Bernard Bashaasha, John Jagwe, Julius Twinamasiko ... -...
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Humidtropics Baseline/Situation analysis report Humidtropics, a CGIAR Research Program led by IITA, seeks to transform the lives of the rural poor in tropical America, Asia and Africa. Research organizations involved in core partnership with Humidtropics are AVRDC , Bioversity International , CIAT , CIP , FARA , icipe , ICRAF , ILRI , IITA , IWMI and WUR . humidtropics.cgiar.org Published by Humidtropics humidtropics.cgiar.org August 2014. This document is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License Situation Analysis By Bernard Bashaasha, John Jagwe, Julius Twinamasiko, David Tumusiime Kampala, Uganda August 2014
Transcript of Bernard Bashaasha, John Jagwe, Julius Twinamasiko ... -...
Humidtropics Baseline/Situation analysis report
Humidtropics, a CGIAR Research Program led by IITA, seeks to transform the lives of the rural
poor in tropical America, Asia and Africa. Research organizations involved in core partnership
with Humidtropics are AVRDC, Bioversity International, CIAT, CIP, FARA, icipe, ICRAF, ILRI,
IITA, IWMI and WUR. humidtropics.cgiar.org
Published by Humidtropics
humidtropics.cgiar.orgAugust 2014. This document is licensed for use under a Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
License
Situation Analysis
By
Bernard Bashaasha, John Jagwe, Julius Twinamasiko, David Tumusiime
Kampala, Uganda
August 2014
ii
Contents
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... v
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Situation Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 The task ............................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Data sources ........................................................................................................................................ 2
2.2 Data collection .................................................................................................................................... 2
3. Development overview ............................................................................................................................. 4
Summary ................................................................................................................................................... 4
3.1 Population ........................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1.1 Population density ........................................................................................................................ 6
3.1.2 Population structure ..................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.3 Ethnicity ....................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Employment opportunities .................................................................................................................. 8
3.3 Health, nutrition and food security ................................................................................................... 10
3.4 Education and literacy ....................................................................................................................... 14
3.5 Wealth and incomes .......................................................................................................................... 17
3.6 Access to Electricity and Water ........................................................................................................ 19
3.7 Roads ................................................................................................................................................ 20
3.8Presence of extension support and development agencies ................................................................. 21
3.9Land tenure ........................................................................................................................................ 22
4. Production systems ................................................................................................................................. 24
Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 24
4.1 Existing production systems ............................................................................................................. 25
4.2Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................ 31
4.3Crop-Livestock and tree associations ................................................................................................ 32
5. Markets and institutions .......................................................................................................................... 33
Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 33
5.1 Summary facts of selected enterprises .............................................................................................. 34
iii
5.2 Challenges and opportunities ............................................................................................................ 41
6. Natural resources management and environment ................................................................................... 44
Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 44
6.1 Deforestation ..................................................................................................................................... 45
6.2 Natural areas and buffers, deforestation frontiers ............................................................................. 46
6.3 Reforestation ..................................................................................................................................... 47
6.4Demographic threats and opportunities to NRM ............................................................................... 49
6.5Description of NRM status by production system in HTP sites ........................................................ 50
6.6 Rainfall in HTP sites ......................................................................................................................... 53
6.7 Current NRM interventions by agencies ........................................................................................... 55
7. Conclusion and potential entry points ..................................................................................................... 58
Appendix 1: Map of Humidtropics sites ................................................................................................. 62
Appendix 2: Population status of sites .................................................................................................... 63
Appendix 3: Population age structure ..................................................................................................... 64
Appendix 4: Health & nutrition status of the Humidtropics programme sites ........................................ 65
Appendix 5: Average precipitation in Humidtropics programme sites................................................... 66
Appendix 6: Agricultural production zones demarcated by Ministry of Agriculture ............................. 67
Appendix 7: Plantation forest establishment under SPGS in selected districts of Uganda (2005-2013) 68
Appendix8: List of key informants ......................................................................................................... 69
iv
List of Tables
Table 1: Population size by gender, household size and population density in the respective HTR
programme sites ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Table 2: Population age structure in the respective HumidTropics programme sites ................................... 6
Table 3: Percentage of girls aged 15-19 in child bearing activity ................................................................. 7
Table 4: Ethnicity presence in the respective HTP sites ............................................................................... 8
Table 5: Population employed in Agriculture and literacy levels by gender in the HTR programmes sites 8
Table 6: Occupation in the project sites by gender ....................................................................................... 9
Table 7: Regional Distribution in the prevalence of Severe (-3 z-score) and Moderate (-2 z-score) ......... 10
Table 8: Foods commonly consumed in the respective HTR programme sites .......................................... 11
Table 9: Dietary diversity in the respective HTP programme sites ............................................................ 12
Table 10: Food dietary diversity score 2005/6 by Household .................................................................... 13
Table 11: Contribution of major food groups to diet .................................................................................. 13
Table 12: Primary and Secondary school enrolment by district: ................................................................ 14
Table 13: Literacy levels among the population in the HumidTropics programmes sites .......................... 14
Table 14: Primary and Secondary school enrolment for period 2008 - 2009: ............................................ 15
Table 15: Education access and quality for period 2009 - 2010: ................................................................ 16
Table 16: Asset ownership and poverty levels in the population of HumidTropics programme sites ........ 17
Table 17: Access to electricity and water in the respective HTR programme sites .................................... 19
Table 18: Presence of paved and unpaved roads in the HTP sites .............................................................. 20
Table 19: Presence of NGOs and other development organizations in the HTP sites ................................ 21
Table 20: Land tenure systems prevalent in the HTP sites ......................................................................... 23
Table 21: Existing production systems in the HTP sites............................................................................. 25
Table 22: Utilization of biodiversity products in the HTP sites .................................................................. 31
Table 23: Association of trees, crops and livestock in the HTP sites ......................................................... 32
Table 24: Summary facts on selected enterprises in the HTP sites ............................................................. 34
Table 25: Marketing challenges and opportunities in the HTP sites........................................................... 41
Table 26: Deforestation rates in selected districts in Uganda (1990-2005) ................................................ 45
Table 27: Deforestation under different tenure/institutional frameworks in Uganda ................................. 45
Table 28: Challenges and opportunities associated with forest cover in selected HTP sites in Uganda .... 46
Table 29: Plantation forest establishment under SPGS in selected districts of Uganda (2005-2013) ........ 48
Table 30: Status of soils, challenges and implications in the respective Zones of HTP sites ..................... 50
Table 31: Current status of water resources, challenges and implications to HTP ..................................... 51
Table 32: Current status of On-Farm trees, challenges and implications to HTP ....................................... 52
Table 33: Average precipitation (in mm) by location for period 2002 - 2013 ............................................ 53
Table 34: Population size by gender, household size and population density in the respective HTR
programme sites .......................................................................................................................................... 63
Table 35: Population structure in the respective HTR programme sites .................................................... 64
Table 36: Health and nutrition indicators for the HTR programme sites.................................................... 65
v
List of Figures
Figure 1: Monthly consumption expenditure of households ....................................................................... 18
Figure 2: Average monthly precipitation (mm) by district for period 2002 - 2013 .................................... 55
Figure 3: Average annual precipitation (mm) by district for period 2002 - 2013 ....................................... 55
Figure 4: Map of Uganda showing districts of Humidtropics programme sites ......................................... 62
1
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
This situation analysis is the first phase of a research program being carried out by several
partners including Bioversity, ILRI, IITA, NARO, VEDCO, Heifer International, Uganda
National Farmers Federation within the Humid tropics region of the worlds and specifically in
Uganda. Humidtropics, a systeems research program is addressing the following issues in the
humid tropic areas of developing countries:
1. Reducing rural poverty. Agricultural growth through improved productivity, market
development, and income generation has been shown to be a particularly effective
contributor to reducing poverty, especially in the initial stages of economic development.
2. Increasing food security. Access to affordable food is a problem for millions of poor in
urban and rural communities and requires increasing global supply of key staples and
reducing potential price increases and price volatility.
3. Improving nutrition and health. Poor populations spend most of their income on food and
suffer from diets that are insufficient in proteins, vitamins and minerals affecting health
and development, particularly among women and children.
4. Sustainable management of natural resources. Agriculture has a substantial impact on
natural resources that must be better managed to supply sustainable ecosystem services,
particularly in light of climate change.
Although the Program is not commodity-centered in its approach, the commodities addressed in
the action area are likely to include cassava, maize, banana, rice, coffee, tea, a variety of
vegetables and fruits, as well as beef cattle, pigs, poultry and wild crop or livestock species or
breeds.
1.2 Situation Analysis
The primary objectives of the situation analysis were to:
1. Broadly characterize all important aspects of relevance to the Program within the target
Action Sites, and through that, generate information to inform all other Program activities
in the context of attaining the Intermediate Development Objectives (IDOs), as well as to
inform ongoing field site selection.
2
2. Initiate and facilitate engagement with stakeholders and partners as part of the R4D
platform development that is needed for the long term success and scalability of the
Program
The aim of the Situational Analysis was to provide a broad set of information that will inform
these coming exercises in the next phases of the Program which included:
Detailed characterization studies of production systems in the form of baseline household
surveys
In depth analysis of markets and value chains for target commodities, and institutional
and policy environments
Household typology development
Impact assessments
Identification of preliminary best bet entry points for the Program
Pilot testing of technologies and strategies among producers
1.3 The task
The consultants were tasked to collect data on the Development overview, Productionsystems,
Markets and Institutions as well as Natural Resource management in central Uganda (more
specifically the Kiboga, Kyankwanzi, Luwero, Nakaseke, Mukono, Wakiso, Rakai and Masaka
districts).
2. Methodology
2.1 Data sources
Data required were obtained from secondary sources which included national and district
government reports and statistics, previous research projects, previous development projects and
international databases. This secondary data covered individual, household, village, district,
regionaland national levels, depending on what was available and most appropriate to describe
rural and human development characteristics of the households in the target Action Sites.
Secondary data wereobtained from official statistics,statistical abstractsand previous studies
(both published and grey literature )were complemented by primary data obtained from focus
group discussions and in-depth interviews of key informants in the respective project sites.
2.2 Data collection
The consultant used the following methods in sourcing and compiling the required data;
3
Internet search for reports, statistical publications and grey literature regarding data
on the domains of interest
Visits to government departments, UN agencies, NGOs, Development Agencies
(donors) and Research Organizations to solicit for reports, data and any other
literature which contains the desired data
For primary data collection,
Key informant interviews were held with opinion leaders and key stakeholders
with ample knowledge regarding certain aspects where data was not available.
Focus group discussions were held with select representatives or stakeholders
in regards to subjects of interest especially where literature on aspects of
interest was not available.
Specifically designed tools were used to capture this information
4
3. Development overview
Summary
This chapter highlights the current status of the project site in terms of development indicators
(i.e. Population, employment, health & nutrition, education, literacy, wealth) and their
implications to the Humidtropics programme in terms of IDO 1-“Increased and more equitable
income from agriculture for rural poor farm families, with special focus on rural women” and
IDO 5-“Empowered women and youth with better control over and benefit from integrated
production systems.” Other aspects such as access to safe water, status of infrastructure (roads,
electricity) and ethnicity are also analyzed in the same regard.
The key issues emerging from this chapter are as follows:
Rural – urban migration in search for better economic opportunities has brought about
rapid population growth in the districts surrounding Kampala (i.e. Wakiso, Mukono)
hence increasing pressure on land for agriculture. Dwellers in these places tend to earn
from non-agricultural sectors then purchase food produced from within and elsewhere
hence these places are seen as a rapidly growing market for agricultural commodities
Heavy presence of multi-ethnicity is observed in almost all the HTP sites and this has
implications on economic activities (i.e. Banyankole/Banyarwanda are mostly into cattle
rearing as Baganda mostly are into crop production)
Employment in Agriculture still dominates except for Wakiso where it is as low as 27%
mainly due to the greater non-farm opportunities mostly in services, manufacturing and
formal sectors.
Gender plays a crucial role in the type of employment people are engaged in and certain
patterns have been observed in each district.
Social service provision (i.e. Health)is largely inadequate in all the HTP sites and this is
attributed to underfunding.
In regards to food consumption, banana is generally the most consumed followed by
maize then cassava
5
In Education, enrolment girls in primary education schools has noticeably surpassed that
of boys and this may be attributed to the numerous “Girl Child Education” campaigns
which are running in most of the HTP sites.
Access to piped water and Electricity is steadily improving with greater coverage in
Mukono and Wakiso which implies opportunities for value addition to agro-commodities
as well as establishment of manufacturing industries.
Likewise, most of the HTP sites are linked to major highways which lead to critical
regions and borders of neighbouring countries which are considered potential markets for
agricultural commodities.
In regards to Land tenure systems, the Mailo system tends to dominate most of the HTP
sites and one of its advantages is permanency of tenure which is supportive of serious
investments on land (i.e. tree planting, perennial crop production, soil conservation
measures…)
The details findings from literature and field visits are hereby presented.
3.1 Population
Uganda’s population has risen from 24.2 million persons in 2002 to about 35. 4 million persons
in 2013 registering an average growth rate of 3.2% per annum.
Table 1:Population size by gender, household size and population density in the respective HTR programme sites
District Total
population
(No. of
persons)
Males
(No. of
persons)
Females
(No. of
persons)
Average
Household
Size
(Persons)
Area
(in SqKm
excluding
Open water,
Permanent/
seasonal
wetlands)
Population
density
(No. of
Persons per
SqKm)
Wakiso 1,429,500 692,644 736,856 4.1 1,665 859
Mukono 565,700 280,255 285,445 4.2* 3,110 182
Luwero 451,500 224,395 227,105 4.7* 2,854 158
Nakaseke 197,500 98,157 99,343 4.5* 2,588 76
Kiboga 172,100 87,771 84,329 4.4 1,664 103
Kyankwanzi 190,800 98,481 92,319 4.6 2,239 85
Rakai 493,000 240,488 252,512 4.4 3,928 126
Masaka 254,100 123,633 130,467 4.3 3,149 81
National 35,357,000 17,383,200 17,973,800 6.25 197,328 177
6
Source:UBOS, 2013,Note:*Figure obtained from 2002 census;
3.1.1 Population density
Wakiso has highest population density and this is attributed to the rural-urban migration that has
occurred in the recent years where people have moved towards Kampala in search of better
social and economic opportunities. However, since accommodation costs in Kampala are quite
high, people prefer to live in the peri-urban areas surrounding Kampala and these Wakiso and
Mukono districts. The implication of this to the HumidTropics programme is that Mukono and
Wakiso should be targeted with intensive crop/livestock production systems since pressure on
the land is relatively high. On the other hand, population densities in Nakaseke, Kyankwanzi and
Masaka are still relatively low and hence opportunities for expansion of land under agriculture
could be pursued.
Table 2: Population age structure in the respective HumidTropics programme sites
District Population
proportion
aged
<18yrs
Population
proportion
aged
18 – 65yrs
Population
proportion
aged
>65yrs
Child
headed
households
(%)
Working
Children
(6-17yr)
(%)
Proportion of
female headed
HH (%)
Wakiso 53% 43.5% 3.5%
Mukono 45.1% 50.9% 4.9%
Luwero 59.3% 37.3% 3.4%
Nakaseke
Kiboga 58.5% 38.5% 3% 0.2% 15.1%
Kyankwanzi 0.25% 18.9%
Rakai 61% 35.9% 3.1% 0.5% 34.2%
Masaka 58% 36% 6% 0.36% 13.5% 28.5%
National 61.5% 37.1% 1.4%
Source:UBOS, 2013.
3.1.2 Population structure
In regards to population structure, the majority of the population (61.5%) is less than 18 years of
age. Rakai, Luwero and Masaka districts give a near reflection of the national status in this
regard though Mukono district depicts a relatively much lower percentage for the population
below 18 years of age. This could be due to the increasing land pressure of probably greater birth
control efforts by health and development agencies.
7
The median age at marriage for women aged 20 -24 in central-1 region (Masaka, Rakai, Wakiso)
was established at 19 years and this is the same age for women at first birth. For Central-2
region, the median age at marriage for women in the 20-24 age bracket was 18 whereas the age
at first birth is 19 years (FANTA-2 2010).
Approximately 21% of girls aged 15 -19 in the central-1 region (Masaka, Rakai, Wakiso) would
have started child bearing whereas the situation is worse in Central-2 region where 30% of girls
aged 15 – 19 are already bearing children.
