Joint Pub 6-0

Doctrine forCommand, Control,

Communications, and Computer(C4) Systems Support

to Joint Operations

30 May 1995

JOHN M. SHALIKASHVILIChairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

T his publication is the keystonedocument for C4 systems support to jointoperations and provides guidelines to ourcommanders regarding automatedinformation systems and networks.

A vast array of information,underpinned by joint doctrine, is utilizedto employ combat power across the broadrange of military operations. Command,control, communications, and computer(C4) networks and systems provide themeans to synchronize joint forces.

Improved interoperability, greater reliability, and enhanced security—achieved through rapid advances in information technology—are essential foreffective command and control as we enter the 21st Century. Automatedinformation systems and networks provide the predominant source from whichthe warfighter generates, receives, shares, and utilizes information. Thesynthesis of advanced C4 capabilities and sound doctrine leads to battlespaceknowledge essential to success in conflict.

PREFACE

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1. Scope

This publication is the keystone documentfor the command, control, communications,and computer (C4) systems series ofpublications. Subordinate publicationsprovide more detailed technical discussionsof C4 systems. This publication identifiesapproved doctrine for C4 systems support tojo in t opera t ions and out l ines theresponsibilities of Services, agencies, andcombatant commands with respect to ensuringeffective C4 support to commanders. Itaddresses how C4 systems support thecommanders of joint forces in the conduct ofjoint operations, including, in general terms,how systems are to be configured, deployed,and employed.

2. Purpose

This publication sets forth doctrine togovern the joint activities and performanceof the Armed Forces of the United States injoint operations as well as the doctrinal basisfor US military involvement in multinationaland interagency operations. It providesmilitary guidance for the exercise of authorityby combatant commanders and other jointforce commanders and prescribes doctrine forjoint operations and training. It providesmilitary guidance for use by the Armed Forcesin preparing their appropriate plans. It is notthe intent of this publication to restrict theauthority of the joint force commander (JFC)from organizing the force and executing themission in a manner the JFC deems most

appropriate to ensure unity of effort in theaccomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and guidance established in thispublication apply to the commanders ofcombatant commands, subunified commands,joint task forces, and subordinate componentsof these commands. These principles andguidance also may apply when significantforces of one Service are attached to forces ofanother Service or when significant forces ofone Service support forces of another Service.

b. The guidance in this publication isauthoritative; as such, this doctrine will befollowed except when, in the judgment of thecommander, exceptional circumstancesdictate otherwise. If conflicts arise betweenthe contents of this publication and thecontents of Service publications, thispublication will take precedence for theactivities of joint forces unless the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally incoordination with the other members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, has provided morecurrent and specific guidance. Commandersof forces operating as part of a multinational(alliance or coalition) military commandshould follow multinational doctrine andguidance ratified by the United States. Fordoctrine and procedures not ratified by theUnited States, commanders should evaluateand follow the multinational command’sdoctrine and procedures, where applicable.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

• Background .............................................................................................................. I-1• Basic Doctrine for C4 Systems................................................................................ I-7

CHAPTER II C4 SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES

• General ................................................................................................................... II-1• C4 Principles .......................................................................................................... II-4• C4 Principles for Joint and Multinational Operations .......................................... II-9• C4 Architectures and Interfaces .......................................................................... II-10• Decision Support Systems ................................................................................... II-14

CHAPTER III C4 SYSTEMS DOCTRINE FOR EMPLOYMENT, CONFIGURATION, PLANS, AND RESOURCES

• Employment .......................................................................................................... III-1• Assistance and Coordination ................................................................................ III-4• C4 Systems Configuration .................................................................................... III-5• C4 Systems Plans .................................................................................................. III-6• C4 Systems Resources .......................................................................................... III-9

CHAPTER IV C4 SYSTEMS EMPLOYMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

• CJCS Responsibilities........................................................................................... IV-1• Combatant Commander Responsibilities ............................................................. IV-1• Military Department Responsibilities .................................................................. IV-2• Service and USCINCSOC Responsibilities and C4 Organizations ..................... IV-2• DOD Agency Responsibilities ........................................................................... IV-13• Responsibilities of the JTF Establishing Authority ........................................... IV-14• CJTF Responsibility ........................................................................................... IV-14• The JTF Director of C4 Systems (J-6) Responsibilities .................................... IV-15• Joint Communications Support Element Responsibilities ................................. IV-15• DISA Liaison Officer Responsibilities............................................................... IV-15

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CHAPTER V JOINT AND MULTINATIONAL C4 SYSTEMS STANDARDIZATION AND PROCEDURES

• Standardization ....................................................................................................... V-1• Military Communications-Electronics Board (MCEB) ......................................... V-2• Joint and Allied Publications .................................................................................. V-2

CHAPTER VI GLOBAL C4 INFRASTRUCTURE

• The Nature of the Global Information Environment ........................................... VI-1• National Communications System ....................................................................... VI-2• Defense Information Systems Network ............................................................... VI-2• Global Command and Control System ................................................................. VI-4• National Military Command System .................................................................... VI-5• Command Relationships ....................................................................................... VI-7

APPENDIX

A References ....................................................................................................... A-1 B Administrative Instructions ............................................................................. B-1

GLOSSARY

Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms.................................................................. GL-1 Part II Terms and Definitions .............................................................................. GL-4

FIGURE

I-1 Information and Command and Control ....................................................... I-2I-2 C4 Systems Support Information Exchange and Decision Support

Subsystems............................................................................................... I-3I-3 The Cognitive Hierarchy .............................................................................. I-4I-4 Information Quality Criteria ......................................................................... I-5I-5 Real Time Battlespace Information .............................................................. I-6I-6 Fundamental Objectives of C4 Systems ....................................................... I-6II-1 Basic Communications System .................................................................. II-2II-2 C4 Principles ............................................................................................... II-4II-3 The Evolution of C4I for the Warrior ........................................................ II-11II-4 “The Grid” ................................................................................................ II-12III-1 Mandatory C4 Capabilities ......................................................................... III-2III-2 C4 Systems Responsibilities of the Combatant Commanders ................... III-5IV-1 US Army Information Systems Command ................................................ IV-4IV-2 Representative Theater Army Tactical Configurations .............................. IV-6IV-3 Naval Communications Structure .............................................................. IV-7IV-4 US Air Force C4 Organizational Structure ............................................... IV-8IV-5 US Marine Corps Communications and Intelligence Overview ............. IV-10

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IV-6 Notional US Marine Corps Operational Backbone Communications Structure ................................................................. IV-11

VI-1 Key Elements of the DISN Goal Architecture ........................................... VI-3VI-2 Basic Worldwide Military Command and Control System Elements ........ VI-5

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER’S OVERVIEW

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Describes the Role of Command, Control,Communications, and Computer (C4) Systems

Outlines Objectives and Components

Provides Basic C4 Systems Principles

Explains C4 Systems Configuration and Infrastructure

Discusses the Planning Process and EmploymentResponsibilities

Outlines Joint and Multinational Standardization andProcedures

Covers the Global C4 Infrastructure

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Command, control,communications, andcomputer (C4) systemsinclude both thecommunications andcomputer systems requiredto implement the commandand control process.

The Role of C4 Systems

A command and control support (C2S) system, which includessupporting command, control, communications, and computer(C4) systems, is the joint force commander’s (JFC’s) principaltool used to collect, transport, process, disseminate and protectdata and information. C4 systems are the informationexchange and decision support subsystems within the totalforce C2S system. C4 systems are based upon the continuousneed for information to support the JFC’s operations. The JFCcontrols the C2S system to ensure that data andinformation get to the right place on time and in a form thatis quickly usable by its intended recipients and generatesappropriate actions. In this regard, C4 systems play a criticalrole in the processing, flow, and quality of data supportinginformation requirements throughout the joint force.

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C4 systems must provide authorities at all levels andfunctions with timely and adequate data and informationto plan, direct, and control their activities, including operations,intelligence, logistics, personnel, and administration. Specificobjectives include:

Produce Unity of Effort. C4 systems should help amilitary force and its supporting elements to combine thethoughts and impressions of multiple commanders andkey warfighters to allow the views of many experts to bebrought to bear on any given task.

