Best practices in perinatal mental health for mothers with severe mental illness.

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Best practices in perinatal mental health for mothers with severe mental illness. Louise Howard Professor of Women’s Mental Health

Transcript of Best practices in perinatal mental health for mothers with severe mental illness.

Page 1: Best practices in perinatal mental health for mothers with severe mental illness.

 Best practices in perinatal mental health for mothers with severe mental illness. 

Louise HowardProfessor of Women’s Mental Health

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Faculty Disclosure

Company Name Honoraria/Expenses

Consulting/ Advisory Board

Funded Research

Royalties/ Patent

Stock Options

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PositionEmployee Other

(please specify)

NICE x      National Institute for Health Research x      

     

     

     

No, nothing to disclose x Yes, please specify: 

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Broad range of mental disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, drug and alcohol-use disorders, personality disorder and severe mental illness (psychosis, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) 

Several recent reviews

Not just postnatal depression and PPP Page *

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Why maternal mental health matters Pregnancy not protective against mental illness – prevalence 

of mental disorders similar to other times in women’s lives Increased risk of relapse if prophylactic medication stopped Increased risk of psychosis postpartumImportant cause of maternal deathAssociated with 

• adverse fetal outcomes• deficits in maternal-infant interaction• adverse child development

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How does mental illness affect the experience of childbearing? Preconception to motherhood: a qualitative meta-synthesis Page *

Dolman et al 2013; Megnin-Viggars et al 2015

Conflicting information re medication

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“I felt very much that they weren’t supportive of me trying to have a

baby… I got a lot of ...negative vibes about it along the lines of ‘Well

that will play havoc with your hormones and you’ll never cope’

Participant 4

trying to get information on pregnancy from [psychiatrist] “like

bashing my head against a brick wall”. Participant 10

Interviews with general psychiatristsInformation on risks of illness and risks of treatment (Dolman BJPO 21016)

“I’m scared that anything I take might affect a future

child that I have. I don’t want there to be problems like any birth defects or anything like

that - that scares me.” 

P21

“They never really went into detail ...about the fact

that I might ...want to start having children ... Now

that I know about things like postpartum

psychosis and not being able to breastfeed on

certain medications, ...I think that’s definitely

something ...that should have been mentioned”

P20

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Higher levels of anticipated discrimination were most strongly associated with gender (n=202). Females anticipated higher levels of discrimination than males in several areas including housing, employment and family life.

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Population studies suggest lower admission &ED contact rates in pregnancy for affective and non-affective psychosis compared with pre-conception, but higher postpartum

SE London (CRIS) data (n=454) suggests around 25% of women with non-affective psychoses and 11% women with affective psychoses relapse in pregnancy

Predictors of relapse include recent relapse and length of previous relapse

Prevalence of acute illness in women with severe mental disorders

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Cohen et al JAMA 2006; Rochon-Terry et al 2016; Taylor et al Under review; Viguera et al Am J Psychiatry 2011;

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Is childbirth associated with increased risk?

Onset of major functional disorders in the puerperium

Number of admission

s

Weeks prior to delivery Weeks following delivery

201816

14

121086

4

36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kendell et al 1987

RR 35 in primigravida women

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What women are particularly at risk?

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What women are particularly at risk?

Jones and Craddock, AJPsych 2001

Robertson et al, BJPsych 2005

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What women are particularly at risk?

Risk associated with:Recency of hospitalisationNumber of previous admissionsLength of most recent admission

20-30% rate of PP in women with BPD>70% in women with FHx PP>55% in women with previous PP

Recent systematic review 35% (95% CI=29, 41). 

Harlow et al, 2007; Jones et al, 2001; Munk-Olsen et al, 2006; Robertson et al, 2005; Wesseloo et al 201

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Suicide is a major cause of maternal death in HICs (5-20% of deaths; 1 - 5/100,000 live-births) and important in LICs (>1%) - extent possibly under – estimated due to misclassification

Not included in WHO maternal mortality data

(0% in Vietnam; 23% in Argentina where all injury related deaths are classified as suicide)

In general population studies: SMR 0.17 postpartum suicides, 0.05 for pregnancy

 DSH    OR 0.43 (95%CI 0.17-0.95) 

Women admitted for severe postpartum disorders have greatly increased risk of suicide  (70 fold increase in risk in first postpartum year)

Studies using confidential enquiries into maternal deaths report around 60-70% have h/o psych service contact, 

Perinatal suicide Page *

Appleby et al BMJ 1991; Appleby et al Department of Health, 1997; Appleby et al Br J Psychiatry 1998; Esscher et al Br J Psychiatry 2015; Fuhr et al Lancet Psychiatry 2014

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4785 suicides, of which 80 (1.7%) occurred in the first postnatal year and 18 (0.38%) occurred during pregnancy. 

