Best practices in perinatal mental health for mothers with severe mental illness.
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Transcript of Best practices in perinatal mental health for mothers with severe mental illness.
Best practices in perinatal mental health for mothers with severe mental illness.
Louise HowardProfessor of Women’s Mental Health
Faculty Disclosure
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Broad range of mental disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, drug and alcohol-use disorders, personality disorder and severe mental illness (psychosis, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia)
Several recent reviews
Not just postnatal depression and PPP Page *
Why maternal mental health matters Pregnancy not protective against mental illness – prevalence
of mental disorders similar to other times in women’s lives Increased risk of relapse if prophylactic medication stopped Increased risk of psychosis postpartumImportant cause of maternal deathAssociated with
• adverse fetal outcomes• deficits in maternal-infant interaction• adverse child development
How does mental illness affect the experience of childbearing? Preconception to motherhood: a qualitative meta-synthesis Page *
Dolman et al 2013; Megnin-Viggars et al 2015
Conflicting information re medication
*
“I felt very much that they weren’t supportive of me trying to have a
baby… I got a lot of ...negative vibes about it along the lines of ‘Well
that will play havoc with your hormones and you’ll never cope’
Participant 4
trying to get information on pregnancy from [psychiatrist] “like
bashing my head against a brick wall”. Participant 10
Interviews with general psychiatristsInformation on risks of illness and risks of treatment (Dolman BJPO 21016)
“I’m scared that anything I take might affect a future
child that I have. I don’t want there to be problems like any birth defects or anything like
that - that scares me.”
P21
“They never really went into detail ...about the fact
that I might ...want to start having children ... Now
that I know about things like postpartum
psychosis and not being able to breastfeed on
certain medications, ...I think that’s definitely
something ...that should have been mentioned”
P20
Page *
Higher levels of anticipated discrimination were most strongly associated with gender (n=202). Females anticipated higher levels of discrimination than males in several areas including housing, employment and family life.
Population studies suggest lower admission &ED contact rates in pregnancy for affective and non-affective psychosis compared with pre-conception, but higher postpartum
SE London (CRIS) data (n=454) suggests around 25% of women with non-affective psychoses and 11% women with affective psychoses relapse in pregnancy
Predictors of relapse include recent relapse and length of previous relapse
Prevalence of acute illness in women with severe mental disorders
Page *
Cohen et al JAMA 2006; Rochon-Terry et al 2016; Taylor et al Under review; Viguera et al Am J Psychiatry 2011;
Is childbirth associated with increased risk?
Onset of major functional disorders in the puerperium
Number of admission
s
Weeks prior to delivery Weeks following delivery
201816
14
121086
4
36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Kendell et al 1987
RR 35 in primigravida women
What women are particularly at risk?
What women are particularly at risk?
Jones and Craddock, AJPsych 2001
Robertson et al, BJPsych 2005
What women are particularly at risk?
Risk associated with:Recency of hospitalisationNumber of previous admissionsLength of most recent admission
20-30% rate of PP in women with BPD>70% in women with FHx PP>55% in women with previous PP
Recent systematic review 35% (95% CI=29, 41).
Harlow et al, 2007; Jones et al, 2001; Munk-Olsen et al, 2006; Robertson et al, 2005; Wesseloo et al 201
Suicide is a major cause of maternal death in HICs (5-20% of deaths; 1 - 5/100,000 live-births) and important in LICs (>1%) - extent possibly under – estimated due to misclassification
Not included in WHO maternal mortality data
(0% in Vietnam; 23% in Argentina where all injury related deaths are classified as suicide)
In general population studies: SMR 0.17 postpartum suicides, 0.05 for pregnancy
DSH OR 0.43 (95%CI 0.17-0.95)
Women admitted for severe postpartum disorders have greatly increased risk of suicide (70 fold increase in risk in first postpartum year)
Studies using confidential enquiries into maternal deaths report around 60-70% have h/o psych service contact,
Perinatal suicide Page *
Appleby et al BMJ 1991; Appleby et al Department of Health, 1997; Appleby et al Br J Psychiatry 1998; Esscher et al Br J Psychiatry 2015; Fuhr et al Lancet Psychiatry 2014
4785 suicides, of which 80 (1.7%) occurred in the first postnatal year and 18 (0.38%) occurred during pregnancy.