Table 3: Percentage of girls aged 15-19 in child bearing activity
% Had a live birth % Pregnant with first
child
% Started
childbearing
Central-1
Wakiso
Rakai
Masaka
17 5 21
Central-2
Kyankwanzi
Mukono
Luwero
Nakaseke
Kiboga
25 5 30
National 16 6 25
Source: UBOS, 2013.
3.1.3 Ethnicity
Ethnicity is considered vital for the HumidTropics program since it indicates which livelihood
activities are likely to prevail in the different sites basic on the traditions of those dwelling there.
For instance, presence of Banyankole or Banyarwanda in an area is associated with rangeland
grazing of cattle where as presence of Baganda is linked to crop production (more specifically,
banana, legumes and root crops)
The findings obtained from the focus group discussions held during the field visits show heavy
presence of multi-ethnicities in the study sites as people migrate to these areas in search of better
economic opportunities (Table 4).
8
Table 4: Ethnicity presence in the respective HTP sites
Location Ethnicity presence
Wakiso -Heavy multi-ethnicity presence with Baganda dominating then Banyankole, Bakiga,
Basoga, Banyarwanda, Barundi and Banyoro, Itesots and Sudanese.
Mukono -Heavy multi-ethnicity presence with Baganda dominating then Basoga, Bagisu,
Bayankole, Bakiga, Rwandese, Burundi, Samia, Bafumbira, Batooro and
Karamojongs.
Luwero -Heavy multi-ethnicity presence with Baganda being the most followed by Banyarwanda then
Banyankole. Other tribes present include Bakiga, Basoga, Badama and Bagisu
Nakaseke -Heavy multi-ethnicity presence with Baganda being the most followed by Banyarwanda then
Barundi and Bakiga. Other tribes present include Bagwere, Banyankole, Bakiga, Basoga,
Bafumbira, Alur and Bagisu
Kiboga -Heavy multi-ethnicity presence with Baganda dominating followed by Banyarwanda,
Basoga and Badaama.
Kyankwanzi -Heavy multi-ethnicity presence with Basoga being the most followed by Bafumbira,
Banyarwanda, Banyoro and then Baganda.
- Baganda and Banyarwanda mostly into cattle rearing and milk trade
Rakai -Heavy multi-ethnicity presence with Baganda being the most followed by
Banyarwanda, Banyankole, and refugees (e.g. Baziba from Tanzania and Barundi)
Masaka -Heavy multi-ethnicity presence with Baganda being the most followed by
Banyankole, Banyarwanda, Bakiga, Basoga, Baruli, Badama and Alur.
Source: Field FGDs and KII, 2014
3.2 Employment opportunities
As urbanization rates in Wakiso and Mukono tend to be higher than in other districts of the
HumidTropics programme, it is clearly evident that the proportion of population employed in
agriculture is likewise much lower especially in Wakiso. The programme should therefore be
looking at non-farming employment options to create livelihood options and opportunities for the
population which dwells in these two districts.
Table 5: Population employed in Agriculture and literacy levels by gender in the HTR programmes sites
District % population employed in Agriculture
Wakiso 27%*
Mukono 59%*
Luwero 75.7%
Nakaseke 88%
Kiboga 85%
Kyankwanzi 88%
Rakai 85%
9
Masaka 72.8%
National 66%#
Note:* Figure obtained from 2002 census; # Figure obtained from (UBOS, 2012a); For Kiboga, the general literacy
rate is much lower than the national average estimated at 65%(Kiboga-DDP, 2011). For Rakai, data was obtained
from (Kyazze, F.B. and Kristjanson P., 2011); For Masaka, information shown was obtained from (MasakaDDP,
2011); Employment in Agriculture figures for Luwero obtained from (Luwero-HLGSA, 2009);
Table 6: Occupation in the project sites by gender
Location Status of employment
Wakiso -More off-farm employment opportunities due to growth in manufacturing,
construction and service industries
-Women mainly into roots & tuber production, merchandizing and brew sales
Men mostly into livestock & vegetables production and hired labour
-Youth mainly engaged in motorcycle transport, brick making and vegetable
production.
Mukono -More off-farm employment opportunities due to growth in manufacturing,
construction and service industries (e.g. Namanve industrial park)
-Women mainly into piggery, cereals, pulses, roots & tuber production and produce
selling
- Men mostly into hired labour, construction.
-Youth mainly engaged in motorcycle transport, stone mining, construction, metal
scrap collection
Luwero - Women mostly into producing banana and pulses
-Men mostly into coffee and livestock
-Youth mostly into vegetable growing, poultry, agro-produce trade and brick making
Nakaseke -Women (Baganda) mostly into banana, roots & tubers
-Men mostly into coffee, maize and rice production as well as agro-produce trade
-Youth do grow some maize and vegetables and do trade in agro-produce and
motorcycle transport.
Kiboga -Livestock is the main enterprise and Matoke is the main staple while the district
produces marketable surplus of Maize, Coffee, Cassava, Banana and Beans
-Men mostly into maize and coffee
-Women mainly involved in maize and beans production especially for home
consumption and ghee production
-Youths involved in livestock grazing and produce marketing and in vegetable
production
- Livestock (cattle, Sheep), beans and banana directly exported to South Sudan
Kyankwanzi -Men mostly into maize production and livestock rearing
-Women are heavily involved in production of beans, poultry and piggery
-Youths are involved in poultry production and value addition
-Crop production dominates followed by livestock then produce trade
-Maize is the most dominant crop followed by beans (yellow and Nambale short),
Rakai -Main occupation is crop farming, livestock rearing, produce trade, fishing,
construction and quarry mining.
-Men mainly into coffee production and cattle rearing while women mostly tend the
banana gardens
-Youth are mainly into production of vegetables, coffee, maize and beans
10
Masaka -Main enterprises are coffee, banana, Piggery, Poultry, fruits, vegetables
-Women mostly into growing roots, tubers, pulses
-Men mostly into coffee (Baganda) and livestock (Banyankole)
-Youth mostly into producing vegetable, fruits and coffee
-Youth also into brick and charcoal making
Source: Field FGDs and KII, 2014
3.3 Health, nutrition and food security
In this section, the aspects captured include: Women, infant and children-under-five mortality,
Life expectancy and Mortality at birth are captured. Furthermore, malnutrition rates (stunting and
wasting), Dietary Diversity (diversity of productconsumption in target areas and potential impact
on nutrition), Dietary practices andtraditional food systems (description of range of nutritious
products available and consumed within local markets) are also captured. In terms of Food
security, the net household food balance (number ofmonths that own production can feed the
household) as well as the share of consumption of total production on key commodities.
Nationally, infant mortality has improved from 68 deaths per 1000 live births in 2009 to 54
deaths per 1000 live births in 2011/2012. Similarly, the under-5 mortality has improved from 103
deaths per 1000 live births in 2006 to 90 deaths per 1000 live births in 2011/12. Total Fertility
Rate (TFR) has declined from 6.7 in 2006 to about 6.2 in 2011 though fertility levels are higher
in the rural areas (6.8) compared to the urbanareas (3.8).
Table 7: Regional Distribution in the prevalence of Severe (-3 z-score) and Moderate (-2 z-score)
District
% Stunting in children
under 5yrs
% Underweight in
children under 5yrs
Wasting children under
5yrs
Severe Severe &
moderate
Severe Severe &
moderate
Severe Severe &
moderate
Central-2
Kyankwanzi
Mukono
Luwero
Nakaseke
Kiboga
15 39 4 13 3 5
Central-1
Wakiso
Rakai
Masaka
8 30 2 8 1 3
National 15 39 4 16 2 6
Source: UDHS, 2006
Note: stunting=height for age, wasting=height for weight, underweight=weight for age
11
Basing on the WHO standards to compare rates over time, the national prevalence of stunting has
declined from 45% in 2001 to 39% in 2006 and this was at a rate of 1.2 percentage points per
annum. Central-1 region which has Wakiso, Rakai and Masaka seem to be doing better than the
rest of the districts in the HTP sites.
Regarding the underweight indicator, a decline from 19% in 2001 to 16% has been observed
nationally which implies a rate of 0.6 percentage points per annum. Nonetheless, Central-2
region is yet to meet the MDG target of 12.5%.
However, the prevalence of wasting in Uganda has been rising, from 5 % in 2001 to nearly 6% in
2006. Higher percentages are observed in Central-2 region and under the WHO classification,
this fall under the category of “poor”. Since wasting is rare in children who are 36 month or
older, this rise can be attributed to the steep rise in wasting rates among infants from as youngas
4 months suggesting that high infection rates are likely high and poor feedingpractices such as
early introducing liquids other than breast milk could be the cause. Educating mothers proper
feeding practices especially among infants <36 months should be one of the areas which the
Humidtropics programme can concentrate on especially in sites located in Cental-2 region in
order to achieve IDO 2. The FANTA (2010) report suggests the window of opportunity to
address malnutrition in Uganda is before children reach the age of 21 months.
Table 8: Foods commonly consumed in the respective HTR programme sites
District Foods commonly consumed
Mukono Banana, Maize, Rice, Beans, Cassava, Fruits, Vegetables
Luwero Cassava, Sweet potatoes, Maize, Beans, Groundnuts, Bananas, Tomatoes,
Pineapples, Cabbages, Greens, Upland Rice, Pineapples, Water Melon, Passion
fruit, milk
Nakaseke Cassava, Sweet potatoes, Maize, Beans, Groundnuts, Bananas, Tomatoes,
Pineapples, Cabbages, Greens, Upland Rice, Pineapples, Water Melon, Passion
fruit, milk
Kiboga Bananas, Cassava, Maize, Beans, Horticultural crops, milk
Kyankwanzi Bananas, Cassava, Maize, Beans, milk
Rakai Maize, Beans, Banana Horticultural crops, Irish potato, passion fruit, cassava,
pineapple, Sweet potato
Masaka Bananas, Maize, Sweet potato, Beans, cassava, groundnut, Horticultural crops
Wakiso Banana, Maize, Rice, Beans, Cassava, Fruits, Vegetables
12
Source:(MasakaDDP, 2011), (Rakai-HLGSA, 2009), (Luwero-HLGSA, 2009), (Mukono-LG, 2009), (Wakiso-
HLGSA, 2009).
Note:Diet Diversity information is obtained from (FANTA-2, 2010) and the order is per the most to the least
consumed.
Foods most frequently consumed are depicted in Table 6 above. Similarly, the Fanta-2 (2010)
report indicates that cassava, banana (matoke), beans, Sweetpotato and maize (in that order) are
the most frequently consumed foods in central 1 region which comprises of Masaka, Rakai and
Wakiso in the HTP sites. Similarly, Cassava, potatoes, banana (matoke), beans, maize, (in that
order) are the most frequently consumed foods in central 2 region which comprises of Kiboga,
Kyankwanzi, Luwero, Nakaseke and Mukono in the HTP sites. Though the carbohydrate rich
staples dominate the list, it is quite comforting to note that beans which are rich in proteins are
also part of the list. The Humidtropics program should support awareness creation efforts to
foster uptake of balanced diets amongst the population in the project sites.
Table 9: Dietary diversity in the respective HTP programme sites
District Average No. of days per week this type of food is consumed
Milk Meat Fruit Vegetable Sugar Oil Pulses Staples
Central II region
Mukono
Luwero
Nakaseke
Kiboga
Kyankwanzi
1 1 3 2 4 3.5 4.5 7
Central I region
Rakai
Masaka
Wakiso
1 1 4 3.5 3 2 3.5 7
National <1 <1 2.5 3 2 2 3 7
Source: (FANTA-2, 2010). Staples refer to roots, tubers and Matoke.
The dietary diversity situation in the HTP sites is not worrying compared to the national situation
and central-1 region seems to be doing slightly better in regards to fruit and vegetable
consumption compared to central-2 region. However, central-1 region is slightly lower than
central region in consumption of sugar, oil and pulses. The Humidtropics programme should
therefore emphasize use this situation to concentrate nutrition awareness efforts appropriately.
13
In regards to expenditure on food, Households in theCentral region tend to have the highest rates
of total expenditures, and proportionally less is spent onfood(FANTA-2 2010). In central 1 and
central 2 regions where HTP sites are, approximately 47% per capita expenditure is on food
(FANTA-2 2010) whereas nationally, 54% of household expenditure is on food.
Table 10: Food dietary diversity score 2005/6 by Household
Mean score
% Household in mean score category indicated
Low (2-7) Medium ( 8-14) High (15 -19)
Central-1
Wakiso
Rakai
Masaka
14.1 2.6% 30.3% 67.1%
Central-2
Kyankwanzi
Mukono
Luwero
Nakaseke
Kiboga
14.1 2.0% 34.5% 63.5%
National 13.5 3.4% 42.1% 54.5%
Source:EPRC using UBOS-UNHS 2005/6 data.
Note:The food categories are weighted based on nutritional density as follows; Matooke=2, Cereals=2, Roots and
Tubers=2, Legumes and Pulses =3, Meat and related products=4, Oils and Fats=1, Fruits=1, Vegetables=1,
Condiments=1, Restaurant, foods=1 and unclassified or Other foods=1. (The higher the score the better)
Table 11: Contribution of major food groups to diet Cereals Roots Legumes Meat Banana
(Matoke)
Oils Sugar
Central-1
Wakiso
Rakai
Masaka
24.6 20.1 10.7 4.6 31.4 0.5 8.1
Central-2
Kyankwanzi
Mukono
Luwero
Nakaseke
Kiboga
23.9 30.3 12.5 5.2 19.7 0.5 7.9
National 27.6 28.7 13.6 3.9 20.4 0.4 5.4
Source:EPRC using UBOS-UNHS 2005/6 data.
Nationally, root crops are the main contributors to diet followed closely by cereals then banana
(matoke) and then legumes. Within the HTP sites, Banana (Matoke) is the major contributor to
diet in Central-1 region followed by cereals then roots. However, in Central-2 region, roots are
14
the main contributors to diet followed by cereals then banana (matoke). The implication of this to
HTP is that special attention is to be accorded to banana especially in Central-1 region while root
crops are to be focused on in Central-2 region.
3.4 Education and literacy
Table 12: Primary and Secondary school enrolment by district:
District Primary School enrolment (P1-P7) in Uganda (‘000 pupils)
2007 2008 2009 2010
Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females
Wakiso 57.5 61.3
Mukono 73.7 83.1
Luwero 62.1 64.9
Nakaseke
Kiboga
Kyankwanzi
Rakai 54.2 56.7 110.8
Masaka 83.1
National 3,779 3,758 3,987 3,976 4,150 4,147 4,179 4,195
Source: (UBOS, 2012a)
In general, primary school enrolment has increased from 7,963,979 in 2008 to 8,374,648 in 2010
with girls’ enrolment surpassing that of boys in 2010. Similar observations were made in
Mukono Luwero and Rakai in 2008. This could be a reflection of the efforts by several gender
concerned agencies to see that girls too go to school. Another argument put forward is that boys
get attracted to engaging in economic activities fairly early and hence get distracted from
continuing with formal education.
Table 13: Literacy levels among the population in the HumidTropics programmes sites
District General Literacy
rate
(population aged
>15yr)
Literacy among
men
(population >10yr)
Literacy among
women
(population
>10yr)
Child (6 -
17yrs) out of
school in
2009
(%)
Wakiso 91%
15
Mukono
Luwero 79%* 79.5%* 78.5%*
Nakaseke
Kiboga 55.6% 60.2% 50.1% 6.6^
Kyankwanzi 11.5^
Rakai 98%
Masaka 63.6% 77.1% 51.2% 9.5^
National 73% # 79%
# 66%
#
Sources: ^UBOS 2009 ( based on CIS data compiled from 2009 to 2011 for 47 districts), *UBOS,2002 census; #
Figure obtained from (UBOS, 2012a); For Kiboga, the general literacy rate is much lower than the national average
estimated at 65%(Kiboga-DDP, 2011). For Rakai, data was obtained from (Kyazze, F.B. and Kristjanson P., 2011);
For Masaka, information shown was obtained from (MasakaDDP, 2011); Employment in Agriculture figures for
Luwero obtained from (Luwero-HLGSA, 2009);
Kyankwanzi at 11.5% depicts a relatively high proportion of children out of school followed by
Masaka at 9.5%. For Kyankwanzi, this could be attributed to high usage of child labour in cattle
rearing while for Masaka, it could be associated with lack of educational facilities making the
few which exist to be too competitive to cater for the less privileged population.
