIUP) which can be obtained from

from DKP or local fishery office. SIUP is not

obliged owend by small scale fishery with

certain criteria:

a. Off-bottom farming: maximum 8 units, 2size per unit is 100 x 5 m

b. Floating raft farming: maximum 20 units,

1 unit=20 floating bamboo raft (size of 2each raft is 5 x 2.5 m ,

c. Longline farming: maximum 2 units (size

of each unit is 1 ha)..

c.

Farmers who are not obliged to own SIUP has

to report their activity to the farmer group, for

further report to local marine and fishery

office to get TPKP (Tanda Pencatatan

Kegiatan Perikanan)

Apply the best farming method Cara

Budidaya Ikan yang Baik (CBIB) according

to Directorate General of Aquaculture and

technical guidelines.

ACQUIRE CBIB CERTIFICATE FOR YOUR SEAWEED FARMING ACTIVITY!

Contact local fisheries

agency for further

procedures.


V. SEAWEED FARMING METHODS

There are several applicable farming methods with different terms used,

which are developed based on water condition, capital, availability of

facilities and infrastructures, and farmer skill. This BMP document

explain some commonly known methods namely: fixed off-bottom

system and floating system (longline and floating raft).

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A. Off-bottom Method

Prepare two wooden pegs with diameter of ± 5 cm and ± length of 1 m. Drive

both wooden pegs to the bottom 15 - 25 m apart in rows, parallel to water flow

direction.

Set other wooden pegs ± 50 cm in rows. Tie and connect each wooden peg with

PE rope (diameter 6 mm or 8 mm).

Set PE rope (diameter 2 mm) to tie seeds (tali coban) on rope span (diameter 4

mm) ± 20 cm apart.

Stretch out PE rope (diameter 4 mm) which is already planted with seeds on

both wooden pegs (from A to B).

Farming facilities can be constructed as follow:

Prepare two wooden pegs with diameter of ± 5 cm and ± length of 1 m. Drive

both wooden pegs to the bottom 20-40 m apart in rows, parallel to water flow

direction.

Every 3 m apart, set wooden pegs to hold 11 wooden on each side.

Connect each wooden peg with PE rope (diameter 8 mm).

Stretch out PE rope (diameter 4 mm) which is already planted with seeds on

both wooden pegs 1 m between ropes.

Alternativeof farming facilities can be constructed as follow :


Height of wooden peg should not be >1 m.

The wooden peg can be made of lamtoro, tamate, or bitti (local name in Makasar).

Do not use mangrove as material for wooden peg, except when it fulfills the regulation issued by Forestry Department.

Wooden peg Plastic rope

PE rope with diameter of 2 mm


Plastic rope


Water flow direction

B. Floating Method (Longline and Raft)

Main ropes used are PE rope with diameter of 12 mm and 8 mm. PE rope

(diameter 12 mm) is set against water flow, while PE rope (diameter 8 mm) is set

parallel to water flow. Install these two main ropes to form rectangular shape

with size ± 25 x 50 m, or 50 x 50 m (can be adjusted according to available

materials).

Set 3 anchors (sack containing sand or rock) at every corner (10-15 kg, 20 kg

dan 10-15 kg) using PE rope (diameter 12 mm) outward direction to stretch out

ropes. Wooden peg can be used instead of anchor in seawater with muddy

bottom.

Anchor rope minimum 3 times of water depth.

Anchor 5-10 kg is set on the main ropes 7 m apart.

Set buoy (ball or plastic bottle volume 50 l) at every corner and buoy (ball or

plastic bottle volume 20 l) on the main ropes at every 10-15 m.

Set PE rope (diameter 4 mm) 50 cm apart on the main rope following water flow

direction.

Set PE rope (diameter 2 mm) to tie seeds (tali coban) on rope span with ± 20 cm

apart.

Set bottle buoy 500 ml on rope span 2 m apart between buoy.

The following are materials and method to install farming facilities using

longline method :


There are three types of floating method namely longline, bamboo raft, and

combination of these two types. This document explains longline and

bamboo raft.