Perinatal suicides accounted for 98/4785 (2%) of suicides among the whole study sample, and for 74/1845 (4%) of suicides among women aged 20-35.

Commonest primary diagnoses were:

• depression (48%) 

• schizophrenia and other delusional disorders (13.3%) 

• personality disorder (11.2%) 

• bipolar disorder (8.2%). 

Over a third (38.8%) had been ill for less than a year and had no past admissions (36.6%). 

Around a tenth had recent alcohol misuse (10.2%) or recent drug misuse (10.2%) and a quarter had self-harmed in the past 3 months 

 

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UK National Confidential Inquiry into Suicides and Homicides by People with Mental Illness (NCISH)

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1 in 50 suicides among women aged 16-50 and 1 in 25 suicides among women aged 20-35 occurred in the perinatal period in women with recent (1 yr) contact with psychiatric services. 

Sxs: distress, depressed mood, suicidal ideation, hopelessness (rarely psychotic symptoms) (?under-detected)

Compared to non-perinatal suicides, suicides in the perinatal period were: 

• were more likely to have a diagnosis of depression 

• less likely to be receiving active treatment- particularly medication-at the time of death (a fifth of perinatal suicides had no active treatment or follow-up; a third were non-adherent with prescribed medication.)

• More likely to use violent methods (2.1 95%CI 1.3-3.2)) though with attenuation after adjusting for clinical characteristics such as admission history etc (1.5 95%CI 0.95-2.4)

No difference in assessment of risk 

25% had recent self harm, 48% h/o self harm

Key findings Page *

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Self harm in pregnancy occurs in 9% women with SMI Page *

52 events of self-harm (no suicides) recorded in 33 women out of 420            (1 event/19 pregnancies). Methods:• overdoses (n=20, 38.5 %), • hitting (n = 12, 23.1 %), • cutting (n=9, 17.3 %) • using a violent method (n =11, 21.2 %) such as jumping from height, burning or hanging. 23 (43.1 %) occurred while women experienced hallucinations.In 35 % of events, drugs or alcohol were involved within 12 h before 

Taylor et al 2016

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The Lancet, Volume 384, Issue 9956, 2014, 1800 - 1819

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61277-0

• Adverse outcomes are not inevitable 

• Effects are moderate or small• Individual risk factors within 

macro-environmental systems• Socioeconomic adversity - most 

important moderator 

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Meta-analysis of fetal death/stillbirth rate in women with psychosis

Webb et al. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005

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Neonatal deaths: relative risks of mortality for offspring of mothers admitted with psychiatric illness compared with the Danish general population, 1973–98.

King-Hele S et al. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2009;94:F105-F110

Copyright © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. All rights reserved.

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Smoking Page *

MacCabe et al Bipolar Disorders 2007

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How can we help pregnant women with mental health problems stop smoking? 

Pre-conception: discuss risks in all childbearing aged women during contacts with mental health services

Stay focussed during pregnancySmoking discussed in only 11% of antenatal contacts after booking apptProfessionals may be less likely to focus on smoking  if woman also has 

a mental health problems “don’t give up…we don’t want you getting anxiety or stressed”

Don’t collude – stopping smoking is not “bad” for women with mental health problems

Provide information 

Ensure mental health and other psychosocial problems are addressed

Pregnancy smoking cessation services have many complex patients and will prescribe NRT

Howard et al 2013; Kelly et al 1999; El-Mohandes et al 2010; McLeod et al, 2003;

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Obesity  in pregnancy associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes incl congenital neurological defects, and childhood obesity

Preliminary evidence of association with ADHD in school age children 

Dose response relationship between obesity and depression 

• Boden study:  50% women on APs overweight/ obese; association with GDM (4%) (Vigod study suggests 7% pre-existing DM)

• SR of nutrition in SMI child-bearing aged women:  Low folate and B12

Obesity Page *

Boden et al 2012; Croker & Howard 2012; Gortmaker et al 2011; Heslehurst et al 2008; La Coursiere et al. 2005; Poston 2011; McColl et al 2012; Molyneaux et al 2014; Rodriguez et al, 2008;