Table 14: Primary and Secondary school enrolment for period 2008 - 2009:
Primary school enrolment
Year 2008 2009 2010
Male Female Male Female Male Female
P1 951,501 945,613 976,078 970,240 974,209 969,343
P2 660,991 657,247 675,731 673,625 668,145 667,451
P3 644,365 635,535 686,897 680,462 666,162 663,527
P4 580,015 584,625 604,523 607,659 646,705 656,279
P5 491,947 501,390 515,663 526,838 526,687 539,245
P6 394,135 400,886 413,376 420,183 420,405 431,959
P7 264,206 251,523 277,769 268,736 276,935 267,596
National 3,987,160 3,976,819 4,150,037 4,147,743 4,179,248 4,195,400
Secondary school enrolment
16
S1 154,923 136,874 155,822 140,578 167,882 156,605
S2 146,477 125,339 149,681 130,345 145,640 131,705
S3 104,910 93,887 140,143 117,987 136,763 119,622
S4 96,228 80,608 103,983 89,175 119,501 100,840
S5 44,842 32,904 51,172 35,842 44,722 33,966
S6 41,978 29,774 47,213 32,513 40,463 27,983
National 589,358 499,386 648,014 546,440 654,971 570,721
Source: (UBOS, 2012a)
For secondary school enrolment, there has been a steady increment from 1,088,744 in 2008 to
1,225,692 in 2010. However, fewer girls compared to boys are able to complete secondary
school education. The HumidTropics program should also focus on the girl child staying longer
in secondary school in order to increase their chances of obtaining tertiary education for higher
skills acquisition.
However, the important point of concern is that only 324,487 is the enrolment in S1 compared to
the total P7 enrolment of 544,531 hence implying a drop-out rate of about 37%. The
HumidTropics programme ought to consider interventions to reduce this drop-out rate if
sustainable livelihoods are to be obtained.
Table 15: Education access and quality for period 2009 - 2010:
District
Primary education Secondary education
Net intake
rate for
2010
Net
enrolment
rate for
2010
Pupil :
Teacher
Ratio
(2010)
Pupil :
Classroom
Ratio
(2010)
Net
intake
rate for
2010
Net
enrolment
rate for
2010
Student:
Teacher
Ratio
(2010)
Student:
Classroom
Ratio
(2010)
Wakiso 40 73 28 35 17 41 17 30
Mukono 74 98 39 47 20 49 18 44
Luwero 108 120 44 52 18 48 18 39
Nakaseke 99 109 47 50 11 29 15 36
Kiboga 47 72 37 44 7 23 18 41
Kyankwan
zi
63 85 47 49 2 11 15 37
Rakai 86 104 42 56 9 23 19 46
17
Masaka 83 99 36 45 18 43 19 44
National 49 58 7 25 19 45
Source: UBOS 2013
Note: Net Enrolment rate ~ The ratio of pupils in primary school aged 6 – 12 to the country total population aged6 -
12 years., Net intake ~ The ratio of the pupils aged six in primary one to the country total population aged 6years.
Rakai has a student: classroom ratio which is slightly above the national average implying that it
is in greater need of more classrooms to cater secondary school students. In terms of Student:
Teacher ratio, most of the HumidTropics districts have ratios lower than the national one except
for Rakai and Masaka whose ratios are similar to the national ratio. However, this indicator does
not capture absenteeism which is yet another challenge.
3.5 Wealth and incomes
Kiboga and Kyankwanzi appear to have worryingly high proportions of the population under the
poverty line. Special interventions to boost productivity and link populations to markets may be
a catalyst to reverse this situation
Table 16: Asset ownership and poverty levels in the population of HumidTropics programme sites
District % of household
with bicycle
% of household
with telephone
% of household
with radio
Population
below poverty
line
Wakiso 13.1%
Mukono 60%*
Luwero 64%* 18.3%
Nakaseke
Kiboga 81.9% 80.5% 96.5% 60.4%
Kyankwanzi 38%
Rakai 61% 54% 85%
Masaka 34.3%*
National 37.1%^ 60.9%^ 66%^ 22%#
Note: * Figure obtained from 2002 census; # Figure obtained from (UBOS, 2012a); ^Figure obtained from (UBOS,
2012b); For Wakiso 6.3% of youth are unemployed; For Kiboga, a high poverty level is observed (Kiboga-DDP,
2011); For Rakai, asset ownership was obtained from (Kyazze, F.B. and Kristjanson P., 2011); Poverty data on
Luwero is obtained from (Luwero-HLGSA, 2009);
18
Definitions:
Head count poverty index is the percentage of individuals estimated to be living in households with real private
consumption per adult equivalent below poverty line. The indicator shows how broad poverty is, but not how deep it
is.
Poverty line is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country.The common international
poverty line has in the past been roughly $1 a day.In 2008, the World Bank came out with a revised figure of $1.25
at 2005 purchasing power parity.
The proportion of the population living below the poverty line reduced from 31.1% in 2005/06 to
24.5% in 2009/10 and to 22% in 2012/13 which represents a 9.1% decline in the number of
people living in absolute poverty over the past 7 years.
In regards to consumption expenditure per household, Uganda’s average household monthly
expenditure rose from Ugx 210,750 in 2005/06 to Ugx 232,700 in 2009/10, representing a real
increaseof 10.4 percent within this period. The rest of the regions are depicted in the Figure 1
below.
Figure 1: Monthly consumption expenditure of households
Source: UBOS, 2013
National Kampala Central Western Eastern Northern
2005/2006 210,750 463,000 254,000 205,000 179,000 112,000
2009/2010 232,700 476,000 291,000 210,000 193,000 150,000
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
Ugx
Monthly consumption expenditure per household (2005/06=100)
19
3.6 Access to Electricity and Water
Since transformation from subsistence to commercialization through value addition is a process
which requires some infrastructure in place, access to electricity is a vital indication of the
potential of an area to invest in agro-processing businesses which have an implication on the
value captured by actors in a given location. Likewise, water is not only a resource for the health
of persons but is a production input for livestock as well as a utility in many processing
industries. The availability of water and electricity is therefore a key indicator to the livelihood
options of an area.
Table 17: Access to electricity and water in the respective HTR programme sites
District % of households
with access to
national electricity
grid
% of households
with access to
Piped water
% of
households with
access to
Borehole water
% of
households
with access to
safe water
Water
supply to
by NWSC
& MWE
2011/12
(M3)
Wakiso 30% 17% 47% 4,043,707
Mukono 22,512,330+
Luwero 9%* 57% 74,120
Nakaseke
Kiboga 13% 45.5% 58.5% 21,492
Kyankwanzi
Rakai 3.2% 3% 34.1% 37.1% 21,787
Masaka 5.7% 44%* 1,535,220
National 6% 81,616,265
Note:* Figure obtained from 2002 census; National electricity data is obtained from (EPU, 2014); For Rakai,
information on safe water is obtained from (UCSD, 2013); Safe water coverage for Luwero is obtained from
(Luwero-HLGSA, 2009); For Wakiso, safe water access is obtained from (Wakiso-HLGSA, 2009); For Kiboga,
water source information is obtained from (Kiboga-DDP, 2011) and (DWD-MWE, 2010b); For Masaka,
information is obtained from (MasakaDDP, 2011); +Includes some parts of Kampala.
20
For Mukono, the ample supply of piped water from NWSC is an opportunity for industrial
establishment within the district. This high figure is also attributed to the newly established
industrial park in Namanve which has huge piped-water consumption.
3.7 Roads
In regards to roads, Masaka and Rakai have access to a national highway which runs through to
the Uganda-Tanzania border at Mutukula. This creates opportunities for them to transport what
they produce towards Kampala or across the border to Bukoba region in Tanzania. A one-stop
border post has been set up at Mutukula to ease clearance of goods crossing from one country to
the other.
Table 18: Presence of paved and unpaved roads in the HTP sites
District Paved/Gravel road network
(Km )
Unpaved / Earth roads
(Km)
Total road network
(Km)
Wakiso 365 262 627
Mukono
Luwero
Nakaseke
Kiboga 94.5 357.5 452
Kyankwanzi
Rakai
Masaka 90 287^
National 3,264 16,737 20,001
Source: For Mukono road figures were obtained from (Mukono-LG, 2009); For Luwero, road figures are obtained
from (Luwero-HLGSA, 2009); For Wakiso (Wakiso-HLGSA, 2009); For Kiboga, road figures are obtained from
(Kiboga-DDP, 2011); ^For Masaka, most paved roads are catered for by Min of Works except those in the
municipality which are <10Km.
Kiboga and Kyankwanzi are also linked to Kampala by a very good tarmac road which continues
up to Hoima. Goods produced in these districts can be easily transported to Kampala in less than
4 hours.
21
Mukono is hardly 15KM away from Kampala and it is crossed by a major highway linking
Uganda to Kenya. Goods produced in this district can easily be transported to Kampala and
beyond or even to the Eastern side right into Kenya. Likewise, for Luwero, it is also located on
the national highway to Northern Uganda which is tarmac and well maintained hence
transportation of goods is less challenging. However, for Nakaseke, the road linking it to Luwero
is not tarmac and is vulnerable to extreme weather hence causing some seasonal challenges in
transportation of goods to markets beyond the district.
3.8Presence of extension support and development agencies
Beside the advisory support services provided by the government (NAADS), this study aimed at
capturing the presence of other extension service providers outlining their interventions.
Table 19: Presence of NGOs and other development organizations in the HTP sites
District Organizations / Interventions
Wakiso - NAADS very active in distributing planting material
- Sawlog Production Grants Scheme (SPGS) alone, 231 ha have been planted (155.9ha in
Central Forest Reserves and 75.1ha on private land)
- Presence of agencies that support NRM. Main ones are NFA, SPGS, District Natural
Resources Office, Environmental Alert, Nature Uganda, LVEMP and VEDCO
- IITA, WakisoDPO, NARO, Bioversity, ILRI, ICRAF, VEDCO, Forest Sector Support
Department (FSSD), Department of Forestry(DFS).
Mukono - NAADS very active in distributing planting material
-MUZARDI-NARO, Makerere, UCU, FSSD, DFS, CAAIIP-GoU/MoLG,
- Under the SPGS, 247.4 ha have been planted (205.3 in CFRs and 42.1 on private land)
Luwero - Presence of several agencies to support farmers namely: NAADS, VEDCO, Maganjo
Farmers Assoc, FarmAfrica, Uphold, UCDA promoting coffee growing,
- SPGS has supported the planting of 1351.6 ha of trees (385.4 in CFRs and 966.2 on
private land)
- Presence of agencies that support NRM. These include, NFA, District Natural Resources
Office, VEDCO, Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA)
Nakaseke - The SPGS has supported establishment of 2243.8 ha of forest plantation (1536.9 in
CFRs and 706.9 on private land)
- Presence of agencies that support NRM. These include NFA, SPGS, District Natural
Resources Office, The Conservation Agriculture Regional Programme (CARP), VEDCO,
Sustainable Land Management (SCI-SLM) project, Nakaseke Rural Youth Sustainable
Livelihoods Initiative, UNDP, CARITAS, and GIZ
- Presence of agencies to support farmers EADD, Sameer, DDA, NaGRIC, NARO-
MUZARDI, NAADS, Seatini, Caritas, TASO, Sasakawa Global2000, VEDCO
Kiboga - Presence of some Agencies namely WorldVision, IITA, USAID-LEAD, Heifer Intl,
EADD, Hunger project.
- Under the SPGS alone, 6294.9 ha have been planted (6255.3 in CFRs and 39.6 on private
land)
22
Kyankwanzi -Agencies such as NAADS, WorldVision, Child Fund, Infectious Disease Institute, IITA,
CAIIP, Malaria consortium, Luwero-Rwenzori Agency,
- Under the SPGS, 157.7 ha have been planted in CFRs
-NAADS
Rakai -Presence of agencies that support NRM. These include NFA, SPGS, District Natural
Resources Office, Nature Uganda, Kitovu Mobile, World Vision, LVEMP, SCC- VI
Agroforestry Programme,
- Presence of NGOs & Agencies such as CARITAS, NAADS, CIDI, Kasaali Coffee
Farmers Assoc. and Worldvision aimed at helping farmers improve their productivity.
- Nkobazambogo Youth Group, NAADS/ UCDA mainly promoting coffee growing, Rakai
District Tourism Board,
Masaka - Presence of NGOs/ CBOs e.g. CARITAS, WorldVision, St Jude, MADIFA, VI, JOE,
LVEMP for lake basin conservation, SPGS for tree planting, VI for agro-forestry,
-ILRI working on piggery value chain,NAADS
Source: Field survey FGD and KII, 2014
3.9Land tenure
The Land Act of Uganda 1998 recognizes four majorsystems of land tenure and these are:
a) Mailo tenure: Thisis a quasi-freehold tenure systemestablished in 1900 by the British
colonialgovernment to reward colonial agents whoadvanced British interests in many regions
ofUganda and remains a relatively secure andwell-defined system of tenure, particularly in
theCentral region. Besides these owners having titles which are transferrable, an important
feature of mailosystems is that much of the land is used bytenants (Bibanja holders) who are
restricted in their security oftenure on the land they farm.
b) Customary tenure: This is the most common tenuresystem in Uganda whereby access to land
is“governed by the customs, rules, and regulationsof the community.” Holders of land under
thecustomary system do not have a formal title tothe land they use, but generally have
securetenure.
c) Freehold tenure: This is a system whereby owners ofthe land have a title to their land which
allowsthem to hold the registered land indefinitely.The landowner is given complete rights to
use,sell, lease, transfer, subdivide, mortgage andbequeath the land as they see fit, so long as it
isdone in a manner consistent with the laws ofUganda.
d) Leasehold tenure: This is a system where the owner ofthe land grants the tenant exclusive
use of theland, usually for a specific period of time.Land may also be leased from the state to
individualsfor typical lease periods of five, 45, or 99 years.In return, the tenant usually pays an
annual rentor service under specified terms and conditions.Leaseholders may or may not hold
formalcontracts with the owner.
23
e) Kabaka’s land: The Kabaka of Buganda and his Kingdom also owns huge chunks of land
both privates and also on behalf of the Kingdom. Tenants are granted ownership/user rights by
Buganda land Board for both specified and indefinite time periods.
The following was observed during the field visits in regards to prevalent land tenure systems in
the HTP sites:
Table 20: Land tenure systems prevalent in the HTP sites
District Land tenure systems
Wakiso - Most of the land is under Private Mailo system with much of the population as
Bibanja holders (legal squatters)
Mukono - Most of the land is under the Mailo system (80%) and the rest is Public &
Kabaka’s land
Luwero -About 75% of land is under Mailo system & the rest is Kabaka’s land and public
land
Nakaseke -About 70-80% of the land is under Mailo system while the rest is Kabaka’s and
government owned (Freehold)
Kiboga Approximately 60% of the land is under Mailo tenure system while the rest is
public land under Leasehold tenure system
Kyankwanzi Approximately 60% of the land is under Mailo tenure system while the rest is
public land under Leasehold tenure system
Rakai -Most land is Public then Mailo then freehold and also Kabaka’s.
Masaka -Most land is Public then Mailo then freehold and also Kabaka’s.
Source: Field survey FGD and KII, 2014
24
4. Production systems
Summary
This chapter highlights production aspects concerning the different commodities or enterprises
focused on in this programme namely; Cassava, Maize, Banana, Rice, Coffee, Tea, vegetables,
Fruits, Soya, Beans, Dairy Cattle, Pigs, Poultry and Fish (farmed and wild).
The chapter outlines the existing production systems, current production status of each
commodity, the production opportunities as well as the strengths while mentioning the
challenges which may hinder realization of these opportunities and what kind of interventions
the HumidTropics programme may have to meet IDO 3: Sustainably intensified pro-poor food
systems in the humid and sub-humid tropics deliver improved farm-level productivity to all
farming families in equitable ways and IDO 5: Empowered women and youth with better control
over and benefit from integrated production systems
The key issues emerging in this chapter are summarized as follows:
As populations migrate from rural to urban areas, adoption of intensive crop and
livestock production systems is growing rapidly as pressure on land especially in Wakiso
and Mukono is becoming very high.
In districts with lower population densities (i.e. Nakaseke, Luwero), large scale
commercial faming is beginning to take root with some serious investments in maize
production beginning to show. Much of the land previously under communal grazing is
betting converted to large scale crop farms.