MATERIALS AND METHOD TO INSTALL FARMING FACILITIES USING LONGLINE METHOD

Tali PE diameter 4 mm


Rope Span PEWith diameter 4 mm

Buoy

Rope 12 mm

PE rope 1 mm

PE rope 8 mm

PE rope 4 mm Weight

Rope with diameter of 8 mm Rope with diameter of 12

m

m

Flow direction

Install round shaped bamboo (diameter ± 10 cm) to form rectangular

with size of ± 25 x 25 m.

Set anchor or weight ± 50 kg (sack containing sand or rock) at each

corner.

Set bamboo bar at every corner to keep the rectangular shape.

Tie PE rope (diameter 4 mm) 50 cm apart on the raft (rope span) parallel

to water flow direction.

Set PE rope with smaller diameter of 2 mm to tie seeds (tali coban) on

rope span with ± 20 cm apart.

Set bottle buoy 500 ml on rope span with 2 m apart between buoy.

Materials and method to install farming facilities using floating raft method :

MATERIALS AND METHOD TO INSTALL FARMING FACILITIES USING FLOATING RAFT METHOD


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Tali PE diameter 2 mm PE rope diameter 2 mm

PE rope diameter 1 mm

PE rope diameter 4 mm

PE rope No.2

Plastic bottle

Weight

Flow direction

50 cm

2 m

VI. SEAWEED SEEDS

Harvested after 25-30 days of cultivation.

Branches.

No spot and peel off found, not slimy.

Use seeds which are obtained from

selection. Renewal of seeds supply is

required to maintain good quality.

Seeds which are cultivated in seedling

nursery may be obtained from variety

selection or pure strain from research

center.

FARMER GROUP IN ONE FARMING AREA IS SUGGESTED TO ORGANIZE SEDDLING NURSERY TO PROVIDE SEED SUPPLY FOR ALL GROUP MEMBERS. SEED CAN BE CULTIVATED IN A FARM

WITH THE SIZE AROUND 10 % OF TOTAL FARMING SITE

A. Characteristics of Good Seeds

Two disadvantages of seeds obtained

from field are the age is unknown and

decrease in quality (due to senescence of

seaweed cell).

Seaweed seeds with young cells can be

produced by breeding or tissue culture.

Breeding to obtain new seeds need at least

one year.

Steps of seeds breeding are:

SEEDS RENEWAL BY PRODUCING PURE STRAIN

Take thallus ± 5 cm with Cystocarp

(sporophore), which is part of

thallus that develops spores.

Put the thallus on petri dish or glass

plate thallus is then put in a glass ,

jar containing seawater. Maintain

seawater quality in optimum range

for seaweed growth. Aeration is

provided to supply oxygen.

After 1-3 days, Cystocarp will produce

Carpospora (microthallus) which is

only visible under microscope.

Carpospora will grow become young

thallus after > 3 months.

Young thallus with size of at least 100 g can be planted as new seed.

This breeding can be multiplied and

then used as parental.

SEAWEED FARMER GROUP WHO WHIS TO DEVELOP SEED OBTAINED FROM TISSUE CULTURE/PURE STRAIN CAN CONTACT LOCAL DIRECTORATE OF

FISHERIES AND MARINE AFFAIRS OR MARICULTURE RESEARCH CENTER.


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a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

Fresh and flexible

Healthy (uninfected by disease)

Smooth, no breakage or damage

Natural odor

No attached mosses or weeds/parasites

Has many thallus

Thallus of seaweed are shown by white

circle in the above picture

Firstly, some criteria are needed to

select good quality of seeds (25 day

old): faster growth, healthy (free

from parasites and damage), strong

thallus, big and bright color. Seeds

are cut on the main branch and

cultivated at separated area. After 25

days, further selection is conducted

by selecting 20-30 % of grown

population according to the above

criteria. F2 seeds are obtained from

this selection.

Plant the F2 seeds from the first

selection step for 25 days, harvest

and 20-30 % of them (qualified to

the selection criteria) are used as F3

seeds.

F3 seeds obtained from the second

selection are cultivated for 25 days,

harvest and 20-30 % of them

(qualified to the selection criteria)

are used as F4 seeds.

F4 seeds have relatively stable

quality. They are cultivated for 25

days and will produce high quality

seeds for seaweed farming. To

provide continous supply of seeds,

seeds are consistently harvested

after 25 days and cultivated even

though there is not any farmer in

the area needs new seeds for that

period.