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Domestic violence• Antenatal DV: foetal loss, low birth weight (mixed evidence), effect on 

child behavioural outcomes• Postnatal DV: Child abuse (in >40%)>750,000 children witness domestic violenceChildhood psychological disturbance associated with witnessing violence 

(depression, anxiety, PTSD symptoms, substance misuse, aggressive behaviour) 

Adult mental health problemsDV associated with all perinatal mental disorders studiedRoutinely asked about in maternity servicesAll professionals should be trained in how to ask and respond – (WPA, 

NICE, WHO)SLAM pregnant patients with psychosis (CRIS) - 86 (18.9%) recorded 

abuse during pregnancy, and 60 (13.2%) recorded abuse during the postpartum period up to 3 months postpartum

Alio et al, 2009; Bair-Merritt et al, 2006; Eddleson 1999; Fisher et al 2012; Flach et al, 2011 Hester et al 2000; Howard et al 2014; Humphreys et al 2002; Shankleman et al 2001; McWilliams 1993; Trevillion et al 2012; Whitaker et al, 2006

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Low birth weight and DV (Shah & Shah 2010)

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Page *Prematurity and DV (Shah & Shah 2010)

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Impact on children

Fetal lossChild abuse (in >40%); witness in >90%>750,000 children witness DV in England each yearPsychological disturbance Adult mental health problemsLiving with and witnessing domestic violence is a 

source of ‘significant harm’ for children (Adoption and Children Act 2002) 

Alio et al, 2009; Bair-Merritt et al, 2006; Eddleson 1999; Hester et al 2000; Humphreys et al 2002; Shankleman et al 2001; McWilliams 1993; Whitaker et al, 2006

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Discuss with all women of childbearing potential who have a new, existing or past mental health problem: 

• the use of contraception and any plans for a pregnancy • how pregnancy and childbirth might affect a mental health 

problem, including the risk of relapse • how a mental health problem and its treatment might affect 

the woman, the fetus and baby • how a mental health problem and its treatment might affect 

parenting. Do not offer valproate for acute or long-term treatment of a 

mental health problem in women of childbearing potential 

Considerations for women of childbearing potential Page *

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Optimising treatment (ideally pre-conception) includes…Help address smoking – women with mental illness can do 

well with intensive supportAddress other risk factors

Obesity Substance misuseSocial supportDomestic violence Other psychosocial interventions – 

relapse prevention; crisis planning; Document risk assessmentEnsure all relevant professionals involved in care planning Consider child protection referral

Flach et al, 2011; Howard 2012; NICE 2014; Stothard et al, 2009;

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Kaplan-Meier Survival Functions for Pregnant Patients With Bipolar Disorder Who Maintained or Discontinued Treatment

Viguera et al, Am J Psychiatry 2007

Mood stabilizer discontinuation ass with recurrence of BPD episode (RR 2) and shorter time to recurrence (adj HR 2.5)

Abrupt discontinuation vs gradual discontinuation

(RR=1.4)

Other predictors of relapse include bipolar II disorder diagnosis, earlier onset, more recurrences/year, recent illness, use of antidepressants, use of anticonvulsants versus lithium

CRIS study will investigate predictors of relapse for bipolar disorder & schizophrenia

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Wisner et al, 2000; adapted from Zarin & Pauker, 1984

Model for decisions regarding treatment of depression during pregnancy

Assumes informed consent

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Clinical decisions

Any clinical decision requires appropriate assessment of risks and benefits; both sides of the equation need to be considered – changing one may change the other.

Decision making should include• a good therapeutic relationship• assessing capacity• being up-to-date with evidence (incl. what is not known)• individualising risks and benefits• discussing and understanding woman’s (and sig others) wishes 

and values, including preference for involvement in decision making

• being flexible in use of models of decision making• reflecting on influence of own values/ preferences/ experiences• reviewing decisions over time

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Severe illness may need admission

Mother and Baby Units 

ESMI-MBU study ongoing

Elkin et al, Psychiatric Services 2009

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Outcomes for women admitted to MBUs in UK (UK Marce database)(N=1197)23% leave MBU with babies 

under social care supervision

Worst outcomes for schizophrenia (OR 5.16, 95% CI 2.61-10.21) and personality disorder 

(OR 9.29, 95% CI 3.46-24.91)

Partner mental health, single status, social class also independent predictors 

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Any questions?

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