Despite heavy presence of agricultural research organizations especially in Mukono and
Wakiso, crop disease are still highly responsible for the poor yields obtained by most
farmers in these HTP areas. Likewise, some livestock diseases still have extreme effects
on the herd in these places (i.e. African Swine Fever). There is generally low “trickle
down” of research to the intended end-user.
Gender plays a significant role in the type of enterprise people engage in and in order to
attain IDO1 and IDO5, such considerations are critical.
Some crop-crop and crop-livestock systems as well as crop-tree systems have been
observed. For instance the banana-coffee-shade tree system is prominent in most of the
Lake Victoria zone where coffee is grown. Furthermore, those engaged in crop-livestock
25
systems are beginning to appreciate the benefits in terms of manure boosting yields and
crop residues being fed to livestock.
However in more urban areas where production systems are more intense, agroforestry
still draws a lot of skepticism
Support from NAADS and NGOs has been observed mostly in form of input supply but
to a less extent, advisory service rendering.
The details findings from literature and field visits are hereby presented.
4.1 Existing production systems
The existing production systems in the respective districts of the project sites are hereby
presented highlighting challenges, opportunities and possible entry points for the HumidTropics
programme partners.
Table 21: Existing production systems in the HTP sites
Wakiso district
Existing production
systems
Challenges faced Opportunities Entry points for
Humidtropics
Programme
Who should take lead
- Intensive farming
involving crop &
livestock
combinations
-Crops include
vegetables, sweet
potatoes, maize,
beans, g.nuts,
bananas, coffee and
fruits
-Reduction in banana
and cassava
production due to
BBW and CBS
-Roots and tubers
combined with
piggery as a system
- Poultry, piggery and
intensive dairy cattle
production quite
prominent
- Vegetable
production quite
prominent
- High use of livestock
waste in farming and
crop residues as
-Prevalence of
crop diseases e.g.
CBSD, CMD,
BBW, swine fever
for pigs, FMD,
Lumpy skin for
cattle.
-Soil fertility loss
yet there is low
input use
-Proximities to
research
organizations
(NARO in
Namulonge,
Kawanda)
- Strong Agro-
value addition
base due to
availability of
Electricity and
Water
-Existence of
extension services
-Existing efforts
by farmers to
maintain or retain
trees on-farm
demonstrates
willingness to
practice
agroforestry
- Control of crop and
livestock diseases
-Improve livestock
productivity in
intensive production
systems
-Strengthen value
addition and
utilization of bi-
products
-Encourage and
support planting of
high value
horticultural crops
and fruit trees
Wakiso District local
Government
IITA, WakisoDPO,
NARO, Bioversity
ILRI, DVO
-Private sector
-CG centres
ICRAF
NAADS, VEDCO,
Wakiso-DPO
NAADS, DFS,
VEDCO
26
animal feeds
-Banana stems are fed
to livestock especially
cattle
Mukono district
Existing
production systems
Challenges faced Opportunities Entry points for
Humidtropics
Programme
Who should
take lead
- Intensive farming
involving crop &
livestock
combinations
-Maize, soybean,
banana and livestock
combinations are the
most common
systems
-Mixed cropping
mostly practiced
with rotation
regularly done but
with limited
fallowing
-Mostly produce
Maize, cassava,
coffee, Sweetpotato,
beans, soya and
vegetables
-Livestock including
cattle, piggery and
poultry
-Goat, sheep and
fish are on small
scale
-Farmers are shifting
from local livestock
varieties to
improved varieties
for increased
productivity
-Animal wastes used
in crop production
as fertilizers and
crop residuals used
as animal feeds
-Zero grazing
mainly done by
women especially
feeding, watering
and cleaning of
livestock sheds
-Prevalence of crop
diseases e.g, BBW,
Coffee wilt, CMD
and CBSD
-Livestock diseases
East Coast Fever,
African Swine
Fever and New
castle
-Reduced soil
fertility as a result
of repeated
utilization with low
input use
-Farmers receive
conflicting
messages as
organizations
promoting organic
farming castigate
inorganic farming
and as such
discourage use of
mineral fertilizers.
- Close proximities to
research organizations
(NARO- MUZARDI
and Kituuza coffee
research)
- Strong Agro-value
addition base due to
availability of
Electricity and Water
(85% population
accessing safe water)
-Available extension
services through
NAADS and other
NGOs
-Adoption of improved
livestock breed leading
to high productivity
Maize+Soya+livestock
production system can
be encouraged
-Encourage local
farmers to desist from
planting crops in
existing natural forests,
especially gazette forest
reserves
-Encourage farmers to
retain natural forests
wherever possible
-MUZARDI
NARO
MUK
-DFS, NAADS
27
Kiboga district
Existing production
systems
Challenges faced Opportunities Entry points for
Humidtropics
Programme
Who should
take lead
- Intensive farming
involving crop &
livestock combinations
-Crops include banana,
coffee, maize, beans,
cassava and vegetables
-Livestock include cattle
(both beef and dairy),
piggery, poultry, goats
and sheep
-Clear distinction
between crop and
livestock production
areas
-Crop production areas
purchasing livestock
products such as milk,
meat, ghee
-Livestock areas
purchasing crop products
including animal feed
from crop farmers
-Most common systems
include banana+coffee,
maize+piggery+poultry.
-Animal waste used as
fertilizer in crop
production
-Inadequate storage
at farm-level and
beyond
-High post harvest
losses
-Declining yields
due to declining
soil fertility,
inadequate rainfall
and pests and
diseases
- Livestock
diseases leading to
about 10% loss
-Land use change
through conversion
of forests to
grazing land
-Scarcity of
drought reserves
and watering points
during the dry
season
-A growing “ranch
system” that
hinders
opportunistic
grazing of
livestock
-Potential demand for
food commodities
(Milk, Fruits,
Vegetables) in oil rich
region of Hoima
-Large scale abattoir
being set up in
neighbouring district
of Nakaseke which
will take up most of
the cattle
-Presence of a
livestock laboratory
donated by JICA to
support disease control
-Improved animal
husbandry to
encourage use of
fodder supplements
for increased
productivity and
reduced dependence
on rangelands
-Post harvest
handling extension
services to reduce on
loss
ILRI
DPO
28
Kyankwanzi district
Existing production
systems
Challenges faced Opportunities Entry points for
Humidtropics
Programme
Who should
take lead
- Intensive farming
involving crop &
livestock
combinations
-Major crops include
maize, cassava,
coffee, potatoes,
soybean, beans and
vegetables.
-Livestock include
dairy cattle, beef
cattle, piggery,
poultry and bee
keeping
-Maize+livestock
+soybean are the
major production
system
-Maize and soybean
are mixed to make
animal feed
-Animal waste is
used as crop
fertilizers
-Inadequate storage
- Inadequate value
addition
infrastructure
- Prolonged
droughts and
inadequate water
supply (4000 per
borehole)
-Crop diseases such
as cassava mosaic,
maize streak, BBW,
coffee wilt
-Livestock disease
such as swine fever,
east coast fever,
FMD, worm
infestation,
Newcastle
-High post harvest
losses due to poor
storage and bad
drying methods
+pests
-Reduced
productivity as a
result of declining
soil fertility
-Expensive inputs
such as fertilizers
- Scarcity of
drought reserves
and watering points
during the dry
season
-A growing “ranch
system” that
hinders
opportunistic
grazing of livestock
-High potential for
medium-large scale
farming (Appx 40% of
farmers have >30acres)
-Use of animal waste as
manure
-Existence of value
addition such as ghee
production that fetches
an attractive price
-Improve supply of
water for crop and
animal consumption
-Improved animal
husbandry to
encourage use of
fodder supplements
for increased
productivity and
reduced dependence
on rangelands
-Kyankwanzi
District Local
Government
-ILRI and other
CGIAR centre
Masaka district
29
Existing
production systems
Challenges faced Opportunities Entry points for
Humidtropics
Programme
Who should
take lead
-Coffee-banana-
shade tree with some
livestock system is
most prominent
-Also Maize +beans
common
-Tubers mostly
grown as a
monocrop
-First season is in
March-June while
second season which
has less rainfall is
Sept-Oct
-Major crops include
bananas, coffee,
cassava, maize and
vegetable
-Average acreage is
about 0.5 acres
-Major livestock
include dairy cattle,
piggery and poultry
-Existence of home-
made animal feeds
(maize, banana
stems and potatoes)
-Animal waste used
to fertilize crop
gardens
-Cultivation in
wetlands which is
prohibited by
NEMA
-Declining yields of
coffee due to Coffee
Berry Disease and
wilt
-Declining yields of
banana due to BBW
-Declining soil
fertility
-No value added to
fruits and
vegetables hence
leading to huge post
harvest losses
-Pineapple growing
is a major source of
deforestation
-Some coffee
companies have opened
up buying centres
(NUCAFE, Kyagalanyi)
- Plans to move into
coffee grading for better
revenue
-Existing efforts by
farmers to maintain or
retain trees on-farm
demonstrates
willingness to practice
agroforestry.
-Build farmers’
capacity to replenish
soil fertility
-Combat BBW in
banana
-Promotion of
agroforestry
-Post harvest good
practices for better
management
-Engage farmers with
training packages in
rain water harvesting
techniques to up – and
out- scale existing
farmer technologies in
the same.
-IITA, NAADS,
UNFA, NGOs
-IITA,
Bioversity
-ICRAF, NEMA
-ICRAF
NAADS, Caritas
MADO
Rakai district
Existing production
systems
Challenges faced Opportunities Entry points for
Humidtropics
Programme
Who should
take lead
-Banana+ coffee
+Shade trees
-Cassava as
monocrop
-Maize+Beans quite
common
-Major livestock
enterprises include
cattle, piggery and
livestock
-Increased use of
animal waste as
fertilizers
-Maize+livestock
-Coffee pest (Black
Coffee twig borer)
and BBW in
Banana still a
problem
-Declining soil
fertility leading to
reduced
productivity
-Marketing
problems because
of small quantities
of fruits gathered
-Coffee processing
grading planting
recently built in Rakai
by an NGO
-NAADS has had good
performance in
boosting coffee
production and input
distribution (tarpaulin
for coffee drying,
coffee seedlings,)
-District admin has
prioritized coffee as the
-Control of BBW
-Promotion of proper
input use to combat
declining soil fertility
-Engage farmers with
training packages in
rain water harvesting
techniques to up –
and out- scale
existing farmer
technologies in the
same.
CIDI,
Community
-IITA, Bioversity
Caritas MADO,
NAADS
Rakai District
Local
Government
30
systems exist
from a few trees
scattered on farm.
main enterprise and has
dedicated 75% of its
production budget to it
-Presence of numerous
community coffee
nurseries (>40)
-Existing efforts by
farmers to maintain or
retain trees on-farm
demonstrates
willingness to practice
agroforestry
-Low cost irrigation
technologies
Luwero district
Existing production
systems
Challenges faced Opportunities Entry points for
Humidtropics
Programme
Who should take
lead
-Intensive
Maize+beans
-Extensive Maize
only
-Intensive
Coffee+banana+
shade trees (Mituba
and migavu)
-Cassava + beans
-Extensive cassava
only
-Livestock numbers
increasing especially
in Kamira, Kikyusa,
Butuntumula and
Zirobwe sub-counties
due to increased
settlement
-Crop yields have
increased due to
increased extension
and use of fertilizers
-Increased use of
animal waste for
fertilizers
-Maize, potatoes and
banana stems used as
animal feeds
-Inadequate
capacity to add
value for
pineapples and
milk (only 5 milk
coolers in the
district)
-Presence of BBW
in banana
-Poor post harvest
handling of coffee
which adversely
affects its quality
-Prolonged
droughts and
changing rainfall
patterns
-Livestock diseases
e.g. FMD
-Scarcity of
drought reserves
and watering points
during the dry
season
-Some big coffee
traders have opened up
buying centres in the
district (e.g. Ibero,
Kyagalanyi)
-Potential for apiculture
and sericulture)
-Increasing livestock
numbers leading to
increased livestock
products
-Build value addition
capacity in the district
especially for milk
and fruits
-Control of BBW in
Banana
-Improvement in post
harvest handling of
coffee
-NGOs, Local
administration,
private sector
-IITA, Bioversity,
NAADS,
-UCDA, Local
Administration
Nakaseke district
Existing production
systems
Challenges faced Opportunities Entry points for
Humidtropics
Programme
Who should
take lead
31
-Extensive maize
monocrop
Coffee+Banana+beans
-Cassava+beans
-Upland Rice
monocrop
- Livestock is the
priority enterprise
especially in the
northern parts
specifically in Ngoma
areas
-Large scale Maize
production has also
picked lately mostly in
the northern parts
-Coffee, Bananas,
Cassava, Upland rice
grown in the southern
parts
-First season crops
(Feb-July) include
coffee, bananas, maize,
beans and cassava
-Second season crops
(Sept-Jan) include
coffee, bananas, maize,
beans, g.nuts and
vegetables
-Yield reduction
due to declining
soil fertility
-Land use change
through conversion
of forests to
grazing land
-Scarcity of
drought reserves
and watering points
during the dry
season
-A growing “ranch
system” that
hinders
opportunistic
grazing of
livestock
-Access to big sized
land still possible
-High Potential for
large scale farming
-Presence of milk
coolers (apprx 30)
-Advent of large scale
farmers producing
maize
-Presence of agencies
to support farmers
(EADD, Sameer,
DDA, NaGRIC,
NARO-MUZARDI,
NAADS, Seatini,
Caritas, TASO,
Sasakawa Global2000,
VEDCO)
-Enhance Soil-Water
management
-Improved animal
husbandry to
encourage use of
fodder supplements
for increased
productivity and
reduced dependence
on rangelands
-Link the youths to
other regional and
national initiatives
that target youths
-ICRAF
-IITA, ILRI,
NGOs
DFS, Local
Government
4.2Biodiversity
The current status of collection and utilization of biodiversity products in the HumidTropics sites
was investigated in the field survey and the findings were as follows:
Table 22: Utilization of biodiversity products in the HTP sites District Products Utilization
Wakiso Medicinal and food products like matungulu,
obuyindiyindi, ebigaaga, entura, amatugunda, ebisitaferi,
entuntunu and jambura.
-Enjuru for basket weaving and ensansa (palm leaves)
collected for making mats
-Home consumption
-Home use and for the
market
Mukono -Matungulu, mpande, kyetumula, ebisebe, obukupa,
katunkuma are collected.
-Home consumption
Kiboga -Endagu, empafu, entuntunu, obukwansokwanso, jambura,
amatugunda
-Home consumption
Kyankwanzi -Guavas, jackfruits, ensali, enkoge, matugunda and wild -Home consumption
32
yams -A few for the market
Masaka -Matungulu, ebigaaga, amatugunda, ebisitaferi, entuntunu
and jambura
-Home consumption
Rakai -Entura, amatugunda, entuntunu and jambura -Home consumption
Luwero -Mangoes, jackfruit, ebinazi, matungulu, passion fruits,
ensali, amatugunda, guava and ntuntunu
-Home consumption
-A few for the market
Nakaseke -Guava, jackfruit, matungulu, matugunda, ntuntunu,
jambura
-Home consumption
-A few for the market
Source: Findings from FGD and KII, 2014
4.3Crop-Livestock and tree associations
Furthermore, tree-crop and livestock associations were also investigated in the field survey and
the following settings were established:
Table 23: Association of trees, crops and livestock in the HTP sites District Tree, crop, livestock mix
Wakiso -Tree crops particularly Ficus natalensis, Markhamia lutea, jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus),
pawpaw (Carica papaya), are frequently maintained.
-Agroforestry exists: coffee, banana calliandra mix, Sesbania, Grivelia, banana and coffee mix.
Mukono -Maize, soybean, banana and livestock combinations
-Agroforestry trees e.g albizia for soil enhancement
-Mituba trees used for shed in coffee and banana plantations
Kiboga -The most common trees on farm are mango and jack fruit, followed by Mugavu (Albizia
Coriaria) and Musambya (Markhamia Lutea) Mutuba (F. Natelensis) and Musizi (Maesopsis
eminii) maintained in banana crops.