Some parts of high quality seed are

cultivated to provide seeds for the

next farming period.

VARIETY SELECTION FOR SEEDS RENEWAL

The variety selection (step a-d) can be

repeated if quality of seeds goes down.

Use seeds from own farm or at least the closest farm.Two advantages: the

seeds are certainly suitable for that area and time efficiency for transporting

(less than 4 hours). Avoid direct sunlight and keep the seeds wet/moist during transport. Use

cover to protect them from sunlight and provide holes for air circulaton

(long distance transport).

Avoid contact with freshwater (cancel transport when it rains).

Better to transport seeds in the morning (for short distance) and then

followed immediately by planting the seeds to the rope.

While better to do long distance transport in the night therefore planting

can be conducted in the following morning.

B. Seeds Transporting and Handling


a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Variety selecton is conducted by following steps :

25 | Better Management Practices| SEAWEED FARMING - Kotoni, Sacol, and Spinosum

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How to pack seaweeds for transporting >12 hours

VII. SEAWEED PLANTATION AND MAINTENANCE

Prepare farming site and facilities prior

to planting.

Clean rope span and tie rope from any

weeds/mosses or other parasites by drying

method. New ropes have to be soaked at

least one day prior to plantation to remove

any contaminants (impurities) which may

hamper seaweed growth.

A. Preparationa.

b.

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Prepare:- Styrofoam with the size of 40 x 60 m2

- Three mineral water bottle containing ice (volume of 500-600 ml)- Unused paper or thin sponge- Seeds (after 5 minutes draining)

st1 layer: Arrange bottle on the

bottom of syrofoam

nd2 layer: Put paper or

sponge on top of the

bottle.

rd3 layer: Put the seedlings

on top of the second layer

(without pressing)

th4 layer: Put paper or sponge Close and seal

styrofoam box

Avoid any action that can break/damage seeds.

Put the seeds under shaded area to keep them moist.

For short distance transport (maximum 4 hours), allow seeds under shaded

area for 30 minutes, then spray water and soak them in seawater prior

tying.

The seeds have to be closely packed if they are transported for >12 hours.

B. Binding of Seed and PlantingPrepare equipment for seed selection

(such as knife). Cutting the seed by hand

will leave unsmooth surface which allows

the attachment of parasite.

1.

Avoid the usage of seed which is obtained

from pruning. Releasing seeds one by one

from the rope is the best method.

2.

SELECTION AND CUTTING OF SEEDS HAS TO BE HANDLED BY DIFFERENT LABOR/FARMER TO MAINTAIN

SELECTIVITY.

Better Management Practices| SEAWEED FARMING - Kotoni, Sacol, and Spinosum | 26

Use PE rope 2 mm or twisted plastic rope to tie the seeds.

Provide tying rope as long as ± 25 - 30 cm, and tied the rope to rope span

with ± 20 cm space.

The weight of each seed clump can be 50, 100, 150 or 200 g, but it is

suggested to homogenize the weight of seeds to obtain homogenous growth.

Select bud with many branches.

Tying has to be performed in a clean place

and free from any pollution matters.

Tie the seeds carefully, not too tight (avoid

breakage of branches) or too loose with

enough allowance for growth.

Seeds should be tied at the base/middle

part.

Tied seeds are then stored properly under

shaded area prior to plantation.

Carry the tied seeds carefully to the site.

Protect them from direct sunlight,

freshwater/rain or any friction.

Planting has to be performed immediately

after tying step (do not keep it overnight).

The sooner the better.

Tie the rope span strongly.

Buoy is tied to the rope.

3.

4.

5.

Avoid direct sunlight during tying process6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.


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DO NOT USE INORGANIC/ORGANIC FERTILIZER WHICH IS NOT SPECIFIC FOR SEAWEED FARMING TO PREVENT EUTROPHICATION, POLLUTION AND

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C. Treatment/handling of Seaweeds

Control seaweed condition for 2-3 times/day during the first week of

cultivation (particularly when wave is strong).

Check the seedlings and replace loss or broken seedlings (only performed

in the first week of cultivation to avoid heterogenous growth).

Clean seedlings from any impurities such as natural seaweed Sargassum and

Ulva, mosses/weeds, sediment and mud. It can be performed by shaking the rope

span or removing the organisms directly.