Exploit Total Force Capabilities. C4 systems must beplanned as extensions of human senses and processes tohelp the commanders form perceptions, make decisions,and react. This allows commanders to be effective duringhigh-tempo operations.

Properly Position Critical Information. C4 systemsmust be able to respond quickly to requests for informationand to place and maintain that information where it isneeded.

Information Fusion. Fusing of information produces apicture of the battlespace that is accurate and meets theneeds of warfighters. If they have concise, relevant,accurate, and timely information, unity of effort isimproved and uncertainty is reduced. This enables theforce as a whole to exploit opportunities and fight smarter.

C4 systems include the following major components:

Terminal devices such as telephones, fax machines, andcomputers are the most recognizable components of mostC4 systems. Generally speaking, terminal devicestransform information from forms comprehensible to thewarfighter into a format for electronic transmission, orvice-versa.

Transmission media connect terminal devices. Thereare three basic electronic transmission media: radio(including space based systems), metallic wire, and fiber-optic cable. Paths may be point-to-point if established

The fundamental objectiveof C4 systems is to get thecritical and relevantinformation to the rightplace at the right time.

Terminal Devices;

Transmission Media;

C4 Systems Objectives

C4 Systems and Networks

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Switches;

and Control.

The C4 systemscomponents provide accessto Networks.

There are several basic,enduring principles thatgovern the employment ofC4 systems in support ofthe joint forcescommander.

between just two users, or they may be point-to-multipointif the same path serves a community of subscribers.

Switches route traffic through a network of transmissionmedia. Switching may be manual or automatic; it mayserve local subscribers or perform area network functions.There are basically two types of switches: circuit andmessage. Circuit switches generally support telephonetraffic while message switches process data transmission.

There are two basic levels of control: network and nodal.Network control provides management of area, regional,theater, or global networks. Its principle focus is in themanagement and configuration of long haul transmissionmedia and switching centers transporting and routing bulkdata between nodal facilities. Nodal control is concernedwith the management of local C4 systems. Its principalfocus is in the switching systems and terminal devicessupporting warriors at locations such as command centersor C2 facilities.

Networks are formed when terminal devices and transmissionmedia are inter-connected with switching equipment to ensurethat information (voice, imagery, data, or message) istransported to appropriate locations. The networks that resultfrom open systems architectures are called information grids.They allow warriors to gain access to, process, and transportinformation in near real time to anyone else on the network.Information grids are computer controlled networks thatprovide virtual connectivity on the demand of the warrior;they support local and area network operations. They are alsothe basic components of larger grid networks that supportregional, theater, and ultimately a global grid that is also referredto as the infosphere.

The foundation for C4 is the continuous, uninterrupted flowand processing of information in support of warrior planning,decision, and execution. Warfighters must have C4 systemsthat are interoperable, flexible, responsive, mobile, disciplined,survivable, and sustainable. Information must be madeaccessible. In general, the value of information increases withthe number of users.

C4 principles for joint and multinational operations arecomplex and bring together diverse military organizations tooperate as one force. Specific principles for joint and

C4 Principles

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The employment authorityand responsibilities of thecombatant commandersinclude control, review,and coordination ofassigned C4 resources andactions affecting suchresources within thegeographic or functionalarea of responsibility ofthe command.

The C4 systems of thecombatant commanders,Military Departments andServices are configuredand operated to meet thenecessary requirements ofinteroperability and theindividual commands.

multinational operations are (1) establish liaison early, (2)leverage limited C4 resources, (3) standardize operatingprinciples, (4) agree on policy in advance of war, (5) use USinterpreters, and (6) use common cryptographic systems.

The most important guiding principle for C4 systems insupport of employment is that they be designed to supportwartime scenarios. C4 systems planners must continuallyprioritize and choose from among the individual joint andService system capabilities that support different needs indifferent conflict levels (across the range of military operations).However, the joint environment calls for designated jointsystems. Conflict levels impose different, and sometimescontentious, requirements on the C4 systems that support them.Various conflict levels can occur simultaneously over a widegeographic area, each requiring different options and responses.

The C4 systems of the combatant commands are configuredand operated generally to meet the requirements ofinteroperability and the command being served; however, thepriority requirement will be to support the National MilitaryCommand System (NMCS). These systems provide the meansthrough which the commanders send and receive informationand exercise command and control over their forces.

The C4 systems of the Service component commands areconfigured and operated generally to meet the requirement ofinteroperability and the command being served; however, thepriority requirement will be to support the NMCS. Thesesystems provide the means through which the commanderssend and receive information and support their forces.

The C4 systems of the Military Departments and Servicesare configured and operated generally to meet the requirementsof interoperability and of individual Service commands andthe requirement to provide serviceable wartime capabilitiesthat can support existing forces logistically, generate newforces, establish force readiness levels adequate to deal withexisting threats, and provide support for the NMCS. Thesesystems facilitate coordination of the means by which US forcesare sustained across the range of military operations.

Employment

C4 Systems Configuration

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Executive Summary

The combatantcommanders provide broadguidance for employmentrequirements of C4 systemsthat affect theircommunications postureand capabilities.

The Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff operates theNational MilitaryCommand System(NMCS) for the Secretaryof Defense to meet theneeds of the NationalCommand Authorities andestablishes operationalpolicies and procedures forall components of theNMCS and ensures theirimplementation.

The C4 support systems of Department of Defense (DOD)agencies are configured generally to meet the requirements ofinteroperability and the agency being served; however, thepriority requirement will be to support the NMCS. Thesesystems provide the means through which the directors controlthe automated flow and processing of information needed toaccomplish the missions of their agencies.

The combatant commanders review, coordinate, and, whenappropriate, validate command initiated requirements forsystems, networks, projects, and related resources, includingthose of the component commands and combat and supportforces. The combatant commanders determine C4 systemdeficiencies through operations and exercises, assess C4system capabilities to support combatant commander missions,and compare current needs with current capabilities andplanned needs with planned capabilities. C4 systems supportof joint operations is planned and operationally assessedwithin the chain of command that extends from thePresident to the combatant commanders and is primarilythe responsibility of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staffin conjunction with the combatant commanders.

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff functions withinthe chain of command by transmitting to the combatantcommanders the orders of the President and the Secretary ofDefense. Combatant commander responsibilities includesubmitting C4 system requirements, reporting incompatibilitiesamong C4 systems, and planning for C4 systems. EachMilitary Department or Military Service providesinteroperable and compatible C4 systems including personneltraining and equipment maintenance. DOD agencyresponsibilities are carried out by the Defense IntelligenceAgency, the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA),and the National Security Agency. The DISA liaison officerserves as the interface between exercise or joint operationparticipants and DISA and also provides staff advice to thejoint task force (JTF) Director of C4 Systems (J-6) on DefenseInformation Systems Network matters. The JTF establishingauthority ensures that C4 systems requirements are supported;coordinates C4 activities; prepares C4 policy and guidance;and ensures compatibility of JTF C4 systems. TheCommander, Joint Task Force provides overall management

C4 Systems Planning Process

C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities

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of all C4 systems. The Joint Communications SupportElement possesses a wide range of tactical communicationscapabilities and provides tactical communications support toJTFs and Joint Special Operations Task Forces.

Standardization among allied nations and the United Statesis achieved by documented policy which covers all aspectsof interoperability. Areas of particular concern for compatibilityand commonality include automated information systems,battlefield surveillance systems, target designation systems,target acquisition systems, and communications securityhardware and software systems.

The Military Communication-Electronics Board is adecisionmaking instrument of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense for determiningcorporate C4 strategy to support the warfighter.Communications methods and procedures for joint andmultinational communications-electronics matters appear inAllied Communications Publications (ACPs) and Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Publications and supplements to ACPs.

The global C4 infrastructure enables the US to accomplishmissions efficiently by leveraging sophisticated informationtechnologies. The following organizations are part of theglobal C4 infrastructure:

The National Communications System is an interagencygroup that coordinates the telecommunications assets of23 Federal departments and agencies to ensurecompatibility and interoperability during emergencieswithout compromising day-to-day operations.