Perinatal suicides accounted for 98/4785 (2%) of suicides among the whole study sample, and for 74/1845 (4%) of suicides among women aged 20-35.
Commonest primary diagnoses were:
• depression (48%)
• schizophrenia and other delusional disorders (13.3%)
• personality disorder (11.2%)
• bipolar disorder (8.2%).
Over a third (38.8%) had been ill for less than a year and had no past admissions (36.6%).
Around a tenth had recent alcohol misuse (10.2%) or recent drug misuse (10.2%) and a quarter had self-harmed in the past 3 months
Page *
UK National Confidential Inquiry into Suicides and Homicides by People with Mental Illness (NCISH)
1 in 50 suicides among women aged 16-50 and 1 in 25 suicides among women aged 20-35 occurred in the perinatal period in women with recent (1 yr) contact with psychiatric services.
Sxs: distress, depressed mood, suicidal ideation, hopelessness (rarely psychotic symptoms) (?under-detected)
Compared to non-perinatal suicides, suicides in the perinatal period were:
• were more likely to have a diagnosis of depression
• less likely to be receiving active treatment- particularly medication-at the time of death (a fifth of perinatal suicides had no active treatment or follow-up; a third were non-adherent with prescribed medication.)
• More likely to use violent methods (2.1 95%CI 1.3-3.2)) though with attenuation after adjusting for clinical characteristics such as admission history etc (1.5 95%CI 0.95-2.4)
No difference in assessment of risk
25% had recent self harm, 48% h/o self harm
Key findings Page *
Self harm in pregnancy occurs in 9% women with SMI Page *
52 events of self-harm (no suicides) recorded in 33 women out of 420 (1 event/19 pregnancies). Methods:• overdoses (n=20, 38.5 %), • hitting (n = 12, 23.1 %), • cutting (n=9, 17.3 %) • using a violent method (n =11, 21.2 %) such as jumping from height, burning or hanging. 23 (43.1 %) occurred while women experienced hallucinations.In 35 % of events, drugs or alcohol were involved within 12 h before
Taylor et al 2016
The Lancet, Volume 384, Issue 9956, 2014, 1800 - 1819
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61277-0
• Adverse outcomes are not inevitable
• Effects are moderate or small• Individual risk factors within
macro-environmental systems• Socioeconomic adversity - most
important moderator
Meta-analysis of fetal death/stillbirth rate in women with psychosis
Webb et al. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005
Neonatal deaths: relative risks of mortality for offspring of mothers admitted with psychiatric illness compared with the Danish general population, 1973–98.
King-Hele S et al. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2009;94:F105-F110
Copyright © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. All rights reserved.
Smoking Page *
MacCabe et al Bipolar Disorders 2007
How can we help pregnant women with mental health problems stop smoking?
Pre-conception: discuss risks in all childbearing aged women during contacts with mental health services
Stay focussed during pregnancySmoking discussed in only 11% of antenatal contacts after booking apptProfessionals may be less likely to focus on smoking if woman also has
a mental health problems “don’t give up…we don’t want you getting anxiety or stressed”
Don’t collude – stopping smoking is not “bad” for women with mental health problems
Provide information
Ensure mental health and other psychosocial problems are addressed
Pregnancy smoking cessation services have many complex patients and will prescribe NRT
Howard et al 2013; Kelly et al 1999; El-Mohandes et al 2010; McLeod et al, 2003;
Obesity in pregnancy associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes incl congenital neurological defects, and childhood obesity
Preliminary evidence of association with ADHD in school age children
Dose response relationship between obesity and depression
• Boden study: 50% women on APs overweight/ obese; association with GDM (4%) (Vigod study suggests 7% pre-existing DM)
• SR of nutrition in SMI child-bearing aged women: Low folate and B12
Obesity Page *
Boden et al 2012; Croker & Howard 2012; Gortmaker et al 2011; Heslehurst et al 2008; La Coursiere et al. 2005; Poston 2011; McColl et al 2012; Molyneaux et al 2014; Rodriguez et al, 2008;
Domestic violence• Antenatal DV: foetal loss, low birth weight (mixed evidence), effect on