Parasite organisms which are removed from seaweeds have to be collected

and disposed to trash bin in land to avoid any re-attachment of these

parasites in the future.

Specific for naturally grown seaweed with high market price such as

Sargassum are better to collect and harvest.

To avoid raise of seaweed to water surface, buoy position has to be set properly

and or fill only half of the bottle buoy.

One week after planting/cultivation, controlling can be performed once a day

or 3 times per week until harvesting.

1.

3.

2.

4.

5.


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Avoid diaposal of parasite in the sea

D. Pest and Disease in Seaweed Farming

Growth rate Measurement

Monitoring and sampling are performed

to measure seaweed growth rate. These

activities can be routinely conducted once

a week and during harvesting. The

measurement methods are:

Measure initial weight of sample and

determine how much seaweeds will

be sampled until harvesting. For

example 1% out of total seeds in one

unit

One sample = one clump of seaweeds

Take sample, weigh and keep the

record

Bind the sample after weighing and

tie it to the rope.

Monitoring form of growth rate

measurement is provided in attachment.

Farming Facilities Maintenance

Remove dirt, weed or other organism

that attach on the rope span.

After harvest, dry the moss/weed on

the rope span and remove it. The

clean rope can be reused for the next

cultivation. The rope can be used for 2

years.

Check wooden peg, rope, buoy and

anchor. Repair any damage.

a.

c.

b.

Keterangan :

X = unaffected

V = affected

a.

c.

b.

d.

Pests

Pest Symptomp/effectNo.

Method

Off- Bottom

Floating raft

Action

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

GreenTurtle

Fish : , Rabbit fish

Red parrot

Sea urchin

Snail

Sea cucumber

Starfish

Mermaid

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

X

X

X

X

V

Loss of seaweed (or broken)

Bitten by turtle

Loss of seaweed, or broken

Bitten by small or big fish

Bitten broken, .shrivelled

Bitten broken, shrivelled

.discoloration

Bitten broken, shrivelled

.discoloration

Bitten broken, shrivelleddiscoloration.

Loss of seaweeds

- Expel/catch the pests Move them to area which is far from farming site Do not kill turtle- Routine control of all farming units- Mass planting simultaneously

- Mass planting simustaneously in .certain area- Hang objects which produce sound or reflect light e.g.: empty bottle filled with marble/stone or unused VCD pieces- Routine control

Catch the pests and move them to other area

without killing them.


without killing them.


without killing them



Catch the pests and move them, to other area



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THE BEST METHOD TO ANTICIPATE PEST/WEEDS IS BY MULTIPLYING THE POPULATION OF CULTIVATED SEAWEEDS AND SIMULTANEOUS CULTIVATIONIN ONE FARMING AREA.

SEAWEED LOSS WILL STIMULATE THE PRESENCE OF

WEEDS/PEST, THUS IT IS SUGGESTED TO COLLECT

SEAWEEDS WHICH FALL INTO BOTTOM OF FARMING AREA.

Disease/

Pest/weeds Symptom and effectNo.Method

FloatingAction

1. Disease:

ice-ice V V1. Change of water condition

drastically, mainly temperature

2. Slow growth, becomes pale

(discoloration), broken

3. White spots appear on the stem

(where seaweeds are tyed)

4. The infected seaweeds will be

slimy

5. Whitening is followed by

damaged of stem

Factors whic trigger ice-ice

disease infection are: dirt and

contaminant on rope, drastic

weather change, bad seed

quality.

Harvest immediately,

move farming location or

temporary stop farming

for a couple of months.

Disease and Pest

Off -Bottom


2. Weeds: macroalgae

(Ulva spp.,Enteromorpha

spp., Cladophoraspp.)

V V- Attach and damage

. seaweeds

- Hamper growth

Avoid endemic location

of weed and clean the

seaweeds by shaking

.the rope regularly

Keterangan : X = V = unaffected affected

IF PEST, DISEASE INFECTION OF WEEDS ATTACT IN 10 DAYS,

IMMEDIATE HARVESTING IS RECCOMMENDED.

IF IT HAPPENS CONTINUOUSLY FOR 1 YEAR AND CAUSE SEED

DEATH OR SEAWEED DAMAGE, IT IS BETTER TO MOVE

FARMING LOCATION.