The Defense Information Systems Network (DISN) isa composite of certain DOD information transport systemsand networks under the management control of DISA.DISN significantly advances the way information istransported and shared.

The Global Command and Control System (GCCS)is the cornerstone of the C4I For The Warrior concept; itestablishes interoperability among forces with a focus on

Joint and multinational C4systems requirestandardization andprocedures to enhancecompatibility andinteroperability.

Advances in informationtechnologies andcontinued reduction incost of information-related equipment andsystems affect the C4systems infrastructure.

Joint and Multinational C4 Systems Standardization andProcedures

Global C4 Infrastructure

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Executive Summary

providing a common operational picture to supportsituations awareness to the joint warfighter. GCCS willbe a highly mobile, deployable command, control,communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I)system that will provide automated decision support forjoint force commanders and key warfighters across therange of military operations. GCCS will employcompatible, interoperable, and integrated C4I systems withinformation exchange connectivity via the DISN tosupport the planning, deployment, sustainment,employment and redeployment of joint forces worldwide.GCCS will also allow civilian and military authorities torespond to natural emergencies or manmade disasters towhich military support may be appropriate.

The National Military Command System is designedto support the National Command Authorities (NCA) andthe Joint Chiefs of Staff in the exercise of theirresponsibilities. The NMCS provides the means by whichthe President and the Secretary of Defense can receivewarning and intelligence so that accurate and timelydecisions can be made, and direction can be communicatedto combatant commanders or the commanders of othercommands established by the NCA.

This publication identifies approved doctrine for C4 systemssupport to joint operations and outlines the responsibilities ofServices, agencies, and combatant commands to ensureeffective C4 support to commanders. It addresses how C4systems support the commanders of joint forces in the conductof joint operations, including, in general terms, how systemsare to be configured, deployed, and employed.

CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

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“What the Warrior Needs: a fused, real time, true representation of thebattlespace - an ability to order, respond and coordinate horizontally andvertically to the degree necessary to prosecute his mission in thatbattlespace.”

The C4I For The Warrior vision

“War is a process that pits the opposingwills of two commanders against eachother. Great victories of military forcesare often attributed to superiorfirepower, mobility, or logistics. Inactuality, it often is the commander whomakes good decisions and executesthese decisions at a superior tempowho leads his forces to victory.Therefore, victory demands thatc o m m a n d e r s e f f e c t i v e l y l i n kdecisionmaking to execution throughthe concept of command and control.Warfare will continue to evolve andcommand and control processes,organization, and supporting systemswill continue to change, but the basicconcept of command and control willremain the key to the decisiveapplication of combat power. Morethan ever before, a command andcontrol system is crucial to success andmust support shorter decision cyclesand instantaneous flexibility acrossvast distances of time and space.”

Fleet Marine Force Manual 3,Command and Control

• Today, improved technology in mobility,weapons, sensors, and C4 systemscontinue to reduce time and space,increase tempo of operations, andgenerate large amounts of information.If not managed, this may degrade thereactions of warfighters and ultimatelythe warfighting force. It is essential toemploy C4 systems that are designed tocomplement human capabilities andlimitations.

1. Background

Command of joint forces in war is anintense and competitive process. The jointforce commander is not only faced withmaking tough decisions in complex situationsbut must do this in an environment ofuncertainty and limited time. Command is asmuch a problem of information managementas it is of carrying out difficult and complexwarfighting tasks. Command, control,communications, and computer (C4)systems supporting US military forces musthave the capability to rapidly adapt to thewarfighters demands; to make available theinformation that is important; provide it whereneeded; and ensure that it gets there in theright form and in time to be used. Thefundamental objective of C4 systems is toget the critical and relevant information tothe right place in time to allow forces to seizeon opportunity and meet the objectives acrossthe range of military operations.

a. Enduring Elements

• Over time, superior command andcontrol (C2) systems have enabledvictorious commanders to maintain theunity of effort to apply their forces’capabilities at the critical time and placeto win. Two characteristics haveremained constant: the humanelement and the need for relevant,timely, and accurate information. Thehuman element, with its ability to sortwhat’s important, absorb the essentials,and react to the information, remains aconstant factor over time.

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b. The Role of C4 Systems in C2. C2must be viewed from a commonperspective to understand the role of C4systems that support C2. Figure I-1 providesan overview of the relationship betweeninformation and the command and controlsupport (C2S) system.

• The C2S system gives the joint forcecommander (JFC) the means to exerciseauthority and direct assigned and attachedforces in the accomplishment of themission. The JFC uses information tosupport decisionmaking and coordinateactions that will influence friendly andenemy forces to the JFC’s advantage.

• Information integrates joint forcecomponents, allowing them to functioneffectively across vast distances.Therefore, the structure of the jointforce drives specific information flowand processing requirements. Theinformation requirements of the jointforce drive the general architecture andspecific configuration of the C2S system.

• The C2S system must overlay the jointforce to provide the means through whichthe JFC and subordinate commandersdrive the joint force toward specificmission objectives. The C2S forcesthat compose the C2S system(e.g., reconnaissance, surveillance,intelligence, fire support coordination, aircontrol, electronic warfare, C4 systems,sensor management, signals intelligence,deception, space systems, and others)should be task-organized and arrayedto collect, transport, process, and protectinformation as well as deny the enemythe same capability.

• Modern military forces’ growingdependence upon C2 presentsvulnerabilities that can be exploited bythe capabilities of joint forces.Command and control warfare (C2W)seeks to deny the adversary the ability tocommand force disposition andemployment while protecting the friendlyjoint force from similar efforts. The

Figure I-1. Information and Command and Control

INFO INFO

INFO

INFO

INFO INFO

ENEMYFORCES

INFORMATION AND COMMAND AND CONTROL

JOINT FORCECOMMANDERS

JOINT FORCECOMPONENTS

C2 SUPPORTSYSTEM

FEEDBACK

COMMAND ANDCONTROL COLLECTS

PROCESSES & TRANSPORTS

DISSEMINATES

INTELLIGENCE PROTECTS

COLLECTSDISSEMINATES OPREP

ORDERS

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Introduction

objective is to degrade the adversary’sunity of effort and decrease their tempoof operations while simultaneouslyincreasing that of the joint force (see JointPub 3-13, “Joint Doctrine for Commandand Control Warfare (C2W)”).

• In short, the joint force must haveinformation to operate. Thisinformation should be relevant,essential, timely, and in a form thatwarriors quickly understand and canuse to act. The C2S system is the JFC’sprincipal tool used to collect, transport,process, and disseminate thisinformation. The C2S system alsosupports the implementation of C2W. C4systems form the information exchangeand decision support subsystems of aC2S system (see Figure I-2). In time ofwar, C4 systems support a continuousflow of data to provide real timebattlespace information anywhere,anytime, on demand. C4 systems alsohave the broader role of supporting otherfunctions within joint forces and theDepartment of Defense (DOD) forming

the overall Defense InformationInfrastructure.

c. Information. Information is datacollected from the environment and processedinto a usable form (see Figure I-3).Combining pieces of information withcontext produces ideas or providesknowledge. By applying judgment,knowledge is transformed into understanding.

• Information Requirements. Data isgathered in a variety of ways—fromsensors (both active and passive), from C4systems, and through situation reportsfrom senior, subordinate, or lateralcommands. Information needs to beinterpreted and correctly applied to be ofuse and is valuable only insofar as itcontributes to knowledge andunderstanding. Warfighters understandthings best in terms of ideas or images; aclear image of their commander’s intentand of the local situation can allowsubordinates to seize the initiative. In thisregard, C4 systems play a critical rolein the processing, flow, and quality of

JOINT FORCE C4 SYSTEMS

INFORMATION EXCHANGE/AUTOMATED DECISION SUPPORT

Army Marines Navy Air Force SOF

Figure I-2. C4 Systems Support Information Exchange and Decision Support Subsystems

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Figure I-3. The Cognitive Hierarchy

JUDGMENT

PROCESSING

COGNITION

THE COGNITIVEHIERARCHY

INFORMATION

KNOWLEDGE

DATA

UNDERSTANDING

• Information Quality. Many sources ofinformation are imperfect and susceptibleto distortion and deception. The sevencriteria shown in Figure I-4 helpcharacterize information quality.