-Ficus natelensis provides fodder for goats
Kyankwanzi - Maize+livestock +soybean and the major production system
-Coffee, bananas, caliandra mixture is very common
-Pine is planted as a boundary crop
Masaka -Coffee-banana-shade tree with some livestock system is most prominent
-Shed trees e.g. griveria are grown among crops
Rakai -Banana+ coffee +Shade trees
-Maize+livestock systems exist
- Tree crops particularly Ficus natalensis, Markhamia lutea, jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus),
pawpaw (Carica papaya), are frequently maintained
Luwero -Intensive Coffee+banana+ shade trees (Mituba and migavu)
Nakaseke -Coffee+Banana+beans
-Trees grown include migavu, misizi, mivule, musambya amd mituba
33
5. Markets and institutions
Summary
This chapter highlights aspects concerning the 15 commodities/enterprises focused on in this
programme namely; Cassava, Maize, Banana, Rice, Coffee, Tea, vegetables, Fruits, Soya, Beans,
Dairy Cattle, Pigs, Poultry and Fish (farmed and wild).
The chapter outlines the current status of each commodity, the market opportunities as well as
the strengths while mentioning the challenges which may hinder realization of these
opportunities and what kind of interventions the HumidTropics programme may have to meet
IDO 2 (Increased consumption of diverse and quality foods from sustainable food systems by the
poor, especially among nutritionally vulnerable women and children) and IDO6 (Increased
capacity for integrated systems to innovate and bring social and technical solutions to scale).
Some of the key issues emerging from this situation analysis are as follows:
Farmers generally complain of low prices offered and this may be attributed to the little
or no value added to what they produce as well the urgency to sell immediately in order
to obtain cash to meet immediate needs.
For Mukono and Wakiso as well as most urban and peri-urban areas a ready market
exists for almost everything produced and this is envisaged as a huge market opportunity
considering that dwellers in such places have limited spaces and are mostly into non-
agricultural employment.
Inadequate storage both at household level and community levels is responsible for the
low farmgate prices obtained by farmers who are unable to store and wait for off peak
periods when prices are a little better. Worse still, inadequate storage is responsible for
the heavy loss in quality for most harvested produce.
However, as electricity and water coverage improves, value addition is likely to improve
too as private sector responds.
Good roads linking most of these districts to key markets within the country and beyond
border are to be considered as opportunities which can be captured in the short run.
Opportunities by enterprise are specifically outlined and these shall guide the
Humidtropics programme on the most suited interventions.
The detailed observations on markets are hereby presented.
34
5.1 Summary facts of selected enterprises
The following enterprises were earmarked as having potential in the HTP sites and hence some
summary facts are hereby presented about them.
Table 24: Summary facts on selected enterprises in the HTP sites
Commodity Current status Opportunities /
Strengths
Challenges /
implications to
Humidtropics
programme
Cassava -MAAIF’s DSIP mentions cassava
as 2nd
most important staple and a
crop of high industrial potential
-Production: 4.2-4.9 million MT
(MAAIF/FAO)
-Yield 10 – 12MT/ha
-Commonly traded as Flour (50%),
Dried chips (45%) Fresh root (5%)
-Mostly grown in Rakai, Kiboga,
Kyankwanzi, Luwero and
Nakaseke
-Seed/Cuttings mainly obtained
from NaCRRI via NAADS, NGOs
and private multiplication gardens
-Cuttings cost Ugx25,000 – 30,000
per bag and one needs 3 – 4 bags
per acre
-Peak prices usually observed in
April
-None of the HTP districts was
zoned by MAAIF for cassava
production
-Local demand for fresh,
dried chips & flour is
estimated at about 4 million
MT annually
- Local Industrial demand
(animal feeds, breweries,
packaging, bakery) is
estimated at 200,000MT
annually and valued at $44
million
-Export market mainly of
dried chips is estimated at
30,000MT and is mostly to
DR Congo
-Farmers can obtain a
margin of 56% if they sell
dried chips while they
obtain a margin of 33% if
they sell fresh roots
(Deloitte-NAADS, 2014)
-Uganda’s NaCRRI is a
centre of excellence in
Cassava research hence
production is well
supported by research
- Regional political
instability which causes
humanitarian agencies to
source food aid locally.
(estimated at 80,000MT)
Challenges
-Processing capacity of
cassava into High quality
flour and chips is still
inadequate
-Cassava brown Streak
disease (CBSD) lowers
productivity in most parts
-Seed distribution systems
are weak
Implications to HTP
- HTP can support the
strengthening of seed
distribution systems since
this role has not been well
played by NAADS
-HTP can engage other
stakeholders in linking
farmers to the industrial
opportunities mentioned.
This required building
farmers’ capacity to
process fresh cassava into
high quality chips or flour
Commodity Current status Opportunities /
Strengths
Challenges /
implications to
Humidtropics
programme
Maize -Key staple in E. Africa
-Current production estimated at
1.4 million MT annually
-Yield 2 – 2.5MT/ha
-Current exports 100,000 –
150,000MT p.a. mainly to Kenya,
S.Sudan
-Prominently grown in Iganga,
-Increasing demand from
institutions such as schools,
police, army, tertiary
colleges, universities,
hospitals and prisons
-It is easy to store for
relatively longer periods
-demand from neighbouring
Challenge:
-Low productivity
-Low input usage
-Inconsistent quality of
seed and chemicals
-Poor observance to
standards
-Unregulated players who
35
Jinja, Mayuge, Bugiri, Kapchorwa
in the East; Kamwenge, Kasese in
the West, and Masindi,
Kiryandongo and Lira
-Mostly grown by small-scale
farmers accounting for 95% total
production
-Marketable surplus is usually
about 75%
-Extension service mostly by
NGOs (e.g. Sasakawa Global2000,
AFIRD, World Vision, and
Africa2000Network).
-Maize is mostly eaten as flour but
it is commonly traded as dried
grain.
-MAAIF zoned Kiboga, Nakaseke,
and Luwero for maize production
countries estimated at
300,000MT annually
especially from Kenya,
South Sudan
-Growing demand for
maize bran in
manufacturing of animal
feeds
-Peak prices mostly
observed in January and
April while lowest prices
are mostly observed in the
harvest periods
-
undermine quality
standards observance
- Weak market
information systems and
weak linkage mechanisms
between producers and
buyers
-High post harvest losses
-Erratic rainfall patterns
Implications to HTP
- HTP can support the
initiatives to regulate the
subsector in order for
quality standards to be
observed
- HTP can promote
mechanism/models that
have been developed to
help farmers source good
quality inputs
Commodity Current status Opportunities /
Strengths
Challenges /
implications to
Humidtropics
programme
Banana -Considered most important staple
in Uganda
-Current production 9.8 million
MT (FAO, 2014)
-Current production 4.9 million
MT (UBOS)
- Commonly grown in Masaka,
Rakai and then to a less extent
Luwero, Nakaseke, Kiboga and
Wakiso.
-Yields estimated at about 5.4-
5.6MT/ha
-Categorized into 4 types namely:
cooking, dessert, roasting and
brewing
-Planting material mostly
exchanges amongst farmers
-Disease free planting material is
produced by 2 private companies
namely AGT, Biocrops as well as
NaCRRI and all are located in
Wakiso
-Value addition into dried chips,
flour, wine and juices is in place
but at a very small scale
-Under zoning strategy, Bananas
were recommended for Wakiso,
Mukono, Masaka, Rakai, Zone 7
Kiboga, Luwero and Nakaseke.
-Banana, tobacco and tea were the
-Demand for dessert and
roasting banana in Kenya
-Demand for dried chips in
EU markets
-Growing local demand for
dried chips. Currently
produced by Danielle
Foods, Amfri farms,
Biofresh ltd.,
Africa2000network
-Demand for fresh banana
in EU currently exported by
Amfrifarms Ltd, Biofresh
ltd
-Demand for puree in Asia
exists though it is not
quantified
-Masaka and Rakai have a
history of a banana coffee
system which can be further
exploited
-Strong banana research
programme
Challenges
-Controlling the spread of
banana bacterial wilt
(BBW)
-Limited value addition
-Not well-planned large
scale processing ventures
(e.g. PIBID)
Implications to HTP
-Link organised small-
scale producer groups in
Wakiso to medium/large
scale banana exporters
(Amfri, Biofresh…)
-Support actors e.g. Jakana
Foods Ltd who are
working on producing
banana puree for export
- Scale up and out banana
dried chips production
using appropriate drying
technology to target the
export market. (likely
partners
Africa2000network)
36
most profitable crops during the
first season whereas banana, cocoa,
passion fruit, tobacco, and rice
were the most profitable crops
during the second season (Kraybill
&Kidoido 2009).
-
Commodity Current status Opportunities /
Strengths
Challenges /
implications to
Humidtropics
programme
Rice - It is the most traded food
commodity across borders in the
EAC region
-Current production 233,000MT
-Yield is estimated to be between
2.5 - 3MT/ha against a potential of
4 - 5MT/ha.
-Approximately 82% of rice is
produced by smallholders
(KILIMO TRUST, 2012c).
-Very few large scale producers
(Tilda, Pearl Rice, Doho)
-Most farmers use seed saved from
previous harvests and only 8% of
the rice seed used is procured from
certified seed suppliers (KILIMO
TRUST, 2012c)
-Approximately 25% of the rice is
traded unmilled while the rest is
milled and then traded up to the
final consumer.
-MAAIF’s zoning strategy
recommends rice for Wakiso,
Mukono, Masaka and Rakai.
-Over the past 20 years, rice
consumption has increased
by 360% owing to the
change of eating habits
associated with
urbanization (KILIMO
TRUST, 2012c).
-An external common tariff
of 75% is imposed on rice
imported into the EAC and
this is aimed at providing
an opportunity for local rice
production to grow.
-Unexploited land and
water resources with
potential to produce rice
-Government’s willingness
to support Irrigation
schemes (e.g. Doho)
Challenges
-Unstructured trade e.g.
lack of enforcement of
standard rules, lack of full-
proof quality assurance
systems, and low trust
-Insufficient vertical
integration
-Diseconomies of scale
-Weak or non-existent
value chain institutions
Implications to HTP
- Lowland rice may be
promoted in areas with
ample water resources,
-Upland rice should be
promoted in Wakiso,
Mukono, Masaka and
Rakai.
-Emphasis should be place
on building capacity in
milling
-Local varieties such as
super which are very much
demand in the local market
should be researched for
better yields
Commodity Current status Opportunities /
Strengths
Challenges /
implications to
Humidtropics
programme
Coffee - Annual production 210,000MT
-The coffee value chain supports
3.5 million households in Uganda
(approx 65% of population) as per
(UCDA, 2013)
-Coffee contributes 20 – 30% of
Forex earnings of Uganda
Coffee exports are estimated at
$481million and-80% of the
exports are robusta
-Per capita consumption is at
-UCDA renders ample
support in input supply,
market information and
promotion of coffee abroad
as well regulation of actors
-By products of processing
(husks) can be used as
mulch
-Coffee can be profitably
intercropped with banana
hence increasing
Challenges:
- Pests and diseases,
- Unpredictable weather
conditions,
- Volatile market prices,
- Low productivity and
loss of Uganda’s global
market share
Implications to HTP
- Support coffee growers
37
0.25Kg p.a. and hence local
consumption is only 4% of what is
produced (8,400MT)
-As per MAAIF’s zoning strategy,
coffee was recommended for
Wakiso, Mukono, Masaka and
Rakai
productivity per unit area
-Local demand can grow if
population is sensitized
about coffee production
-Several multinational
willing to invest upstream
(i.e. supply of quality inputs
using a check-off system,)
-Attractive prices and
margins (i.e. farmer may
obtain 37% while traders
who bulk and hull can get
39% and exporters obtain
16%)
-speciality coffees which is
a niche in the sophisticated
western markets
in managing the changing
weather patterns
-Encourage small-scale
producers in the zoned
areas to grow coffee.
(explore coffee banana
system)
Commodity Current status Opportunities /
Strengths
Challenges /
implications to
Humidtropics
programme
Horticulture -Current production estimated at
11 - 12 million MT annually
(FAOSTAT, 2014).
-Production is mostly by
smallholder farmers
-Most horticultural products are
traded and consumed in raw form.
-The few processing initiatives
where juices, dried chips, tomato
sauces and puree are produced
include Britannia Ltd., in Kampala
which handles mangoes,
pineapples and passion fruit, Reco
Industries in Kasese which
processes tomatoes into ketchup
and puree, Jakana Foods in
Kampala which processes
pineapple and banana.
-Under the zoning strategy,
horticulture was recommended for
the Lake Victoria crescent which
comprises of Mukono, Wakiso,
Masaka and Rakai
-Kenya is the main importer
of horticultural products
from Uganda though
current exports are less that
1% of what is produced
-Conducive climate which
warrants horticultural
production in most parts of
the country
- Other growing market
opportunities such as South
Sudan
-Changing eating habits in
favour of fruits and
vegetables as the population
becomes more conscious
about healthy diets
Challenges:
- Prices of most
horticultural products are
not captured by the
existing agricultural price
information systems.
-Access to planting
material
-Limited processing
capacity
-Inadequate marketing
arrangements to ensure
horticultural products
move from farms to end
markets in the shortest
time possible
Implications to HTP
- Link smallholder
producers to big
processors (e.g. Britania)
-Support the development
and dissemination of good
planting material
-Promote household
production and
consumption of
horticultural products for a
healthy diet (IDO2)
Commodity Current status Opportunities /
Strengths
Challenges /
implications to
Humidtropics
38
programme
Soybean -Current production estimated at
166,000MT annually
-Soya is mostly purchased for
export or for industrial use in
vegetable oil and animal feeds
locally
-2 major large scale buyers
namely: Mukwano and Mount
Meru mainly purchasing in
Northern Uganda
-Mukwano also purchases from
central Uganda
-Other buyer who use it for animal
feed manufacture include
Ugachick, Biyinzika farmers,
-Others purchasing for making
baby foods e.g. Maganjo, Sesako,
Kayebe, EA Basic foods…
-Processing capacity currently in
Uganda is at 600MT per day
-Soya is not mentioned under the
zoning strategy
-Though current exports are
at 40% mostly to Kenya
and Tanzania, this is likely
to grow as animal feed
demand grows
- Local demand is likely to
grow due to the increasing
demand for it as animal
feed ingredient
-Strong research support by
Makerere and NARO which
has led to release of a few
new varieties in recent
years (e.g. Namsoy4M and
Maksoy1N)
Challenges
-Low productivity hence
poor margins to farmers
-Underdeveloped domestic
market: Few people eating
it
Implications to HTP
- Support the
dissemination of better
yielding improved
varieties
-Build the capacity of
farmers in the production
aspects of the crop for
better margins
-Promote domestic
household consumption of
soybean and its products to
combat malnutrition
(IDO2)
Commodity Current status Opportunities /
Strengths
Challenges /
implications to
Humidtropics
programme
Tea -Tea remains the 3rd
largest forex
earner (or export in terms of value)
for Uganda after coffee and fish.
-Current production is about
63,000MT up from 33,789MT a
decade ago
-Only 10% of tea produced is
consumed domestically as the rest
is exported
-Exported tea is auctioned at
Mombasa to overseas buyers to
brand it
-70% of production is by the large
scale operators who also have out-
grower arrangements and the rest
is by small-scale farmers
-MAAIF’s zoning strategy
recommended tea production for
Kiboga and Luwero, Nakaseke
-Tea has relatively high
profitability at production
level especially in the first
season (Kraybill & Kidoido
2009)
- Government is willing to
support organized groups of
small-scale farmers to
acquire processing plants
-
Challenges:
-Unbranded tea which
fetches lower prices on the
auction market
-Exploitation at the
auction by overseas buyers
-Limited processing
capacity (Currently there
are only 28 processing
plants in the entire country
and most are owned by the
large estate owners).
-Small scale producers
cannot afford to process
tea hence a vulnerable to
post harvest losses
-Land markets and tenure
systems cannot enable
large tea estate owners to
acquire more land to
expand production.
Implications to HTP
- Support small scale
producers to acquire own
processing facilities
-Support creation of a
regulatory body to
39
superintend the actors and
promote tea production
Commodity Current status Opportunities /
Strengths
Challenges /
implications to
Humidtropics
programme
Beans -Average production is 450,000MT
p.a. over the past 10 years
-Most preferred varieties grown
include K132, Kanyebwa,
Nambaleand yellow beans
-Farmers prefer high yielding and
early maturing varieties while
consumers prefer varieties which
have a short
cooking time, make a thick soup,
have swelling characteristics,
good taste and long shelf-life after
cooking.Other varietal attributes
such as bean size, colourand
susceptibility to weevils also
influence consumerpreference for
different bean varieties.