Ice-ice disease

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IF DISEASE INFECTION OR WEEDS PRESENT IN A CERTAIN FARMING AREA, IT IS BETTER TO PROVIDE EARLY WARNING. FOR EXAMPLE BY INSTALLING RED FLAG AT THE INFECTED AREA THUS OTHER FARMERS WILL NOTICE AND DO PREVENTIVE ACTION IMMEDIATELY.

WHEN A CHANGE OF SEASON OR CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT

HAPPENS IN FARMING AREA WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY NO AIR,

WATER FLOW, HIGH TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY THAT SOFTEN THE

SEAWEEDS AND DIE ONLY IN 2 DAYS, IT IS SUGGESTED TO REGULATE

CULTIVATION TIMING AND LOCATION. THEREFORE, FARMING ACTIVITY

IN THAT AREA FINISH BEFORE ANY WORST CASE HAPPENS.

CALENDAR OF CULTIVATION SEASON IS HIGLY NEEDED.

VIII. HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST

Seaweeds are harvested after 45 days.

It is suggested to harvest in the morning and immediately followed by drying, or

during low tide for off-bottom method..

Shake off the seaweeds to remove any contaminant prior to harvesting.

A. Harvesting Method

a.

b.

c.

Harvest seaweeds properly to maintain good quality of seaweeds, by releasing

them one by one from rope span.

d.

DO NOT HARVEST SEAWEEDS FROM ROPE SPANS BY PRUNING BECAUSE IT WILL DECREASE THE QUALITY OF DRY SEAWEEDS


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Harvesting contaminated seaweeds

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e.


Collect the harvested seaweeds in a boat, container, sack or carry them immediately. Do not

drag them to avoid contamination and damage.

f. Do not harvest when it rains to avoid decrease in quality of harvested seaweeds

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SPECIFIC FOR SPINOSUM, HARVEST CAN BE CONDUCTED AFTER 25-30 DAYS PLANTING, WHEN THE MOST OPTIMUM OF QUALITY AND CARRAGEENAN CONTENT ARE OBTAINED.

Carrageenan content which is

determined by species/origin of the

seaweeds (genetic), farming location,

harvesting, growth stage and drying

method.

Water content: maximum of 35 %. It is

determined by duration and drying

method. Good water content is indicated

by pricky feeling in our grasp. If it feels

sticky it means that water content is still

above 35 %.

B. Post-harvest Handling

a.

Factors determining seaweed are :

b.

Content of other materials (impurity):< 5

%, which is determined by farming

location, harvesting and drying method.

c.

Beside proximity to market, high quality of

seaweed also determines its price. Seaweed

quality can be controlled by conducting proper

farming, harvesting, and post-harvest

handling. The quality is adapted to National

Standard in Indonesia: SNI 2690.1:2009, SNI

2690.2:2009, and SNI 2690.3:2009.

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Seaweed harvesting using canoe/boat Seaweed harvesting by carrying them directly

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Drying

Try not to damage/break the thallus of

seaweed before drying to avoid loss of

carrageenan content.

Drying can be conducted by hanging or

putting the harvested seaweeds on loft as

drying platform. It takes 2-3 days until the

required level of dryness is obtained.

a.

b.

THE HARVESTING AND DRYING METHODS DESCRIBED ABOVE ARE CONDUCTED TO PRODUCE RAW MATERIALS FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSE


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c. Organize the depth of seaweed on the

drying platform at ± 10 cm and turn the

seaweeds at regular interval under the sun

to dry them evenly.

Always cover the harvested seaweeds on the

drying platform to protect them from rain.

During drying process, avoid contact with

freshwater.

e. Clean seaweeds from any contaminant such as weeds, fish, small shrimp, mollusk, leaves,

rope, shell, etc.

f. Pay attention the drying platform and avoid any livestock stepping or excreting on it.

Drying using hanging method

Drying on loft as platform

d.

During drying and packing, strictly prohibited:

Stepping on seaweeds

Smoking or disposing cigarette ash on seaweeds

Spitting on the drying patform

Packing and Storage

Dry seaweeds have to be cleaned from

any contaminant prior to packing. For

small scale activity, dry seaweed can be

packed simply by putting them in a

plastic bag.