• Information Flow. The flow ofinformation must be nearly instantaneousvertically and horizontally within theorganizational structure. An example ofreal time battlespace information isprovided in Figure I-5. All levels ofcommand must be able to immediatelypull the information they need.

d. Functions of C4 Systems. C4 systemssupport the following functions:

• Collect. Acquiring or gathering andinitial filtering of information based on aplanned need, determining timesensitivity, and putting the informationinto a form suitable for transporting.

• Transport. Moving or communicatingthe information to appropriate receptaclesfor processing.

• Process. Storing, recalling, manipulating,filtering and fusing data to produce theminimum essential information in a

data to support informationrequirements throughout the jointforce.

Multimission space based platforms provide real time information exchange.

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usable form on which the warfighter cantake appropriate actions.

• Disseminate. Distributing processedinformation, to the appropriate users ofthe information.

• Protect. Ensuring the secure flow andprocessing of information and accessonly by authorized personnel.

e. Fundamental Objectives of C4Systems. The fundamental objectives arelisted in Figure I-6 and are described below.

• Produce Unity of Effort. C4 systemsshould help a military force and its

supporting elements to combine thethoughts and impressions of multiplecommanders and key warfighters. Thisallows the views of many experts to bebrought to bear on any given task.

• Exploit Total Force Capabilities. C4systems must be planned as extensionsof human senses and processes to helppeople form perceptions, react, and makedecisions. This allows people to beeffective during high-tempo operations.C4 systems must be immediatelyresponsive, simple, and easi lyunderstandable, especially for systemsplanned for use during situationsinvolving great stress.

INFORMATION QUALITY CRITERIA

ACCURACY

RELEVANCE

TIMELINESS

USABILITY

COMPLETENESS

BREVITY

SECURITY

Information that conveys the true situation

Information that applies to the mission, task, or situation at hand

Information that is available in time to make decisions

Information that is in common, easily understood format anddisplays

All necessary information required by the decisionmaker

Information that has only the level of detail required

Information that has been afforded adequate protection whererequired

Figure I-4. Information Quality Criteria

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Figure I-5. Real Time Battlespace Information

l

l

l

l

Produce Unity of Effort

Exploit Total ForceCapabilities

Properly PositionCritical Information

Information Fusion

FUNDAMENTALOBJECTIVES OF

C4 SYSTEMS

Figure I-6. Fundamental Objectives of C4Systems

• Properly Position Critical Information.C4 systems must be able to respondquickly to requests for information andto place and maintain the informationwhere it is needed. This not only reducescritical delays but also reduces the impacton communications networks.

• Information Fusion. The ultimate goalof C4 systems is to produce a pictureof the battlespace that is accurate andmeets the needs of warfighters. This goalis achieved by fusing, i.e., reducinginformation to the minimum essentialsand putting it in a form that people canact on. There is no one fusing ofinformation that meets the needs of allwarriors. However, with concise,accurate, timely, and relevant

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information, unity of effort is improvedand uncertainty is reduced, enabling theforce as a whole to exploit opportunitiesand fight smarter.

2. Basic Doctrine for C4Systems

a. C4 systems must provide the rapid,reliable, and secure flow and processing ofdata to ensure continuous informationexchange throughout the force. Anunbroken chain of communications mustextend from the National CommandAuthorities (NCA) (i.e., the President and theSecretary of Defense), through the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), to thecombatant commanders, commanders ofService components, and all subordinatecommanders.

b. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs ofStaff, through the combatant commands,Defense Information Systems Agency(DISA), and Military Services, ensures thatcommanders at each echelon have thecommunications necessary to accomplishtheir assigned missions.

c. Effective C4 systems are vital toplanning, mounting, and sustaining asuccessful joint operation. Operations,logistic, and intelligence functions alldepend on responsive C4, the centralsystem that ties together all aspects of jointoperations and allows commanders and theirstaffs to command and control their forces.

d. Regardless of the source, C4 systemsprovided to combatant commandersoperate under their authority and will bean integral part of their C2 infrastructureuntil such time as the NCA, the Chairman of

the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or the combatantcommanders determine that further supportis no longer needed or a higher prioritynecessitates redeployment of the assets.Combatant commanders normally developplans that integrate the Defense InformationSystems Network (DISN), Nat ionalCommunications System (NCS), andcommercial and allied systems and organizejoint and Service organic and componenttactical communications systems intointeroperable and compatible theater networksto support their mission.

e. JFCs must develop operationalprocedures that provide interoperable,compatible, C4 networks. Componenttactical C4 systems must remain under thecommand of and be responsive to JFCs’needs.

f. The complexity of joint operations andthe finite amount of C4 resources mayrequire the JFC to adjudicate or assignsubordinate command responsibilities forproviding C4 systems support. This isnormally done in an operation plan (OPLAN).However, in the absence of such a plan, C4systems can be employed as follows: seniorto subordinate, supporting to supported,reinforcing to reinforced, left to right, betweenadjacent units as directed by the first commonsenior, or by the unit gaining an attachment.This order is more common to ground forces,but it may have application to space, naval,and air forces as well. These rules aregenerally followed except when soundmilitary judgment dictates otherwise forspecial situations.

g. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staffis responsible for joint C4 doctrine.

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CHAPTER IIC4 SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES

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1. General

The missions of the US military havechanged dramatically in the last decades ofthe twentieth century. The current andfuture operating environment of jointforces will be increasingly characterized byrapid change. Technological improvements inmobility, directed energy weapons, andsensors will continue to reduce factors of timeand space, and demand faster tempos ofoperation across vast areas. Increasing globalpopulation, rapidly expanding worldeconomic markets, and unprecedentedadvances in in fo rmat ion sys temstechnology will continue to perpetuate aglobal explosion of military andcommercial information networks. Theseever increasing networks are rapidlycreating a global sphere (or infosphere) ofinformation. The infosphere refers to the rapidlygrowing global network of military andcommercial C4 systems and networkslinking information data bases and fusioncenters that are accessible to the warrioranywhere, anytime, in the performance of anymission. The infosphere provides aworldwide, automated informationexchange that supports joint forces, whichis secure and transparent to the warrior. Thisemerging capability is highly flexible tosupport the rapid task organization and powerprojection. Information technology and theexistence and growth of a global infospherehave irreversibly impacted the

“At the height of the Persian Gulf conflict, the automated message informationnetwork passed nearly 2 million packets of information per day throughgateways in the Southwest Asia theater of operations. Efficient managementof information increased the pace of combat operations, improved thedecisionmaking process, and synchronized various combat capabilities. Thetechnology developed to support these networks proved to be a vital marginthat saved lives and helped achieve victory.”

General Colin L. Powell, June, 1992

fundamental approach to warfare ofmassing effects rather than forces. This hasnot only propelled joint forces into the age ofinformation, but also into information-basedwarfare with precision-guided weaponsystems that detect and engage targets basedon the electronic transfer of data. Joint forcesmust quickly adapt to this increasinglycomplex and highly uncertain operatingenvironment. For this reason, JFCs must beable to conceptually view the total jointforce C2S system as a whole to employ itto the best advantage. The JFC can thenidentify how it should be structured; identifywhere improvements can be made; and focusand balance limited C4 resources to bestadvantage to control the flow, the processing,and the quality of information essential tospeed joint force decisions and execution. Theneed for C4 systems that can deployrapidly to meet crises worldwide hasevolved into a demand for joint,interoperable systems. Leaders at allechelons now understand that real battlespacecoverage requires both hierarchicalcommunications within each Service andlateral communications between the Servicesat all levels. The fast pace of advancementsin C4 systems technology can become verycomplex for both the JFC and joint staffplanners. C4 systems exist to extend theflow of information between warriors whoare beyond audible or visual range or betweenmachines. All military communication systems,from ancient semaphore to the most recent

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computer-based systems are but technicaladvancements on the same theme of sendinginformation to warriors and organizationswhich are out of sight. However, a basicunderstanding of the major components of C4systems can reduce complexity to gain anappropriate level of understanding.

a. C4 Systems and Networks.