child behavioural outcomes• Postnatal DV: Child abuse (in >40%)>750,000 children witness domestic violenceChildhood psychological disturbance associated with witnessing violence
(depression, anxiety, PTSD symptoms, substance misuse, aggressive behaviour)
Adult mental health problemsDV associated with all perinatal mental disorders studiedRoutinely asked about in maternity servicesAll professionals should be trained in how to ask and respond – (WPA,
NICE, WHO)SLAM pregnant patients with psychosis (CRIS) - 86 (18.9%) recorded
abuse during pregnancy, and 60 (13.2%) recorded abuse during the postpartum period up to 3 months postpartum
Alio et al, 2009; Bair-Merritt et al, 2006; Eddleson 1999; Fisher et al 2012; Flach et al, 2011 Hester et al 2000; Howard et al 2014; Humphreys et al 2002; Shankleman et al 2001; McWilliams 1993; Trevillion et al 2012; Whitaker et al, 2006
Page *
Low birth weight and DV (Shah & Shah 2010)
Page *Prematurity and DV (Shah & Shah 2010)
Impact on children
Fetal lossChild abuse (in >40%); witness in >90%>750,000 children witness DV in England each yearPsychological disturbance Adult mental health problemsLiving with and witnessing domestic violence is a
source of ‘significant harm’ for children (Adoption and Children Act 2002)
Alio et al, 2009; Bair-Merritt et al, 2006; Eddleson 1999; Hester et al 2000; Humphreys et al 2002; Shankleman et al 2001; McWilliams 1993; Whitaker et al, 2006
Discuss with all women of childbearing potential who have a new, existing or past mental health problem:
• the use of contraception and any plans for a pregnancy • how pregnancy and childbirth might affect a mental health
problem, including the risk of relapse • how a mental health problem and its treatment might affect
the woman, the fetus and baby • how a mental health problem and its treatment might affect
parenting. Do not offer valproate for acute or long-term treatment of a
mental health problem in women of childbearing potential
Considerations for women of childbearing potential Page *
Optimising treatment (ideally pre-conception) includes…Help address smoking – women with mental illness can do
well with intensive supportAddress other risk factors
Obesity Substance misuseSocial supportDomestic violence Other psychosocial interventions –
relapse prevention; crisis planning; Document risk assessmentEnsure all relevant professionals involved in care planning Consider child protection referral
Flach et al, 2011; Howard 2012; NICE 2014; Stothard et al, 2009;
Kaplan-Meier Survival Functions for Pregnant Patients With Bipolar Disorder Who Maintained or Discontinued Treatment
Viguera et al, Am J Psychiatry 2007
Mood stabilizer discontinuation ass with recurrence of BPD episode (RR 2) and shorter time to recurrence (adj HR 2.5)
Abrupt discontinuation vs gradual discontinuation
(RR=1.4)
Other predictors of relapse include bipolar II disorder diagnosis, earlier onset, more recurrences/year, recent illness, use of antidepressants, use of anticonvulsants versus lithium
CRIS study will investigate predictors of relapse for bipolar disorder & schizophrenia
Wisner et al, 2000; adapted from Zarin & Pauker, 1984
Model for decisions regarding treatment of depression during pregnancy
Assumes informed consent
Clinical decisions
Any clinical decision requires appropriate assessment of risks and benefits; both sides of the equation need to be considered – changing one may change the other.
Decision making should include• a good therapeutic relationship• assessing capacity• being up-to-date with evidence (incl. what is not known)• individualising risks and benefits• discussing and understanding woman’s (and sig others) wishes
and values, including preference for involvement in decision making
• being flexible in use of models of decision making• reflecting on influence of own values/ preferences/ experiences• reviewing decisions over time
Severe illness may need admission
Mother and Baby Units
ESMI-MBU study ongoing
Elkin et al, Psychiatric Services 2009
Outcomes for women admitted to MBUs in UK (UK Marce database)(N=1197)23% leave MBU with babies
under social care supervision
Worst outcomes for schizophrenia (OR 5.16, 95% CI 2.61-10.21) and personality disorder
(OR 9.29, 95% CI 3.46-24.91)
Partner mental health, single status, social class also independent predictors
Any questions?
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