Dry seaweed can also be sold and

delivered to whole saler without packing

prior to delivery.

If farmers want to keep the seaweed, they

should put it in a plastic sack and cover

properly. The storage room has to be dry

and clean. For storage more than 3 days,

do not put the plastic sack directly on the

floor to avoid dampness on the sack

bottom.

SEAWEED IS PACKED SEPARATELY BASED ON

SPECIES.

IX. SOSIAL ASPECT OF SEAWEED FARMING ACTIVITY

It is not allowed to hire children labour as

regulated by ILO and employment rules in

Indonesia.

The work has to be performed without any

force. Pay attention to timing according to

the rules.

Avoid labor discrimination.

Pay attention to labor safety and welfare.

Employees have right to participate in

organization such as local forum communities,

youth organization, etc.

Any discipline or sanction given to

employees who violate the rules of

agreement must go through the proper

mechanism.

Pay attention to socio-cultural aspect in order

to keep a good relationship with the society.

Perform coordination with all parties who use

the water space (farmer, tourists, etc) to

determine the correct location for seaweed

farming and minimize the possibility of social

conflict.


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X. . ANALYSIS OF SEAWEED FARMING


Description Quantity Price per unit (Rp) Total (Rp)

Fixed costs

Wooden peg (unit) 80 2,000 160,000

Buoy (piece) 200 500 100,000

PE rope No.2 (roll) 6 55,000 330,000

PE rope No.4 (roll) 5 90,000 450,000

PE rope No.6 (kg) 1 75,000 75,000

Boat (unit) 1 500,000 500,000

Work equipment (package) 1 250,000 250,000

Drying platform 6 x 4 m (unit) 1 1,500,000 1,500,000

Total fixed costs 3,365,000

Variable cost

Seeds (kg) 500 5,000 2,500,000

Seed tying cost 100,000

Maintenance cost 100,000

Harvesting, drying and packing costs 100,000

Total variable costs 2,800,000

Total production costs 2,800,000

Total expenses 3,070,625

Revenue

Harvest (kg dry weight) 438 10,000 4,380,000

Profit 1,580,000

Analysis of seaweed farming using off-bottom method

Analysis of seaweed farming using long line method

Description Quantity Price per unit (Rp) Total (Rp)

Fixed costs

1. Anchor (unit) 20 150,000 3,000,000

2. PE rope 12 mm (kg) 40 35,000 1,400,000

3. PE rope 8 mm (kg) 30 35,000 1,050,000

4. PE rope 1 mm (kg) 10 35,000 350,000

5. Buoy (per bottle) 500 300 150,000

6. Buoy (per ball) 10 100,000 1,000,000

7. Boat 1 1,000,000 1,000,000

8. Work equipment (paket) 1 1,000,000 1,000,000

9. Drying platform 6 x 4 m (unit) 1 1,500,000 1,500,000

Sub Total 10,450,000

Variable costs

10. Seeds (kg) 2000 2,500 5,000,000

11. Seeds tying cost 300,000

12. Harvesting, drying and packing costs 500,000

13. Other costs for 1 cycle 1,000,000

Sub Total 6,800,000

TOTAL 17,250,000

Revenue

Dry kotoni sold (kg) 2000 11000 22,000,000

Wet weight harvest of 16 Ton = 2 Ton

dry weight

Revenue 4,750,000

Description

Notes: - The price of Kotoni seed used here is common price in Makassar - The analysis is performed based on the price in 2014 Notes: The price of Kotoni seed used here is common price in Makassar in 2014

XI. DOCUMENTATION OF FARMING ACTIVITIES

Proutine documentation of seaweed condition

and environmental condition will allow the

analysis of cause and effect between these two

factors. Then, it can be used in decision making

to solve problems which happens during seaweed

farming development.