• C4 systems have the following majorcomponents: terminal devices,transmission media, switches, and controland management (see Figure II-1).

•• Terminal devices are the mostrecognizable components. Telephones,radios, facsimile machines, computers,televisions, or personal digital assistantsare all examples of terminal devices usedto t ransmit (send) and receive

information. Information, often calledtraffic, can take the form of voice, data,message, video, or combinations thereof.Traffic may be secure (encrypted/covered) or nonsecure (clear). Generallyspeaking, terminal devices transforminformation from forms comprehensiveto the warfighter into a format forelectronic transmission or vice-versa.

•• Information exchanged betweenwarriors travels from originator torecipient over paths (sometimes calledlinks) using one or more transmissionmedia to connect users employingterminal devices. There are three basicelectronic transmission media: radio(including space based systems), metallicwire, and fiber-optic cable. They may beused independent ly o r in anycombination of the three. Paths may be

Figure II-1. Basic Communications System

BASIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

A basic communications system consistsof terminal equipment, transmission mediaand switching systems, with control andmanagement providing network access.

TerminalDevices

TerminalDevices

TransmissionMedia

TransmissionMedia

SwitchingSystems

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C4 Systems Principles

multipoint if the same path serves acommunity of subscribers. A path maybe part of a multi-subscriber networkwith many terminals interconnected byseveral switches. The bandwidth in termsof frequency spectrum and othertechnical factors limit how much data canbe transported through a given media.

•• Switching is the means by whichtraffic is routed through a network oftransmission media supporting manycommands, units, and warriors.Switching may be manual (operatorassisted) or automatic; it may serve localsubscribers (in a city or on a militarybase) or perform area network functions.There are basically two types of switches:circuit and message. Circuit switchesgenerally support telephone trafficwhile message switches process datacommunication. Although computerscan be used as terminal devices, they nowplay a major role in the operation andcontrol of switching systems that areterrestrially based as well as supportingon board processing in space basedcommunication systems. Computer-controlled communication links andswitching have increased both theefficient use of limited resources andwarrior access to extremely flexiblesystems that can rapidly be tailored tomeet even unforeseen mil i taryrequirements. This trend is commonlyreferred to as open systems architecture.

•• The final basic building block of C4systems is that of contro l andmanagement. There are two basic levelsof control: network and nodal.

Network control provides managementof area, regional, theater, or globalnetworks. Its principal focus is in themanagement and configuration of longhaul transmission media and switchingcenters transporting and routing bulk

data between nodal facilities. Thespecific functions of network control are:(1) Technical management and direction(2) Management of C4 resources (e.g.,C4 personnel, equipment, maintenance,logistics, and management of the radiofrequency spectrum) (3) Networkperformance analysis (e.g., monitorinformation flow versus network designto determine required modifications tomaintain or improve performance) (4)Fault isolation (5) Security (6) Networkplanning and engineering (e.g., linkanalysis and engineering of a networkexpansion via microwave link), and (7)Configuration Management.

Nodal control is concerned with themanagement of local C4 systems. Itsprincipal focus is in the switching systemsand terminal devices supporting warriorsat locations such as command centers orC2 facilities and/or concerned withextension of the network. (1) Nodalcontrol centers perform basically the samefunctional tasks as do network controlcenters except that they are primarilyfocused on installing, operating, andmaintaining local operations inside thenodal vice a larger network distributedacross a larger geographic area. (2) Nodespoints can be manned or unmanned suchas the case with C4 systems in aircraft,spacecraft, or unmanned aerial vehiclesused to extend the range of radiocommunications. Nodes may be entirelyautomated or combinations of manual andautomatic control at more complex sites.

• The networks that result from opensystems architectures are calledinformation grids. They allow thewarrior users to gain access, process, andtransport information in near real time toanyone else on the network. Informationgrids refer to computer controllednetworks that provide vir tualconnectivity on the demand of the

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networks that provide vir tualconnectivity on the demand of thewarrior; they support local and areanetwork operations. They are also thebasic components of larger gridnetworks that, when interconnected,support regional, theater, and ultimatelya global grid that is also referred to asthe infosphere. Computers controlconnectivity so quickly that wasteful andinefficient permanent or full periodconnectivity is no longer required; anexample could be cellular telephonenetworks where mobile users maintaincontinuous virtual connectivity eventhough they are connected throughnumerous links and nodal switchingcenters as they move during the course ofa single call. This allows a full range ofuser service to be distributed across vastareas—hence these distributed gridnetworks are also extremely redundant;individual users have hundreds ofcomputer selectable paths available viceone or two, making their service manytimes more reliable.

b. Emerging open systems architecturesoffer significant improvements in the flowand processing of information; however,their vulnerability to attack is increased.JFC’s must ensure that both passive and activeC2-protect operations are conducted continuouslyto preserve the integrity and security ofnetworks and nodal C4 systems from hostileattack. For example, powerful encryption andkey management systems provide passiveprotection of data while active protectionmay include technical C4 personnelmonitoring systems to detect and locateunauthorized network intrusion or attackingan enemy jammer with anti-radiation missiles.

c. Information throughput expands indirect relation to the needs of the warfighterand the handling capacity of informationtechnology. Likewise, military forces gainagility, initiative, and flexibility if they have

the information tools to plan, coordinate andsynchronize activities.

2. C4 Principles

To ensure the continuous and uninterruptedflow and processing of information, jointwarfighters must have C4 systems that are

interoperable, flexible, responsive, mobile,disciplined, survivable, and sustainable.See Figure II-2.

a. Interoperable. Joint and Service C4systems must possess the interoperabilitynecessary to ensure success in joint andcombined operations. Interoperability is thecondition achieved among C4 systems oritems of C4 equipment when information orservices can be exchanged directly andsatisfactorily between them and their users.To ensure C4 systems’ interoperability , allaspects of achieving it must be addressedthroughout the life cycle of a system.

°

°

°

°

°

°

°

Interoperable

Flexible

Responsive

Mobile

Disciplined

Survivable

Sustainable

C4 PRINCIPLES

Figure II-2. C4 Principles

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•• Commonality. Equipment andsystems are common when: (1) they arecompatible, (2) each can be operated andmaintained by personnel trained on theothers without additional specializedtraining, (3) repair parts (components orsubassemblies) are interchangeable, and(4) consumable items are interchangeable.

•• Compatibility. Compatibility is thecapability of two or more items orcomponents of equipment or materialto exist or function in the same systemor environment without mutualinterference. Electromagneticcompatibility, including frequencysupportability, must be considered at theear l iest conceptual stages andthroughout the planning, design,development, testing and evaluation, andoperational life of all systems.

•• Standardization. The broadobjectives of the NCS and the DISN,coupled with the need for tactical C4systems to interface with facilities of theDISN, require that C4 systems bestandardized as far as practical.Standardization includes aspects ofcompatibility, interoperability, andcommonality. Plans for standardizationmust ensure that the essentialrequirements of a l l Serv ices andagencies are accommodated. Space,weight, or other limitations may preventsystems used by different Services andagencies from taking the same form. Insuch cases, the equipment should includethe maximum possible number ofcomponents common to all Services, andoperational characteristics must becoordinated between the Services andagencies concerned. The following areobjectives of standardization:

Minimize the addition of buffering,translative, or similar devices for thespecific purpose of achieving workableinterface connections.

Achieve the maximum economy possiblefrom cross-servicing and cross-procurement.

Permit emergency supply assistanceamong Services.

Facilitate interoperability of functionallysimilar joint and Service C4 systems.

Avoid unnecessary duplication inresearch and development of newtechnology.

• Liaison. Liaison is the contact orcommunication maintained betweenelements of military forces that ensuresmutual understanding and unity ofpurpose and action.