-Under the MAAIF zoning
strategy, beans were recommended
for Kiboga and South Luwero
-About 20% of beans produced in
Uganda are exported. The main
destinations of these exports are
Kenya, South Sudan, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Tanzania and
Burundi.
-Regional exports are likely
to grow from 200,000MT to
300,000 annually in the
shortrun
-Local demand is also likely
to grow as school enrolment
increases (government
considering to make lunch
compulsory)
- Regional political
instability which causes
humanitarian agencies to
source food aid locally.
(estimated at 50,000MT)
-Strong research backing
from NARO with release of
several varieties
Challenges:
-Unorganized marketing
arrangements
-Little value addition
-Poor yields
Implication to HTR
-Support affirmative action
on child feeding policy
(IDO2)
-Organise smallholder
farmers to capture
opportunities of supplying
exporters and
humanitarian agencies
-Sensitize population on
the nutritive importance of
beans in diets (IDO2)
Commodity Current status Opportunities /
Strengths
Challenges /
implications to
Humidtropics
programme
Pigs -Current production 3.2 million as
of 2008 (MAAIF-UBOS, 2009).
-Female headed households
owning pigs have increased from
15% to 32% over the past decade
(UBOS, 2009)
- Pig production considered an
enterprise for income generation
amongst poor households
-Products saleable include piglets
and those fattened for slaughter (8
months)
-Pigs are mainly sold through four
main channels namely: i) direct
sales to consumers, ii) sales to
neighbourhood butcheries, iii)
-Agencies such as NAADS
are key buyers especially in
very rural area.
-Some of the grown pigs
are purchased by meat
processing plants mostly
located in Kampala and
Wakiso (Fresh cuts, Quality
cuts Sausage Kings) for the
making of sausages and
bacon.
-The big retail outlets
(Shoprite, Nakumatt,
Tuskys,) also purchase huge
chunks from which special
cuts are made for the high
Challenges:
- Absence of livestock
markets and abattoirs
- African Swine Fever
disease which cause
farmers to immediately
sell off animals once
outbreaks are
detectedleading to a glut in
the pig market
-Weak linkages amongst
value chain actors
-Low prioritization of pig
production in Uganda’s
national agenda
- Limited access to market
40
sales to butcheries in nearby towns
and iv) sales to traders.
-Selling to neighbourhood
butcheries is the most dominant
supply channel
end markets.
-Increasing urbanization
and changing social
behaviour are reasons
behind increased
consumption of pork
-Pigs feed on a variety of
foods which makes them
easy to manage
information and some
traders operate cartels
which collude in setting
prices thereby hindering
farmers from negotiating
for better prices.
Implications to HTP:
-Pigs can be a potential
source of income for
farmers in rural, urban and
peri-urban domains.
Commodity Current status Opportunities /
Strengths
Challenges /
implications to
Humidtropics
programme
Fish -Annual production of Farmed fish
estimated at 12,000MT
-Capture fish activity is mostly in
the lake zone with annual catch
estimated at about 100,000MT
- approx 70% of farmed fish is
produced by smallholders
-Approximately 98% of farmed
fish is exported mainly to Rwanda
and also to DR Congo
-About 90% of captured fish is
exported mainly to EU by air
-Smallscale fish farmers may make
margins of 7 -21% while large
scale farmers may make margins
of up to 30%.
-MAAIF zoning recommends fish
farming for Mukono, Wakiso,
Masaka and Rakai
-Regional demand for fish
is enormous and growing
- Government willing to
support youths in
establishing fish farmers
-Presence of fish feed
manufacturer
-Strong aquaculture
research presence (NARO-
NaFIRRI) with support
from China and other
development agencies
- Dwindling fish stocks in
natural water bodies hence
justifying the focus on fish
farming
-Cage farming gives better
yields. Government is
planning to set up an aqua-
park somewhere in central
Uganda.
Challenges:
-Stringent regulations in
export markets
-Limited value addition to
farmed fish
- Consumer apathy
towards farmed fish
-Questionable quality of
fish feed as well as poor
knowledge on fish
husbandry
-Weak or non-existent
extension/advisory
services rendered to fish
farmers
-Poor fishing methods
Implications to HTP:
-Integrate aquaculture into
existing cropping/livestock
systems for mutual
benefits (water for
irrigation, manure to
feeding fish, pond silt to
fertilize plants)
Poultry -Over 80% of households in
Uganda keep poultry
-Poultry most sold as live birds
-Urbanization has led to an
increase in chicken consumption as
some urbanite incomes increase
and hence causing social lifestyle
to change
- A few poultry breeding
companies have been established
-Changing social behaviour
and diets which is creating
increased demand for
chicken mostly in urban
areas
-Increasing number of high
end butcheries and meat
cuts sections in
supermarkets
Challenges
-High cost of feed causing
to farmers improperly mix
their own feed hence
lowering productivity
-High demand for chicks
which cannot be met by
existing breeders
Dairy cattle -Majority of milk is traded
unprocessed
-Milk being a whole food
can be promoted in the Challenges
-High incidences of milk
41
- Milk is pasteurised and sold in
packets to high end consumers
-More than 80% of milk is by
smallholders
-Dairy sector is regulated by the
Dairy Development Authority
school feeding programmes
-Some agencies e.g. Send a
Cow, Heifer International,
EADD, are promoting
livestock production among
small holders
adulteration
-Inadequate Milk
collection centres
-Seasonal fluctuations in
milk supply versus
inadequate processing
capacity in certain
locations
-Processing plants are
quite far from where
production is taking place
have over capacity
-High cost of veterinary
care
Implications for HTP
-Link smallholder groups
to big processors (e.g. in
Wakiso link to Jesa Dairy
Ltd)
-Importance of milk in
diets is to be promoted
(IDO2)
Source: Secondary data review, 2014
5.2 Challenges and opportunities
Basing on findings obtained from the field visits, the following is a summary of challenges and
opportunities as postulated by respondents by location in regards to markets and institutions:
Table 25: Marketing challenges and opportunities in the HTP sites
District Challenges Opportunities
Wakiso -Very wide district with
poor service delivery
coverage
-Its proximity to Kampala
makes it a preferred place of
accommodation for the
population working in
Kampala during daytime
-Close proximity to a ready market
-Numerous buyers of produce
- Close proximities to research organizations (NARO in
Namulonge, Kawanda)
- Strong Agro-value addition base due to availability of
Electricity and Water
- Heavy presence of banks and MFIs which can provide
credit
-High demand for wood products used in construction and
as fuel
-Relatively high literacy levels which imply opportunities
for off-farm employment
-Existence of extension services
-Opportunity for investment in urban-forestry
-There is a reasonable local market for fruit and other tree
products, but also an accessible market in Kampala
Mukono -Its proximity to Kampala
makes it a preferred place of
accommodation for the
population working in
Kampala during daytime
-Close proximity to a ready market.
(Numerous schools, factories, Poultry breeding plant,)
-numerous buyers of produce
- Close proximities to research organizations (NARO-
MUZARDI and Kituuza coffee research)
42
-Low budgets for
infrastructure by Local
administration
- Livestock diseases mainly
African Swine fever
affecting livestock product
supply
- Strong Agro-value addition base due to availability of
Electricity and Water (85% population accessing safe
water)
-Its strategic location on the Eastern Highway makes
access to Kampala and Kenya markets easier.
- Heavy presence of banks and MFIs which can provide
credit
-High demand for wood products used in construction and
as fuel which justifies urban-forestry
Luwero -Inadequate capacity to add
value for pineapples and
milk (only 5 milk coolers in
the district)
-Low prices offered to
farmers
-Poor post harvest handling
of coffee which adversely
affects its quality
-Prolonged droughts
-Proximity to the North bound highway linking Kampala
to Sudan
-Some big coffee traders have opened up buying centres in
the district (e.g. Ibero, Kyagalanyi)
-Potential for apiculture and sericulture)
-Increasing livestock numbers leading to increased
livestock products
Nakaseke -Weak infrastructure (only 1
tarmac road,).
-Most feeder roads become
impassable when the rains
come.
-Inadequate friendly credit
to farmers causing them to
sell immediately after
harvest hence obtain low
prices
- Access to big sized land still possible
-High Potential for large scale farming (Already a few
commercial farms have been set up by foreign investors)
-Presence of milk coolers (apprx 30)
-Advent of large scale farmers producing maize
-Presence of agencies to support farmers (EADD, Sameer,
DDA, NaGRIC, NARO-MUZARDI, NAADS, Seatini,
Caritas, TASO, Sasakawa Global2000, VEDCO)
-Presence of national electricity grid in all subcounties
except Wakyato
-Presence of some rivers in the South (i.e. Kafu, Lugogo,
Mayanja)
-District is identified for establishment of bio-energy and
improved charcoal production technologies under the
“Global Climate Change Alliance’’ project
(GCP/UGA/041).
-Large scale abattoir being set up in the district which will
take up most of the cattle
Kiboga -Inadequate storage at farm-
level and beyond
-Inadequate infrastructure
for value addition (Only 15
milk coolers in the district
only able to cater for <50%
of milk produced)
-District has only 20 grain
mills and only 10 coffee
hullers which is <20% of
capacity required
-High post harvest losses
-Low prices offered to
farmers
-Relatively high population
below poverty line (60%)
compared to National
average (22%)
-Good tarmac road to Kampala and to Hoima in the west
-Potential demand for food commodities (Milk, Fruits,
Vegetables) in oil rich region of Hoima
-Large scale abattoir being set up in neighbouring district
of Nakaseke which will take up most of the cattle
-Presence of a livestock laboratory donated by JICA to
support disease control
43
Kyankwanzi -Inadequate storage
- Inadequate value addition
infrastructure
-Farmers often sell
immediately after harvest
hence obtain low prices due
to the glut
- Prolonged droughts and
inadequate water supply
(4000 per borehole)
-Relatively high population
below poverty line (38%)
compared to National
average (22%)
-Access to a good tarmac road connecting to Kampala and
Hoima
-Proximity to oil rich region of Hoima-A government
programme CAIIP has constructed feeder roads and set up
a processing centre
-High potential for medium-large scale farming (Appx
40% of farmers have >30acres)
-New coffee plant under construction which will boost
coffee sales
-Use of animal waste as manure
-Existence of value addition such as ghee production that
fetches an attractive price
Rakai -Inadequate market
information
-Low prices offered
- Insufficient bulking
-Coffee processing grading planting recently built in Rakai
by an NGO
- Rural electrification programme has increased the
number of households and processing plants on the grid
which also improved value addition
-NAADS has been boosting coffee production byproviding
inputs, seedlings, tarpaulin for drying.
- District administration has prioritized coffee as the main
enterprise and has dedicated 75% of its production budget
to it
-Presence of numerous community coffee nurseries (>40)
Masaka -Cultivation in wetlands
which is prohibited by
NEMA
-Declining yields for most
crops mainly grown
-Little value added to fruits
and vegetables hence
leading to huge post harvest
losses
-Pineapple growing is a
major cause of deforestation
-Proximity to the Western Highway to Rwanda, Burundi
and Tanzania as well as Kampala
-South Sudan market is being accessed by some traders
from this district
-Some coffee companies have opened up buying centres
(NUCAFE, Kyagalanyi)
- Plans to move into coffee grading for better revenue
-Existing efforts by farmers to maintain or retain trees on-
farm demonstrates willingness to practice agroforestry.
-There is a reasonable local market for fruit and other tree
products
Source: Field survey FGD and KII, 2014
44
6. Natural resources management and environment
Summary
This section highlights the status of natural resource management and the environment in the
eight (8) districts where HTP will operate. The natural resources considered include soils, water,
and forests in target districts of the Humidtropics action site of Uganda, namely; Kiboga,
Kyankwanzi, Luwero, Wakiso, Nakaseke Rakai, Mukono and Masaka. The analysis covers the
status of the resources, their challenges and opportunities for sustainable intensification in the
HT highlighting efforts of recent and ongoing projects and programmes addressing NRM and the
environment in the selected districts.
The Intermediate Development Indicator that this section will help to address is IDO 4 where it
is recognized that: ‘Improved management of natural resources is essential for sustaining
increases in farm-level productivity and the provision of other ecosystem services’.
Some of the key issues which emerge in regards to Natural Resource Management and
Environment are as follows
High deforestation rates are observed especially in all the HTP sites and this is partly due
to corruption by the responsible authorities who illegally allow a few people to exploit
such resources. The local administrations in all the HTP are fairly too weak or quite
disempowered to check the rampant irresponsible deforestation.
Though reforestation has been championed by the Sawlog Production Grants Scheme
(SPGS) programme, plantation forests tend to compete for land suitable for crop
production and this is exacerbated by the misperceptions about trees in relation to soil
water and fertility
However opportunities NRM stem mainly from the several agencies and funding which is
earmarked to support any such initiatives and the Humidtropics programme may align
itself appropriately to tap into such resources.
Demand for wood and wood products has been on a steady rise as manufacturing grows
as well as household energy needs of a growing population which cannot afford hydro-
electricity power or other energy alternatives (e.g. Solar).
45
The issue of declining soil fertility is still a challenge which needs to be addressed
probably through better sensitization of farmers on the various ways of replenishing soil
fertility
Likewise water management (i.e. harvesting, storage, utilization) is also a key issue
which still requires some attention.
6.1 Deforestation
Countrywide, total (inside and outside Protected Areas) annual deforestation rate is estimated at
1.8% (0.7% inside PAs and 2.27% outside) or an absolute loss of about 88,638 ha per year (NFA
2009). An earlier conservative estimate suggested a national cost of deforestation in the range of
US$ 3.8–5.5 million/year (Falkenbeng & Sepp, 1999).
However, deforestation rates and thus associated costs vary across the districts where
Humidtropics (HTP) will operate (Table 1).
Table 26: Deforestation rates in selected districts in Uganda (1990-2005)
District Forest area (Ha) %
1990 2005 Change change
Kiboga 168,681 81,551 -87,131 -52
Luwero 47,718 22,833 -24,884 -52
Wakiso 38,028 21,065 -16,963 -45
Nakaseke 189,734 137,947 -51,787 -27
Rakai 33,158 27,771 -5,387 -16
Mukono 107,981 96,142 -11,839 -11
Masaka 21,990 31,333 9,342 42
Source: NFA (2009).
Table 27: Deforestation under different tenure/institutional frameworks in Uganda
Responsible Institution Forest area 2005
(ha)
Forest area lost
since 1990 (ha)
% loss
Uganda Wildlife Authority 643,149 36,344 5.3
National Forestry Authority 627,951 124,192 16.5
Joint Management (UWA & NFA) 30,748 6.812 18.1
District Forest Services 1,211 418 25.6
Private owners 2,301,117 1,161,876 33.6
46
Total area of forest in the country 3,604,176 1,329,570 26.9
Source: NFA (2005).
Table 28: Challenges and opportunities associated with forest cover in selected HTP sites in Uganda
Challenge Opportunities / Implications to HTP
- Most farmers in the region
practice extensive faming
usually by expanding into
forest land.
- Declining yields (due to
declining soil fertility,
inadequate rainfall and pests
and diseases) which
necessitates opening new crop
fields and thus deforestation
- Increasing land use change
through conversion of forests to
grazing land in the pastoral
districts of Kyankwanzi,
Kiboga, and Nakaseke
- The region has a relatively high
population below poverty line
(up to 60% in some districts)
compared to a national average
(22%), which precipitates
dependence on environmental
income especially in Kiboga
and Luwero districts.
- High demand for wood
products used in construction
(esp. in Mukono and Wakiso)
and as fuel (esp. Kiboga, and
Luwero)
- Urbanization around Kampala
continues to spill over into
Wakiso and Mukono resulting
into high encroachment on
wetlands and forests
- Limited staffing and funding of
the forest sub-sector
- Deforestation is already
recognized as the main
environmental issue threatening
Uganda’s forests (NFA 2009).
- Consequently a number of
initiatives (e.g. REDD+,
Collaborative Forest Management)
already exist seeking to address the
threat and these are potential
partners for HumidTropics
- Farmers are increasingly taking
up an intensive farming system
involving crop and livestock
combinations
- Build capacity of private
forest owners to carry out
strategic forest management
planning at forest level
- Support urban forestry
- Develop and implement
mentoring programmes
through farmer/forestry field
schools and District Forestry
Services
-HTP can collaborate with
the Forest Sector Support
Department (FSSD) to
establishment of a web-
based monitoring and
evaluation and quality
assurance system. This will:
•Improve mechanisms for
quality assurance,
monitoring and evaluation of
forestry programmes
•Strengthen the Forestry
policy and planning
framework
•Strengthen Local
Government capacity to
carry out strategic and forest
management planning at
district levels
6.2 Natural areas and buffers, deforestation frontiers
Local natural forests are managed by either the District Forestry Services of private farmers.