The following table can be used as referene for

monitoring of seaweed condition can be

conducted using table below as reference :

Monitoring Table for Group

* Please tick in the available column

ConditionMonth

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Dry season

Rainy season

The east wind

The west wind

Average of daily temperature

Good growth of seaweed

Seaweed is fallen

out due to big waves

Discoloration of

seaweed

Ice-ice infection

Weeds infection

The presence of

herbivorous

Seawater becomes turbid

Efforts conducted by farmers

Current direction


Analysis of seaweed farming using floating raft method

GÑŒŃǾÒŐPÒŎŌ Quantity Price per unit (Rp) Total (Rp)

Fixed costs

1. Anchor (unit) 12 150,000 1,800,000

2. PE rope12 mm (kg) 10 35,000 350,000

3. PE rope 8 mm (kg) 30 35,000 1,050,000

4. PE rope 1 mm (kg) 10 35,000 350,000

5. Buoy 500 300 150,000

6. Long raft bamboo 25 m (piece) 40 35,000 1,400,000

7. Boat 1 1,000,000 1,000,000

8. Work equipment 1 1,000,000 1,000,000

9. Drying platform 6 x 4 m (unit) 1 1,500,000 1,500,000

Sub Total 8,600,000

Variable costs

10. Seed cost (kg) 2000 2,500 5,000,000

11. Seed tying cost 300,000

12. Harvesting, drying and packing costs 500,000

13. Other cost for 1 cycle 1,000,000

Sub Total 6,800,000

TOTAL 15,400,000

Revenue (4 unitsfloating raft)

Dry Kotoni sold 2000 11000 22,000,000

Wet weight harvest of 16 Ton = 2 Ton dry weight

Profit 6,600,000

Uraian Kebutuhan

*

Notes: - The price of Kotoni seed used here is common price in Makassar- The analysis is performed based on the price in 2014

*) Please choose the unit which corresponds to the time of plantation

These two documented data have to be analysed by the fishery officer who accompany the farmers. The result

of analysis is then discussed together with the farmers to decide further action.

Monitoring Table for Each Farmer*

Type of seed Farmer's name

Weight (g) – Week

.............................

Source of seed Date of planting

Date of seed purchase Date of harvesting

Duration of transport Duration of drying .......... Hours

Total weight of tied seed ........... Kg Total dry weight ........... Kg

Growth rate measurementSeed 2 3 4 5 Harvest

RL in front of current

RL behind current

47 | Better Management Practices| SEAWEED FARMING - Kotoni, Sacol, and Spinosum

M. Yusuf, Fisheries Science and Training Coordinator.

([email protected])

He got his bachelor degree in Fishery and Environmental Management, Hasanuddin University,

Makassar. He has ac�vely par�cipated since 2000 in local non-governmental organiza�on of fishery

sector in Makassar, university diving club, valua�on of AMDAL (the Environmental Impact

Assessment), and seaweed export company. He joined WWF-Indonesia since February 2009 and

responsible for the development of all fishery guidance (BMP) and stakeholder capacity.

Nur Ahyani, Aquaculture officer.

([email protected])

She joined WWF-Indonesia since February 2013. Nur is responsible in aquaculture prac�ce

development based on Be�er Management Prac�ces (BMP) and Aquaculture Stewardship Council

(ASC) in the area of NTB, NTT and Bali. Before working in WWF-Indonesia, she ac�vely par�cipated

in strengthening coastal society and aquaculture in Aceh and Nias. She obtained her master degree

in Master of Science in Aquaculture, Ghent University, Belgium

Wahju Subachri, Senior Fisheries Officer.

([email protected])

Wahju studied Aquaculture in Hang Tuah University and joined WWF-Indonesia since November

2010. His main responsibility is development and implementa�on of Aquaculture Improvement

Program (AIP) in several priority areas of WWF-Indonesia. Before working in WWF-Indonesia, he

had worked in aquaculture company and aquaculture sector specialist for more than 15 years

Idham Malik, Aquaculture Officer

([email protected])

He has ac�vely involved in coastal environment issue since his study in Hasanuddin University, major

in Fishery. Idham joined WWF-Indonesia since May 2013 and is responsible for development and

implementa�on of BMP of Aquaculture and Fishery in South Sulawesi and involving several

stakeholder; small scale farmers, industry, researcher and government.

Candhika Yusuf, Na�onal Aquaculture Program Coordinator

([email protected])

He has involved in marine and fishery conserva�on ac�vity since his bachelor study major in Marine,

Diponegoro University, Semarang. He joined in WWF-Indonesia in 2009 as Fisheries Officer at Berau

and since 2011 he is func�oned as Na�onal Aquaculture Programme Coordinator. His responsibility is

the implementa�on of Aquaculture Improvement Program (AIP) for 11 priori�zed commodi�es

WWF-ID in Indonesia.