•• No amount of technology canreplace face-to-face exchange ofinformation between commanders.However, as the pace and complexity ofoperations increases, the commandermust extend his presence through liaison.There are no firm rules for selectingliaison personnel, but the commandermust trust completely the integrity of hisliaison officer to operate and makedecisions on his behalf. The criticalfunctions of liaison are to monitor,coordinate, advise, and assist thecommand to which the team isattached.

•• In terms of mission accomplishment,liaison is one of the most effectiveprinciples of all and can be enhanced by

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placing competent C4 systems personnelwith the forces employed to extend theeyes and ears for the commander and theC4 systems director.

•• C4 systems liaison personnel canensure that systems function as intendedand can take corrective action, asrequired. C4 personnel that are carefullyselected, trained, and positioned withinliaison teams can significantly enhancethe operation of C4 systems within joint ormultinational forces. They often preventC4 systems problems before they occurand reduce restoral time when a failuredoes occur.

b. Flexible. Flexibility is required to meetchanging situations and diversified operationswith a minimum of disruption or delay.Flexibility can be obtained by system design(standardization), using commercialfacilities, mobile or transportable C4 systems,or pre-positioned facilities. Although certainstandard C4 systems (e.g., the GlobalCommand and Control System (GCCS), orthe DISN) must operate under rather strictstandards, systems requirements and designsshould consider the planners’ needs to tailorsystems to meet strategic, operational,and tactical requirements. Flexible systemswill allow planners to more readily integrateall levels of joint and Service C4 systems intoplans. The connectivity that can be achievedand maintained from flexible systems isparticularly important in providingcommanders ’ con t ingency needs .Flexibility is a necessary adjunct to otherprinciples of interoperability, survivability,and compatibility.

c. Responsive. C4 systems must respondinstantaneously to the warriors’ demands forinformation. To be responsive, systems mustbe reliable, redundant, and timely.

• Reliable. C4 systems must be availablewhen needed and must perform as

intended. The reliability of C4 systemsis achieved by designing equipment andsystems with low failure rates and errorcorrection techniques, standardizingequipment, establishing standardizedprocedures and supervising theirexecution, countering computer attacksand electromagnetic jamming anddeception, and establishing effectivelogistic support programs.

• Redundant. Redundancy provides foralternate paths, back-up systems,a n d equ ipment tha t recovercommunications quickly in the event offailure. Evolving open systemsarchitectures are inherently redundantthrough the multiplicity of paths availablethrough the network. Employing self-healing strategies in the design of thesenetworks ensures that data is replicatedat several locations in the network whichcan be recovered quickly, in the event thatportions of the network or nodal sites aredestroyed.

• Timely. As weapon system technologymakes it increasingly feasible for the timebetween warning and attack to becompressed, so must the processing andtransmission time for warning, criticalintelligence, and operation orderexecution information be compressed.The demand for rapid communicationsthroughout the defense establishmentconcerning C2, logistic, weather,intell igence, and administrativeinformation requires that the element ofspeed be considered during all aspectsof C4 system planning.

d. Mobile. The horizontal and verticalflow and processing of information must becontinuous to support the rapid deploymentand employment of joint military forces.Warriors at all levels must have C4systems that are as mobile as the forces,elements, or organizations they support

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without degraded information quality orflow. More than ever before, modular designand micro-electronics can make C4 systemslighter, more compact, and more useful towarfighters.

e. Disciplined. C4 systems and associatedresources available to any JFC are limited andmust be carefully used to best advantage.Discipline begins with the JFC focusingand balancing the joint force commandand control infrastructure based onpredetermined needs for cr i t icalinformation (minimum essential informationcritical to decisionmaking and missionexecution). This ensures that limited C4systems and their associated forces andresources are employed to best advantage.

• Control and Management. The JFCand joint staff must ensure that the flow,processing, and quality of information isdeliberately controlled. This requires theplanned complementary employment of allinformation related forces and systems.The C2S system must overlay the rest ofthe joint force to provide the meansthrough which the JFC and subordinatecommanders drive the joint force towardspecific mission objectives. The C2Sforces that comprise the C2S systemshould be task-organized and arrayedto collect, transport, process, andprotect information as well as supportC2W operations that deny the enemythe same capability. Control andmanagement of C2S forces is thereforecrucial to the JFC’s ability to implementeffective C2 within the joint force. Thecontrol and management of C4 networksand nodal operations is central to thiseffort.

•• C4 systems supporting current andfuture networks operate at high speeds.It is not uncommon to have little or notime for coordination through command

and staff channels. Therefore, the JFCdepends on network and nodal controlcenters (e.g., Joint CommunicationsControl Center (JCCC)) to provide thetechnical direction essential to maintaineffective C2. Much of this direction ismachine-to-machine while otherdirections must be between network andnodal control center personnel. C4network control provides technicalmanagement of system configurationand resources, performance, faultisolation, security, and system planningand engineering. Planning andmanagement of frequency spectrumresources is critical to this effort.

•• Spectrum Management. Thecomplexity and vast distances involvedin joint warfighting makes control andmanagement of the electromagneticspectrum a crucial factor in the JFC’sability to influence decisive action. Thehorizontal flow of information betweenadjacent subordinate ommands is equallycritical during mission execution anddemands continuous and uninterruptedaccess to the electromagnetic spectrum tosupport highly mobile, fast movingoperations. The JFC ensures thatfavorable electromagnetic compatibilityexists through the comprehensivemanagement of the electromagneticspectrum.

•• Management of the electromagnetic(radio frequency) spectrum is fundamentalto the ar t o f communicat ions.Frequencies and their use are thefoundation for electrical, electronic, andelectromagnetic communications.Frequency resources are governed byinternational law as national (host-nation) resources. Frequency assetsmust be coordinated and deconflicted ona continuous basis at strategic,operational, and tactical levels via a

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variety of national and internationaltechnical and political channels.

•• During crisis or wartime operations,the JFC employs C2W operations tocontrol and dominate the frequencyspectrum while denying this capabilityto the enemy. Close and continuouscoordination between frequencymanagers and both C2W and C4 systemplanners is crucial to ensure thecontinuous and uninterrupted access tothe electromagnetic spectrum.

• Information Priority. The prioritization ofinformation is essential since C4systems have afinite capacity.Prioritization of specific types ofinformation is the responsibility of the JFC,subordinate commanders, and staffplanners that essentially provides abenchmark from which discipline oninformation flow and processing within C4networks can be maintained. Prioritizationis also essential to sizing C4 network andnodal systems requirements (e.g., the levelof C4 assets devoted to intelligencerequirements may reduce networkresponsiveness to other users requiring adecision by the JFC during campaignand operation planning).

f. Survivable. National policy dictates thesurvivability of both the national commandcenters and the C4 systems through whichdecisions are transmitted to the forces in thefield. It is not practical or economicallyfeasible to make all C4 systems or elementsof a system equally survivable. The degreeof survivability for C4 systems supporting thefunction of C2 should be commensurate withthe survival potential of the associatedcommand centers and weapon systems. C4systems survivability can be achieved throughapplication of techniques such as dispersal ofkey facilities, multiplicity of communicationmodes, hardening (electrical and physical), ora combination of these techniques.

• Security. The JFC ensures that bothoffensive and defensive C2W actionsare employed to protect friendly C2.These actions are referred to as C2-protect operations. Since C4 networksand associated nodal systems are crucialto the joint force C2S system, theypresent a high value target to the enemyand must be protected to maintain theintegrity of the joint force C2infrastructure. C4 systems defenseincludes measures to ensure the securityof information and C4 systems throughinformation protection, intrusion/attackdetection and effect isolation, andincident reaction to restore informationand system security.