Private Forests in all the districts are small fragmented units, but are overall very important.
Nationally, these constitute over 2 million ha in total or some 64% of the forest estate.
47
Deforestation is much in local natural forests (outside Protected Areas) and particularly so inside
the Private Forests (Table 27) mainly because of a lack of well-planned management for them
(Nsita, 2010).
The main challenge is limited staffing and funding of the forest sub-sector. For instance, only
one range is present in Koome Islands and is mandated to cover the 12 surrounding islands as
well.
The socio-economic importance of forests and ecosystem services they provide need to be well
understood and appreciated so that the local governments can provide favorable budgetary
allocations.
The HTP can collaborate the Forest Sector Support Department (FSSD) to establishment of a
web-based monitoring and evaluation and quality assurance system. This will:
•Improve mechanisms for quality assurance, monitoring and evaluation of forestry programmes
•Strengthen the Forestry policy and planning framework
•Strengthen Local Government capacity to carry out strategic and forest management planning at
district levels
6.3 Reforestation
The main driving force towards the establishment of plantations is the Sawlog Production Grants
Scheme (SPGS), a government project implemented by Ministry of Water and Environment
(MWE). SPGS supports development of the forestry industry through providing subsidy grants
to private tree farmers. Since 2004, SPGS has offered technical support and conditional grants
for commercial-scale tree planting for timber, and poles to 389 tree farmers (166 in CFRs and
223 on private land). The scheme seeks to reduce pressure on natural forests as well as to supply
the country’s predicted timber needs. Over 40,000 ha of mostly tropical pine timber plantations
have been established countrywide. Focusing on HTPs’ area scope, SPGS has supported the
establishment of 11,127 Ha of forest plantations (Table X). About 80% of this has been in the
previously degraded or deforested CFRs and the remaining 20% on private land. Districts with
comparably larger coverage are Kiboga, Nakaseke, and Luwero.
48
Table 29: Plantation forest establishment under SPGS in selected districts of Uganda (2005-2013) Location (District) Area planted (Ha)
CFR Private Total
Kyankwanzi 157.7 0 157.7
Wakiso 155.9 75.1 231
Mukono 205.3 42.1 247.4
Rakai 0 248.8 248.8
Masaka 150.8 201.4 352.2
Luwero 385.4 966.2 1351.6
Nakaseke 1536.9 706.9 2243.8
Kiboga 6255.3 39.6 6294.9
Total 8,690 22,80.1 11,127
Source: SPGS, 2013
Among the challenges faced in reforestation efforts is that the establishment of forest plantations
constitutes a change in land use on private land and also in the CFRs. Plantation establishment
thus competes with crop production.Local populations have been evicted from CFRs in all HTP
districts in favour of plantation establishment.
It is important to note that Plantations offer a maximum sustainable yield of 20-40 m3/ha/year as
compared to 2 m3/ha/year from even the richest natural forests (Kazoora, 2007). For some
locations it is more feasible and cost effective to use plantation biomass to produce electricity
than depending on thermal energy (Tennigkeit, 2006). Regenerative energy sources (bioenergy)
have particularly generated considerable interest in efforts to address both the oil – and climate -
crises (McLaren, 2005). Consequently SPGS is now in the early stages of implementing
activities on the GCP/UGA/041 Project – “Global Climate Change Alliance’’ - Uganda: to
contribute to the GCCA project result 3: Resilience of Agricultural Production System in the
Cattle Corridor improved by promoting bio-energy plantations and improved charcoal
production technologies. SPGS seeks to establish 600 Ha of subsidized private sector bio-energy
plantations in the 6 cattle corridor districts of Nakaseke, Luwero, Nakasongola Kiboga, Mubende
and Ssembabule. Three of these (Nakaseke, Luwero, and Kiboga) fall within HTPs’ area of
interest. Establishment of plantations is mainly by large scale tree planters who are usually from
outside the districts. Local participation is limited by access to land and financial resources.Local
tree farmers are interested in carbon trade, but are limited by access to information on how.
District Forest Officers are also ignorant about this.
49
The opportunities envisaged in reforestation is that Plantation establishment reduces pressure on
natural forestsPlantations provides firewood (e.g. from thinning and dry branches) which reduces
dependence on manure and mulches for fuel. The two can then be used as inputs in agricultural
production.Access to firewood reduces the burden on women and children who otherwise travel
long distances collecting firewood. The saved time can be invested in agriculture. Plantations
employ local people in undertaking silvicultural operations. This way they are a source of
income that the small holders can invest in agriculture.
The Low forest plantation establishment in Mukono is attributable to a preference for natural
forests to protect the shores mainly because of the presence of the Lake Victoria and Sezibwa
system. This presents an opportunity to support management of these natural areas and assisting
natural regeneration. Furthermore, District Forest Officers should be equipped with this
knowledge because participation in carbon trade is one avenue that can encourage farmers to
retain natural and plantation forests on own land.
6.4Demographic threats and opportunities to NRM
The 2002 national census and the 2008 national livestock census offer the most comprehensive
livestock datasets in Uganda. Overall, there was a general increase in the numbers and densities
of all the livestock between 2002 and 2008. There is a wide variation in livestock density across
the districts. For instance, focusing on cattle alone, the 2008 census revealed that Kiboga and
Nakaseke were among the districts with the highest cattle population densities in the country
with> 150 cattle per sq KM. The districts have a 1:2 people to livestock ration. Other cattle
corridor districts recorded 50-150 cattle per sq KM while Wakiso, Masaka, and Mukono had less
than 50 cattle per sq KM.
Conversion of forests to grazing land is a significant land use change and a major driver of
deforestation. This has particularly been the case in the districts of Kiboga, and Nakaseke.
Besides deforestation, consumption of plant cover by livestock, especially in instances of
overgrazing contributes to rangeland degradation (Dregne et al., 1991). The biggest challenge to
farmers in the Western Savanna grasslands and Pastoral rangelands is scarcity of drought
reserves and watering points during the dry season.This is attributed to the “ranch system” that
50
hinders opportunistic grazing of livestock. High livestock densities may precipitate farmer-
herder conflicts over the same finite land and water resources.
However, Kiboga and Nakaseke are identified by HTP for livestock production. Already these
are some of the areas supporting the highest livestock densities in the country. It can thus be
envisaged that the local people are already knowledgeable in aspects such as livestock husbandry
and marketing.
The implication is that HTP can support the Mainstreaming of Sustainable Natural Resource
Management, particularly sustainable rangeland utilization issues into Development Plans and
Budgets of districts in the pastoral rangelands.
6.5Description of NRM status by production system in HTP sites
The following is a summary of the current status, challenges and implications to HTP.
Table 30: Status of soils, challenges and implications in the respective Zones of HTP sites
Current status Challenges Implications to HTP
Soils: Lake Victoria crescent
-The soils are Ferallsols (FAO,
2006) with a wide range in the
content of K-feldspar and
texture.
-Poorly drained areas (e.g.
valley bottoms) have black and
grey clays.
-Along the shores of Lake
Victoria, soils are
hydromorphic.
-The region receives heavy
rainfall (1,200 to 1,450 mm)
exposing it to significant
leaching particularly for sandy
and loamy soils (NEMA, 1998;
2010).
-Factors for soil erosion
include; population pressure,
poor methods of farming,
overgrazing, and vulnerable
Agricultural productivity has
declined. Masaka is no longer a
hub for coffee and bananas
Food insecurity is prevalent
Region has some of the most
severe nutrient depletion rates in
the country (up to 80-100
Kg/ha/year of NPK). Masaka
and Mukono have the most
depleted soils, with the lowest
banana productivity in the zone
(Bekunda, 1999).
Some areas in the zone have
lunnyu soils, a phenomenon first
documented in 1954 (Chenery,
1954).
Three (3) major features are
associated with lunyu soils;
- loss of soil consistency,
- poor crop vigor,
- HTP needs to partner
with organizations already
working in the area for
soil and land management.
These include:
Caritas MADO in Masaka
and Rakai
51
soils (NEMA, 2000). - poor quality crop and low crop
yields.
Lunnyu soils tend to support
Cymbopogan ssp., a weed that
forms dense monotypic stands
that outcompete native plant
communities thereby lowering
local species diversity and
consequently altering ecosystem
properties.
Western Savanna Grasslands
The quality of the soil varies
across the zone.
It ranges from moderate to
good.
There is extensive wind erosion
during the dry season because
soils remain exposed during
prolonged dry months after the
cultural practice of uncontrolled
bush burning (Zake, et al.,
1997)
Pastoral rangelands
There is fair variation in the
quality of the soils, but
generally range between
moderate to poor.
- Enforcement of bye-laws on
bush burning
- Mainstreaming and
Implementation of Sustainable
Land Management practices
In regards to water, the following was observed and challenges faced highlighted as well as the
implications to HTTP:
Table 31: Current status of water resources, challenges and implications to HTP
Current status Challenges Implications
In Masaka, Rakai, Wakiso, and
Mukono (Lake Victoria
crescent) the topography is
characterized by hills and ridges
that are highly dissected by
streams and drainage ways
(Kabanyoro, 2013).
- Water shortage in the Western
Savanna grasslands and
Pastoral rangelands tends to
restrict the regions to rain-fed
agriculture due to shortage of
irrigation water in the dry
seasons.
-The water bodies in the Lake
Victoria crescent provide
opportunities for irrigation to
facilitate all year round
agriculture. This is particularly
beneficial to the horticulture
enterprise
52
However, Lake Victoria is the
main water body in the zone.
Others are Lakes Nabugabo in
Masaka and Kijanebarora in
Rakai.
-Some individual farmers in the
Lake Victoria crescent use
simple technologies to harvest
and store rainwater in ponds
lined with polythene for
irrigation use in the dry season.
-Water is a major concern in all
the other HumidTropics districts
(Western Savanna grasslands
and Pastoral rangelands). For
example in Kiboga and
Kyankwanzi, boreholes, wells
and previously constructed
dams are drying up. Many
forests e.g. in Mubende-Kiboga
hills, and valleys have been
converted into cropland (NFA
2009)
Implications
The HTP can engage farmers
with training packages in rain
water harvesting techniques to
up – and out- scale existing
farmer technologies in the
same.
In regards to on-farm trees, the following is the observed status, challenges and opportunities as
well as implications to HTP.
Table 32: Current status of On-Farm trees, challenges and implications to HTP
Current status Challenges Implications
- Within the Lake Victoria
crescent, tree crops particularly
ficus (Ficus natalensis), musambya
(Markhamia lutea), jack fruit
(Artocarpus heterophyllus),
pawpaw (Carica papaya), are
frequently maintained for their
other uses e.g. back cloth and as
live fence for demarcating land
parcels for ficus and source of
fruits for jack fruit and pawpaws,
but also as windbreaks in banana
plantations and shade in coffee
plantations.
- The trees provide habitat for
pollinators which increase crop
- Farmers are hesitant to
plant trees with long
gestation periods
- Some species (e.g. fruit
trees and Eucalyptus) cause
disputes between
neighbouring farmers when
planted along farm
boundaries
- Largely, small quantities of
fruits or other tree products
are gathered from a few
scattered trees. This creates
marketing problems
Opportunities
- Existing efforts by farmers to
maintain or retain trees on-
farm demonstrates
willingness to practice
agroforestry
- There are existing initiatives
(e.g. ICRAF) that support
planting and maintenance of
on-farm trees in the districts.
- High yielding varieties of
fruit trees are available
- There is a reasonable local
market for fruit and other
tree products
53
yields
Ficus natelensis improves soil
properties
-In the Western Savanna
grasslands,the most common trees
on farm are mango and jack fruit,
followed by Mugavu (Albizia
Coriaria) and Musambya
(Markhamia Lutea) Mutuba (F.
Natelensis) and Musizi (Maesopsis
eminii). Land use under trees is
frequently Cocoyam, coffee
(especially in Nakaseke), and
banana (especially in Kiboga)
cropping.
Ficus natelensisprovides fodder for
goats
In the Pastoral rangelands, trees on
farm in this zone tend to be those
maintained from the naturally
occurring vegetation, typically
scattered tree and shrub
formations. Common species are
Albizia and Acacia.
-However, pastoral rangelands are
some of the overgrazed areas in
Uganda which defoliates the trees,
destroys tree roots and seedlings.
Further, trampling by livestock
compacts the soil and interferes
with regeneration of trees (Obua et
al., 2006).
Implications to HTP
-Skills development in form of
training in for example post-
harvest handling to reduce the
losses from fruit trees
-The HTP can team up with other
partners e.g. ICRAF to engage
farmers with training packages
that offer knowledge in better
agronomic practices for increased
production of both the on-farm
trees and the main agricultural
crops
-Value addition is a critical stage
that HTP can promote in the fruit
value chains to enable farmers
benefit from the
maintained/retained trees
6.6 Rainfall in HTP sites
Considering that agriculture in Uganda is mainly rainfall dependent, information about rainfall is
considered very important in understanding the agricultural potential of respective areas in the
programme sites. Rainfall determines the types of crops grown as well as the type of livestock
kept.
Table 33: Average precipitation (in mm) by location for period 2002 - 2013
District Average precipitation (mm)
54
Wakiso Mukono Luwero Nakaseke Kiboga Kyankwanzi Rakai Masaka
January 78 59 48 48 41 42 93 74
February 87 70 64 64 57 57 114 92
March 167 125 127 127 116 112 188 161
April 235 171 168 168 148 146 230 217
May 241 140 139 139 112 106 228 216
June 108 71 69 69 57 52 64 64
July 72 62 65 65 60 55 41 43
August 78 94 108 108 107 102 75 61
September 83 106 125 125 128 131 108 96
October 130 131 144 144 151 159 122 119
November 171 157 145 145 147 149 163 143
December 124 93 169 169 68 58 147 121
TOTAL 1,574 1,280 1,372 1,372 1,192 1,168 1,572 1,408
Source: http://www.samsamwater.com/tools.php, (New, Lister, Hulme, & Makin, 2002)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
mm
Months
Wakiso Mukono Luwero Nakaseke
Kiboga Kyankwanzi Rakai Masaka
55
Figure 2: Average monthly precipitation (mm) by district for period 2002 - 2013
For all the districts in the project site, bimodal rainfall is received and Wakiso as well as Rakai
registered the highest annual precipitation over the past decade. To the HumidTropics
programme, this implies a potential to harvest twice a year especially with annual crops.
Furthermore, the amount of precipitation is meant to guide decision makers on which crops to
promote for which area.
Figure 3: Average annual precipitation (mm) by district for period 2002 - 2013
6.7 Current NRM interventions by agencies
Currently, several agencies are doing a number of activities to conserve and attain sustainable
use of natural resources. A summary of who is doing what is here by presented.
Agency/
Organisation /
Programme
Intervention
(i) SPGS Working in almost all the HTP sites
(ii) FIEFOC -The Farm Income Enhancement and Forest Conservation (FIEFOC) project
was designed to support the GOU’s Plan for the Modernization of Agriculture
whose aim is increasing incomes and improving the quality of life of poor
subsistence farmers and their household through market-oriented agricultural
production.
Wakiso Mukono Luwero Nakaseke Kiboga Kyankwan
zi Rakai Masaka
Series1 1,574 1,280 1,372 1,372 1,192 1,168 1,572 1,408
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
mm
Average annual precipitation
56
-The purpose of the project is to improve, rural livelihoods, food security, and
incomes through sustainable natural resources management and agricultural
enterprise development.
Key stakeholders: The project design was hinged on community-based
participation and the key players were the districts and sub-counties as focus
of implementation, and the private sector as main technical service providers.
(iii)REDD-plus
A REDD+ secretariat was established under the auspice of FSSD and
Uganda’s Readiness preparedness proposal (RPP) was accepted by the World
Bank. There are some pilot projects implemented by NGO’s
(iv) National Tree
planting days
-In an effort to address deforestation and restore the country's receding forest
cover, the Government of Uganda has gazetted four (4) national tree-planting
days i.e.