Get Other Manual Series – Aquaculture Practical Guidelines :

Beside practical guideline for aquaculture and fishery, WWF-Indonesia also publishes other documents related

to Capture Fishery, Bycatch Fishery, Marine Tourism, and Aquatic Environment Conservation.

For more detail information and to get electronic version of these documents, please

visit www.wwf.or.id

1. Tiger Shrimp Aquaculture (Penaeus monodon), Traditional and Semi-Intensive Pond

2. Vannamei Shrimp Aquaculture, Semi-Intensive with Wastewater Treatment Installation

3. Tiger Grouper Aquaculture, Floating Net Cage System

4. Tilapia Fish Aquaculture in Cage with Floating Net System

5. Seaweed Aquaculture of Cottonii (Kappaphycus alvarezii), Sacol (Kappaphycus striatum), and Spinosum (Eucheuma denticulatum)

6. Seaweed Aquaculture Gracilaria sp., in the Pond

7. Milkfish Aquaculture (Chanos chanos), in Environmental Friendly Fishpond

8. Asian Seabass Aquaculture (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) in Floating Net

9. Abalone Culture (Haliotis sp.)

10. Green Mussel Culture (Perna viridis)

11. Mangrove Cultivation in Traditional Shrimp Pond and Other Type of Shrimp Pond

FISHERY TEAM WWF- INDONESIAREDACTORS AND EDITORS OF BMPBIBLIOGRAPHY

Anggadiredja, J.T., A. Zatnika, H. Purwotodan S. Istini, 2006. Rumput laut: pembudidayaan, pengolahan, &pemasaran komoditas perikanan potensial. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.

Aslan L.M., 2007. Rumput Laut. Kanisius. Yogyakarta..

FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, 2012. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012. FAO of the UN, Rome.

Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2012. Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) Budidaya Air Payau dan Laut. Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Budidaya – Direktorat Produksi, Jakarta.

Kementerian Kelautan Perikanan, 2012. Protokol Seleksi Varietas Bibit Unggul Rumput Laut. Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Budidaya Air Payau – Balitbang KP. Jakarta.

Parenrengi, A., R. Syah dan E. Suryati, 2011. Budidaya Rumput Laut. Balitbang KP (BRPBAP Maros). Jakarta. 54 hal.

Pusat Data, Statistik, dan Informasi – Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2012. Buku Statistik 2012, Kalautan dan Perikanan. Jakarta.

SEAPlant.Net, 2008. Modul Materi Pelatihan Training of Farmer, Pemilihan Lokasi untuk Budidaya Rumput Laut. Rangkaian Materi Pelatihan Bisnis Rumput Laut untuk Usaha Kecil Menengah. The South East Asia Seaplant Network.

SEAPlant.Net, 2008. Modul Materi Pelatihan Training of Farmer, Penanganan Pasca Panen Budidaya Rumput Laut. Rangkaian Materi Pelatihan Bisnis Rumput Laut untuk Usaha Kecil Menengah. The South East Asia Seaplant Network.

SEAPlant.Net, 2008. Modul Materi Pelatihan Training of Farmer, Teknik Budidaya Rumput Laut. Rangkaian Materi Pelatihan Bisnis Rumput Laut untuk Usaha Kecil Menengah. The South East Asia Seaplant Network.

SNI 7579. 1: 2010. Produksi Rumput Laut Kotoni (Eucheuma Cottonii) Bagian 1: Metode Lepas Dasar. Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia.

SNI 7579. 2 : 2010. Produksi Rumput Laut Kotoni (Eucheuma Cottonii) Bagian 2: Metode Long-line. Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia.

SNI 7579. 3 : 2010. Produksi Rumput Laut Kotoni (Eucheuma Cottonii) Bagian 3: Metode Rakit Bambu. Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia.

Wesite Iptek.net.id (http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_alga/?mnu=2)

Website Pusat Penyuluhan BPSDM KP. (http://pusluh.kkp.go.id/index.php/arsip/c/654/TEKNIK-PENYEDIAAN-KEBUN-BIBIT-RUMPUT-LAUT/?category_id=5).

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