•• Information Protection. Security ofinformation and C4 systems involves theprocedural and technical protection ofinformation and C4 systems majorcomponents (terminal devices,transmission media, switches, and controland management), and is an integralcomponent of the JFC’s C2-protectioneffort. This is accomplished throughapplication of information protectionmeans including: (1) Physical security ofC4 system component facilities. (2)Personnel security of individualsauthorized access to C4 systems. (3)Operations security (OPSEC) proceduresand techniques protecting operationalemployment of C4 system components.(4) Deception, deceiving the adversaryabout specific C4 system configuration,operational employment, and degree ofcomponent importance to missionaccomplishment. (5) Low probability ofintercept (LPI) and low probability ofdetection (LPD) capabilities andtechniques designed to defeat adversaryattempts to detect and exploit C4 systemtransmission media. (6) Emissionscontrol procedures designed to supportOPSEC and LPI/LPD objectives. (7)Transmission security capabilities

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designed to support OPSEC and LPI/LPD objectives. (8) Communicationssecurity (COMSEC) capabilities toprotect information transiting terminaldevices and transmission media fromadversary exploitation. (9) Computersecurity capabil i t ies to protectinformation at rest, being processed, andtransitioning terminal devices, switches,networks, and control systems fromintrusion, damage, and exploitation. (10)C4 system design and configurationcontrol (e.g., protected distributionsystems, protection from compromisingemanation (TEMPEST)) to mitigate theimpact of information technologyvulnerabilities. (11) Identifyingtechnological and procedural vulnerabilityanalysis and assessment programs.

•• Intrusion/Attack Detection andEffect. In addition to informationprotection, C4 systems security involvesprocedural and technical measuresand capabilities to detect and isolatethe effects of C4 system intrusions.Examples include system auditing tools,virus scans, authentication proceduresand use of alternate frequencies.

•• Incident Reaction. Incident reactionmeasures include offensive actions toeliminate threats, closing systemcomponent vulnerabilities, use ofalternate frequencies, and changingCOMSEC keying material.

g. Sustainable. C4 systems must providecontinuous support during any type and lengthof joint operation. This requires theeconomical design and employment of C4systems without sacrificing operationalcapability or survivability. The following arespecific examples:

• Consolidation of functionally similarfacilities, which are closely located, underone command or Service.

• Integration of special purpose anddedicated networks into the DISNswitched systems, provided they canoffer equal or better service.

• Carefu l p lanning, design, andprocurement of facilities and systems.

• Efficient management and operatingpractices and effective communicationsdiscipline.

• Maximum use of the DISN common-usersubsystems.

• Judicious use of commercial services.

h. Other relevant principles. Theprinciples listed above are by no means thecomplete set of C4 systems principles; otherprinciples or terms have been identified.Subject to the interpretation and discretion ofthe user, these are either encompassed in thoselisted above or applied when appropriate.These principles include: integration,maintainability, mobility, modularity,planning, prioritization procedures, readiness,responsibility, responsiveness, simplicity, andsupportability. (See Joint Pub 6-02, “JointDoctrine for Employment of Operational/Tactical Command, Control, Communications,and Computer Systems,” for a more detaileddescription of C4 principles.)

3. C4 Principles for Joint andMultinational Operations

Joint and multinational operations arecomplex and bring together diverse militaryorganizations to operate as one force.Multinational forces may have differencesin C4 systems, language, terminology,doctrine, and operating standards that cancause confusion. Confusion increases thedemand for information and also the level ofuncertainty. The lower the echelon ofinterface between diverse commands, thehigher the uncertainty becomes and the greater

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the demand on C4 systems. The JFC shouldensure that great care is taken instructuring the multinational force priorto operations to avoid unnecessaryconfusion within friendly forces. Once theJFC establishes the specific C2 organizationfor a joint or multinational operation, theinformation exchange requirements for C4systems are then established and severalprinciples apply:

a. Establish Liaison Early. Effective C4systems interface in joint and multinationaloperations demands the use of liaison teams.Their importance as a source of both formaland informal information exchange cannotbe overstated. Requirements for liaisonshould be established early and to the extentpossible, liaison teams should be trainedand maintained for known or anticipatedrequirements.

b. Effective Use of Limited C4 Resources.The demand for information often exceedsthe capabilities of C4 assets within joint andmultinational commands. It is crucial thatthe JFC identify C4 systems requirementsearly that are external to the command orrequire the use of national and/or host-nation C4 resources (e.g., space basedsystems support, CJCS-controlled assets, JointCommunications Support Element (JCSE),and frequency spectrum).

c. Standardization of Principles.Standardization of principles and proceduresby allied nations and coalition partners formultinational communications is essential.

d. Agreement in Advance of War.Combined communications agreementsshould be made with probable allies. Theseshould cover principles, procedures, and overallcommunications requirements (includingstandard message text formats, standard data

bases and data formats, frequencymanagement, and procedures for deconflictingfrequency problems between allied and civilianorganizations) and should be arrived at bymutual agreement in advance of war.

e. Policy in Absence of Agreements.Where communications agreements have notbeen arrived at in advance of war,multinational forces should adopt theprocedures of one ally or coalition partneron direction of a duly establishedmultinational authority.

f. US Interpreters. The United Stateswill provide its own interpreters to ensurethat US interests are adequately protected.

g. Choice of Cryptographic Systems. Theoperational acceptability and disclosure orrelease of COMSEC to foreign governmentsfor multinational use will be determined andapproved by national authorities (NationalCOMSEC Committee) before entering intodiscussions with foreign nationals.

4. C4 Architectures andInterfaces

C4 systems doctrine seeks to achieveinteroperability and compatibility throughdeveloping joint and Service C4 systems ona life cycle basis to include architectures,standards, and life cycle support to functionalsystems. (DOD Directive 4630.5, CJCSI6212.01, “Compatibility, Interoperability, andIntegrat ion of Command, Control ,Communicat ions, Computers, andIntelligence Systems.”)

a. Architecture

• The joint C4 architecture providesa framework of functional andt e c h n i c a l re l a t i o n s h i p s f o r

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• The joint C4 architecture providesa framework of functional andt e c h n i c a l re l a t i o n s h i p s f o ra c h i e v i n g compat ib i l i ty andinteroperability of C4 systems.Architectures provide the logical linkbetween operational requirements and C4systems development. They are based ondoctrine defining command relationshipsand information requirements (whatinformation is exchanged to support thevaried functions of operations,intelligence, logistics, and planning). Thesupporting analyses for architecturesdocument the doctrinal basis for jointinterfaces and can recommend or prescribean equipment solution for each interface.The equipment solution may be met byexisting, programmed, or yet to bedeveloped systems.

“We have set the course with the C4IFor The Warrior concept. Manymilestones have been achieved. TheGlobal Command and Control Systemis well underway. We continue to makeprogress toward a common globalvision to provide the Joint ArmedForces with the critical information theyneed.”

General John M. Shalikashvili12 June 1994

• The Common Global Vision. C4I ForThe Warrior (C4IFTW) (see FigureII-3) sets forth a 21st century vision ofa global information infrastructure madeup of a web of computer controlled

Figure II-3. The Evolution of C4I For The Warrior

WWMCCS = Worldwide Military Command andControl System

NationalStrategic

Theater

Tactical

GCCS

Mid-Term

GCCS = Global Command and Control System

Quick Fix

GCCS

JTF Navy

MarineCorps

Air Force

Army JTF Navy

MarineCorps

Air Force

Army

CONUS

FIELD

Objective

GCCS GlobalInfosphere

JTF

Navy

MarineCorps

Air Force

Army

WWMCCS

THE EVOLUTION OF C4I FORTHE WARRIOR

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Forces of the United States on a coursetoward an open systems architecturereferred to as the global grid (see FigureII-4) that will provide virtual connectivityfrom anywhere to anywhereinstantaneously on warrior demand. Thearchitecture of grid networks cansupport both vertical and horizontalinformation flow to joint andmultinational forces. Commanders atall levels require a distributedcommunications grid comprised oflinks employing any electronictransmission media overlaying an areaof responsibility/joint operations area.Nodal points may be terrestrial, airborne,and/or space-based. Nodal pointsautomatically store, relay, and processinformation. Voice, data, and imagery

telecommunications grids thattranscends industry, media, government,military, and other nongovernmententities. C4IFTW provides a unifyingtheme, guiding principles, andmilestones for achieving globalcommand, control, communications,computers, and intelligence (C4I) jointinteroperability that:

•• Will allow any warrior to perform anymission—any time, any place.