World Forestry Day (March 21),
International Women’s Day ( March 8),
Labor Day (May 1) , and
World Youth Day (August 12).
-Target planting sites under this initiative include CFRs, public parks,
schools, places of worship, barracks, and communities.
(v) Projects
implemented by the
NFA
-One particularly relevant project implemented by the NFA is Collaborative
Forest Management (CFM) with an express intention of involving
communities in tree-planting.
-Under CFM, communities living adjacent a forest reserve form groups and
enter into agreements with NFA under-which they receive incentives for non-
consumptive forestry projects such as boundary tree-planting, bee-keeping,
wood-lot establishment, eco-tourism services, contracts to maintain forest
boundaries and in some instances support for agro-forestry.
-NFA has signed numerous MOU’s with companies to plant trees under the
corporate social responsibility in degraded reserves
-Partners: The partners here are the NFA, local communities, and corporate
bodies
(vi) SCC- VI
Agroforestry
Programme
-The Swedish Cooperative Centre (SCC) has collaborated with Vi
Agroforestry Programme (ViAFP) since 2005.
-SCC-VI operates in both Masaka and Rakai
-ViAF’s aims to give people access to fuel wood, timber, fruit, fodder and
other non-timber forest products while halting and reversing the trend of the
forest loss and related environmental degradation
-A merger of the two efforts offered target farmers a shot at profitable farm
practices, establishment of farmer groups and access to credit (savings and
loans facilities).
-The collaboration seeks to enhance the living conditions for subsistence
farmer households in the area of operation
vii) VEDCO
Within the HumidTropics’ area of interest, Volunteer Efforts for
Development Concern (VEDCO) operates in the Districts of; Luwero,
Mukono, Wakiso, and Nakaseke.
-They are involved in agroforestry, crop and livestock production
http://www.vedcouganda.org
(viii) LVEMP The Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP) operates in
the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB), seeking to: (i) improve collaborative
57
management of the transboundary natural resources of LVB; and (ii) reduce
environmental stress in targeted pollution hotspots and selected degraded sub
catchments to improve the livelihoods of communities, who depend on the
natural resources of LVB. Among HTP districts, LVEMP operates in
Mukono, Masaka, Rakai and Wakiso.
The project has a watershed management component that seeks to implement
sustainable soil and water management practices to reduce environmental
stresses from the LVB. and livelihoods improvement interventions, using
community-driven development approaches, to improve water use efficiency
in the LVB and generate positive externalities
(ix) CARP
-The Conservation Agriculture Regional Programme (CARP) is funded by the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
-It works with Rural Enterprise Development Services (REDs) to promote
conservation agriculture and is operational in Nakaseke.
(x) SCI-SLM
-The Stimulating Community Initiatives for Sustainable Land Management
(SCI-SLM) project operates in Nakaseke district
-Is funded by GEF
-Seeks to demonstrate integration of SLM innovative technologies in NRM
using the Innovative Systems Approach (ISA).
(xi) Caritas MADO
-Caritas MADDO (MASAKA DIOCESAN DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION) is a faith-based organization that offers social services
and development work in Masaka Diocese, but also extends into Rakai.
-Partners are Masaka Diocese and farmer groups
-One of its strategic objectives is “to promote food security and increased
income through sustainable agribusiness”.
-Caritas MADDO promotes a sustainable intensification of smallholder farm
production by among others providing improved inputs (for example pest and
drought resistant/fast maturing crop varieties; improved animal breeds) to
farmer groups.
-A main lesson reported as learnt by Caritas MADDO over the years is the
need for value addition for most of the products that farmers produce.
(xii) Nakaseke
Rural Youth
Sustainable
Livelihoods
Initiative
-Aims at strengthening rural youth employment opportunities in agriculture
and ICTs, improving their health standards and their livelihoods.
-Url: https://www.facebook.com/nakasekeruralyouth
58
(xiii) Private tree
planting
-A number of private tree growers are undertaking afforestation and
reforestation programmes
-These include:
Global woods,
New Forest Co.,
-Others are rehabilitating degraded range of lands
-These include:
Centural Group,
Heifer International
7. Conclusion and potential entry points
The situation analysis extracts useful information which should be used by policy makers,
planners and development agencies as well as research organizations which work in the
Humidtropics sites.
In regards to development overview, the following are the major concerns:
It is evident that information collection, management and dissemination is still very
inadequate in all the project sites yet proper planning cannot take place without
information. Humidtropics should, therefore, work with local government officials in the
HTP sites to strengthen information/data gathering, management and dissemination
systems to allow for better planning.
Uganda has the fastest growing population on the World and Mukono and Wakiso
districts are among those with the highest growth rates. However, this growth should be
managed in order to be commensurate with growth in incomes to enable those getting off
farming to be able to purchase their food.
Nutrition is also a key aspect which should not be ignored in order to get a more
productive labour force while lowering medical costs associated with malnutrition. Since
Bioversity has strength in nutrition, special sensitization programmes among mothers in
the HTP sites should be promoted in order to indirectly contribute towards IDO 1.
Despite heavy presence of research organization, development agencies and NGOs in
Uganda, impact on the ground is still quite minimal and this could be improved if the
59
platform approach is fully embraced. This approach should be introduced to all the
district administrations in the project sites for their involvement as well as the private
sector actors in the respective sites for better impact.
In regards to production systems,
crop and animal diseases are the main hindrances to efficient production. The major crop
diseases include BBW, Coffee wilt, CMD and CBSD while livestock diseases include,
East Coast Fever, African Swine Fever and New castle.
Post harvest handling especially in drying and storage is still poor as manifested by
drying on ground and lack of well established stores. These were found to compromise
the quality of the produce.
Declining soil fertility and limited extension in input use pose a huge challenge.
However, these challenges create an entry point for the Humidtropics project to
intervene. Organizations such as the CGIAR centres, District Local Governments,
VEDCO, NARO, Makerere University should take lead in offering the necessary
interventions.
In regards to markets and institutions
It has been observed that farmers generally obtain low prices since most of them tend to
sell immediately hence causing a glut in the market. The Humidtropics program should
focus its efforts towards building storage capacity in households and communities to
lower post harvest losses and increase possibilities of farmers obtaining better prices by
selling in off peak seasons.
It has been observed that there is minimal value addition taking place in most of the rural
areas of the HTP sites basically due to inadequate infrastructure. This denies farmers of a
chance to benefit from the returns to processing while also denying them a chance to
utilize bi-products especially those which can act as inputs in some agricultural
enterprises (i.e. bran, seed cake, husks….). Limited value addition denies the youth and
women employment opportunities considering that such industries mostly employ them.
Humidtropics ought to prioritize value addition by forming strategic partnerships with
60
policy makers, development agencies and local governments to make the necessary
investment in the required infrastructure.
There is still room for lowering transaction costs (i.e. costs of searching, negotiating and
contracting) in order to enable farmers benefit more from the sale of their produce.
Fostering linkages between potential buyers and producers ought to be a critical area of
focus by the Humidtropics programme.
In regards to NRM issues:
Since 80% of Uganda’s population is engaged in agriculture as a main source of cash
and subsistence income, these tend to seek increased production by increasing
acreage. This scenario means that agricultural production can be antagonistic to
sustainable natural resource management and the environment yet this is not only a
goal that all production systems should contribute to, but can in turn contribute to
and are usually a pre-requisite for a sustainable agricultural production system.
There are a number of constraints to sustainable management of natural resource and
the environment and these include limited financial and human capacity because of a
perennially low resource envelope allocated to the Environment and Natural
Resources (ENR) Sector (typically between 0.3 – 0.6% of total national budget).
Major risks from this are degeneration of forest cover and wetlands. HTP districts and
indeed the central districts of Uganda have the highest risk of degeneration nationally
because these are areas with intense economic activities including agricultural
expansion, brisk charcoal and firewood trade, furniture industry, and small-scale
manufacturing industries (bakeries, brick making). Nearly the only forests in these
districts are those remaining in Central Forest Reserves (CFRs). Main drivers of
degeneration of natural resources and the environment are a lack of clearly defined
ownership, access rights (particularly for natural resources on customary land),
increase in human and livestock populations, and the growth of the economy. The
main threats are forest clearance for agriculture, uncontrolled charcoal and firewood
production, uncontrolled timber extraction and grazing.
However, there are some opportunities in proper management of natural resources
and the environment. These include: (i) the government’s appreciation of the ENR
61
sector as having a key role to play in growth, employment and prosperity for all, and
thus putting in place policy and planning frameworks (e.g. the National Development
Plan that has a stated objective of harnessing natural resources and the environment
for sustainable development) that support the sector; and (ii) the existence of organs
(central government –e.g. NFA, FSSD, NEMA, MWE; local government –e.g. DFS;
NGOs; CBOs; and University Departments) that have concern for Management of
natural resources and the environment as a core mandate.
HTP can have multiple entry points, but perhaps the best impact will be attained by
(i) including an advocacy component that focuses specifically on budget advocacy to
try to influence the amount of funds coming to the ENR sector as a step towards
matching reality with the rhetoric in the national policy and planning frameworks that
purport to care for the ENR sector, and (ii) playing a coordination role to facilitate
synergistic relations between the different organs working for and on ENR in any
particular district – e.g. at the moment, NGOs and CBOs do not cooperate with the
local government. The latter are hardily aware of what the former two are doing in the
districts, yet they are in a better position to know the needs of their localities and can
monitor projects and programmes of the former.
62
Appendix 1: Map of Humidtropics sites
Figure 4: Map of Uganda showing districts of Humidtropics sites
63
Appendix 2: Population status of sites
District Total
population
(No. of persons)
Males
(No. of
persons)
Females
(No. of
persons)
Average
Household
Size
(Persons)
Population density
(No. of Persons
per SqKm)
Wakiso 1,343,512 650,980 692,532 4.1 545
Mukono 1,058,164 524,228 533,936 4.2* 543
Luwero 446,842 222,080 224,762 4.7* 173
Nakaseke 178,600 88,764 89,836 4.5* 69
Kiboga 151,500 77,265 74,235 4.4 39
Kyankwanzi 144,720 74,697 70,023 4.6 37
Rakai 475,600 232,000 243,600 4.4 124
Masaka 249,200 α
121,200 α
127,900 α
4.3 270
National 35,873,253^ 17,476,712 18,396,541 6.2#
137
Table 34: Population size by gender, household size and population density in the respective HTR programme sites
Note: *Figure obtained from 2002 census; #Figure obtained from (UBOS, 2012a);
α Figure obtained from (UBOS,
Statistical Abstract, 2009); ^For national population figures these are obtained from (CIA, 2014); Wakiso Population
has been estimated from 1,158,200 in 2009 at 4.1% growth annually (Wakiso-HLGSA, 2009); Mukono Population
has been estimated at 2.6% growth annually from 981,600 in 2009 (ACODE, 2011); Luwero Population has been
estimated at 2.3% growth annually from 418,000 in 2009 (ACODE, 2010); Nakaseke population is an estimate of
2010 (DWD-MWE, 2010); Population figures shown for Kiboga are for 2012 (Kiboga-DDP, 2011); For Rakai,
population is obtained from (UBOS, 2012a); Kyankwanzi population is estimated at 2% annual growth from
120,600 in 2002 (UBOS, 2012a) and (UCC-Rakai, 2011); For Masaka, information shown was obtained from
(MasakaDDP, 2011); For Kyankwanzi, population information is obtained from (UCC-Kyankwanzi, 2011);
64
Appendix 3: Population age structure
District Population
proportion aged
<18yrs
Population
proportion aged
18 – 65yrs
Population
proportion aged
>65yrs
Wakiso 53% 43.5% 3.5%
Mukono 45.1% 50.9% 4.9%
Luwero 59.3% 37.3% 3.4%
Nakaseke
Kiboga 58.5% 38.5% 3%
Kyankwanzi
Rakai 61% 35.9% 3.1%
Masaka 58% α 36%
α 6%
α
National 58.7%^ 37.4%^ 3.9%^
Table 35: Population structure in the respective HTR programme sites
Note:* Figure obtained from 2002 census; # Figure obtained from (UBOS, 2012a); ^Figure obtained from
(UBOS, 2012b); α Figure obtained from (UBOS, Statistical Abstract, 2009); For Rakai, data is mainly
obtained from (Kyazze, F.B. and Kristjanson P., 2011); For Masaka, information shown was obtained
from (MasakaDDP, 2011)
65
Appendix 4: Health & nutrition status of the Humidtropics programme sites
District Infant
mortality
(per 1,000
live births)
Under -five
mortality
(per 1,000
live births)
Maternal
Mortality
ratio
(per100,000)
% Wasting
in children
<5yrs
% Stunting
in children
<5yrs
Life
expectancy
at birth
(Yrs)
Wakiso 88 154 550
Mukono
Luwero 112 150
7% 36%
Nakaseke
Kiboga 67 128 520 3% 30%
Kyankwanzi
Rakai
Masaka 76*
435
National
(2011)
54#
90#
435
50.4*
National target
for 2015
31 56 131 6% 38%
Table 36: Health and nutrition indicators for the HTR programme sites
Note:* Figure obtained from 2002 census; # Figure obtained from (UBOS, 2012a); The national estimates
are drawn from (UBOS, 2012 Statistical Abstract, 2012a) and from (UBOS, 2006); For Luwero district,
the figures shown are for 2002; For Kiboga, Infant mortality rate of 128/1000 is still high compared to
83/1000 live births at the National level (Kiboga-DDP, 2011);
66
Appendix 5: Average precipitation in Humidtropics programme sites
Note: Average precipitation for 2003 –2013
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
mm
Precipitation
Wakiso
Mukono
Luwero
Nakaseke
Kiboga
Kyankwanzi
Rakai
Masaka
67
Appendix 6: Agricultural production zones demarcated by Ministry of Agriculture
68
Appendix 7: Plantation forest establishment under SPGS in selected districts of Uganda (2005-
2013)
Location (District)
Area planted (Ha)
CFR Private Total
Kyankwanzi 157.7 0 157.7
Wakiso 155.9 75.1 231
Mukono 205.3 42.1 247.4
Rakai 0 248.8 248.8
Masaka 150.8 201.4 352.2
Luwero 385.4 966.2 1351.6
Nakaseke 1536.9 706.9 2243.8
Kiboga 6255.3 39.6 6294.9
Total 8690 2280.1 11127
69
Appendix8: List of key informants
Name of person Organisation Position Contacts
Njoola Charles Mukono district Planning officer 0772 847384
Irene Musiime Mukono district Coop & Marketing officer 0712 220964
Dr David
Kiryabwire
Mukono district Veterinary officer 0752 635555
Dr Noah Kiwanuka Mukono district Veterinary officer 0772 427236
Dr Fred Mukulu Mukono district Production officer 0772418384
Mr. Mujuni
William
Mukono district District Natural Resources
Officer
0772414509
Ms. Anne
Nakimbugwe
Mukono district Senior Environment
Officer
0772470285/0701470285
Dr Patrick Oine Wakiso district Production officer 0774 608200
Dr Mukisa Emma Wakiso district Health officer 0704 943151
Beatrice Nakaiza Wakiso district Health department 0772 437405
Dr Kirembwe Wakiso district Veterinary officer 0704 943151
Rebecca
Ssabaganzi
Wakiso district Production officer 0772 465657
Jackson Katusiime Kiboga district Commercial officer 0772 304579
Wandera James Kyankwanzi NGO Forum 0788 214291
Prossy Mutumba Masaka district Production officer 0772 592470
Lawrence Mayega Masaka district Veterinary officer 0772 601351
Kaboine Nyahika Masaka district Commercial officer 0750 551028
Dr Musisi Masaka district Health officer 0701 368491
Mr. John Mugera Masaka district Coordinator MADFA 0703287830/0781407812
Ms. Rose
Nakyejjwe
Masaka district District Natural Resources
Officer
0704556787/0772556787
Kanyike Meddie Rakai district District NAADS officer 0772 570234
Mr. Jamil Kiyingi Rakai district Ag. District Natural
Resources Officer
0772623619/0700421467
Sekandi Moses Nakaseke district Veterinary officer 0772 648131
Wabwire Raphail Nakaseke district Natural Resource Officer 0772936243
Sarah Namubiru Luwero district Production officer 0772 862279
Moses Kayimbye Luwero district Commercial officer 0772 595518
Gateese Teopista Luwero district Natural Resource Officer 0772605165
Katende Tebuseke Kiboga DFA Extension officer 0772 560185