•• Is responsive, reliable, and secure.

•• Is affordable.

• The Infosphere Architecture. The C4IFor The Warrior vision put the Armed

FUSING TIME & PRECISIONMOBILE GROUND

TARGETS AIR TARGETS FIXED TARGETS

TRACK PRODUCERS

SENSOR / SURVEILLANCE GRID

TRACKS

Land Sensors

INTENT, DIRECT, NEGATE

JointLink

JointLink

Space Sensors Black Sensors Air Sensors Sea Sensors

DYNAMICALLYMANAGED GRID

"THE GRID"

SHOOTERS

C-2CENTERS Destroy

Decide

Detect &Identify

Joint Link

Figure II-4. “The Grid”

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flows together in digitized form acrossall communication paths. Automateduser terminals from man portable tomore stationary types allow personnel toinstantly connect in any fashion desired(e.g., electronic mail; instantlyreconfigured (virtual) voice radio nets;imagery; connected sensor grids; orextended personal presence by creatingsynthetic environments such as virtualreality). The specific paths used to set-up virtual connectivity are controlled bycomputers. Warriors no longer dependon a single communication link, but havevastly increased reliability andflexibility with access via any ofhundreds or thousands of circuitsavailable through the GCCS and DODinformation infrastructures, host nation,commercial service, or any combination.Virtual connectivity is automaticallydetermined, established, and maintainedon warrior demand through the gridnetwork. When no longer needed, theresource is automatically made availableproviding efficient use of C4 resources.

• The Warrior Vision of the Infosphere.The bottom line is a shared image of thebattlespace between joint decisionmakersand warfighters at all levels and withinstantaneous sensor to shooterconnectivity. The JFC and subordinateleaders gain a coherent understandingof operational situations, regardless ofthe enemy’s actions or responses,strategically, operationally, or tactically.Commanders see the battlespacetogether as a team—they perceive andmove ideas and knowledge in a timelyand coherent fashion. The virtual gridalso links sensors to shooters to allowrapid exploitation of opportunity andgenerate quick, decisive actions.

b. Interfaces. These are based onstandards developed for the purpose of

ach iev i ng i n t e r ope rab i l i t y andcompatability.

• Technical interface standards specifythe technical parameters of systems thatdetermine their physical and performancecharacteristics.

• Procedural interface standards addressthe form and format of the informationto be exchanged and are divided into thethree categories below.

•• Data base standards include both thelogical structure and the data elements.Computer to computer bulk data transfersinclude standard formats for initial orreplacement data loads and for data basemaintenance purposes.

•• Bit oriented message standardsprovide message formats for data linksbetween command centers, sensorplatforms, and weapon platforms.Related procedural information tooperate the joint interface using thesemessage standards is contained in theJoint Pub 3-56.2X, (to be replaced byCJCSI 6120.0X series) “TacticalCommand and Control PlanningProcedures for Joint Operations,” series.

•• Character oriented messagestandards improve interoperability by:(1) Producing messages that can be readby humans and processed by machine.(2) Reducing the time and effortrequired to draft, transmit, analyze,interpret, and process messages. (3)Impr oving information exchangethrough vocabulary control. (4)Providing uniform reportingprocedures to be used across the rangeof military operations. (5) Facilitatingexchange of information between theUS and multinational commands;reducing or eliminating dual reporting by

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US units when they operate withmultinational commands or units or aftertheir transfer to a multinational force. (6)Providing , through the Joint Pub6-04, “US Message Text FormattingProgram,” (to be replaced by CJCSmanuals), the management anddocumentation for these standards.

5. Decision Support Systems

Decision support systems (i.e., reporting,intelligence, and logistics) are included withinthe umbrella definition of C4 systems. Adetailed presentation of the interfaces for eachis beyond the scope of this publication, butkey principles regarding C4 systems supportto the functional areas, vice the systems, canbe presented. Also, all the principles presentedin this chapter apply to these supportedsystems as they do to C4 systems.

a. Joint Reporting System Support

• Reporting includes intelligence,situation reports from maneuver forces,and logistic status. The informationvaries from data required for staffplanning, and significant events requiringa commander’s immediate attention.

• The principal sources of operationallysignificant information are the C4systems of the combatant commands, themanagement and/or information systemsof the Services, the support systems ofthe DOD agencies, and the JointReporting Structure (JRS). The Joint Pub1-03, “Joint Reporting Structure (JRS),”series (to be replaced by CJCS manuals)prescribes standard JRS reporting withinand between the Joint Staff, combatantcommands, Services, and agencies anddetails the procedures, formats, andreporting channels for the reports.

• Some principles for reporting:

•• Commanders p rov ide theorganization and procedures so thatreports receive command attention whenrequired to support decisionmaking andcontrol of mission execution.

•• Reports adhere to standard formatswhen feasible to facilitate their handlingthrough electronic systems and speedinterpretation by people.

•• Commanders review reportingrequirements for their commands toassure that the content and frequency ofreports support assigned missions withoutneedlessly burdening subordinates.

b. Intelligence Support

• Intelligence organizations use a varietyof sensors and other information sourcesto collect and analyze data and produceintelligence products. C4 systemssupport to intelligence is normallylimited to providing the communicationsinterface and media required to moveintelligence information. C4 systemssupport does not typically cover thecollection and production of intelligence.(See Joint Pub 2-0, “Joint Doctrine forIntelligence Support to Operations,”series.)

• The basis for system interoperabilityis the application of standard dataelements and structures andinformation exchange standardsapplicable to all levels of command andto all Services and supporting agencies.The Services and agencies areresponsible for fielding intelligencesystems based on these standards.

• Basic intelligence system principles:

•• Intelligence requirements must beincorporated in the planning and

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C4 Systems Principles

execution of military operations.Intelligence staffs should coordinate withthe J-6 staff to identify requirements andobtain an assessment of the intelligencecommunications required to supportoperations. Intelligence requirementsgenerally exceed communicationcapabilities, therefore, communicationsand intelligence communities continue todevelop concepts for expandingcommunication pipelines and imagerycompression techniques.

•• Each echelon of command receivesorganic and external intelligencesupport. Commanders direct requirementsfor assets through the J-2 staff element.

•• Defense intelligence organizations andsystems operate on a shared informationbasis. Accordingly, within limits imposedby security, intelligence is distributed up,down, and across echelons.

•• The responsibility for the applicationof intelligence information is shared byintelligence and operations.

c. Logistic Support. Accurate andtimely logistic information is required forthe management of critical resources. Aprinciple source of operationally significantlogistic information is the JRS. Informationnot routinely supplied through the JRS maybe provided in response to specific queriesfrom combatant command systems, Servicelogistic systems, and the DOD agencies.

d. Planning Support. In addition toconveying force status and intelligenceinformation, C4 systems provide processingcapabilities for planning. The Joint Pub5-03, “Joint Operation Planning andExecution System (JOPES),” series providesinstructions for using GCCS (WWMCCS) fordeliberate and crisis action planning.

e. Decision Support. Operational andtactical decision support systems alsoinclude maneuver, fire support and targetplanning, C2W, air operations, and C4systems control and management. These areaddressed in detail in other publications.

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Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank

CHAPTER IIIC4 SYSTEMS DOCTRINE FOR EMPLOYMENT,CONFIGURATION, PLANS, AND RESOURCES

III-1

“It is DOD Policy: That for purposes of compatibility, interoperability, andintegration, all C3I systems developed for use by US forces are consideredto be for joint use.”

DOD Directive 4630.5

1. Employment

a. Authority. The employment authorityand responsibilities of the combatantcommanders include control, review, andcoordination of assigned C4 resources andactions affecting such resources within thegeographic or functional area of responsibilityof the command.

b. C4 Systems Employment Capabilities.The most important guiding principle for C4systems in support of employment is that theybe designed to support wartime scenarios.Procedures used in conflict must becomparable to those used during peacetimeand not be subject to degradation because ofany subsequent increase in system loading.Commensurate with the level of employment,systems must provide the C4 capabilitiesdescribed in Figure III-1.

c. C4 Systems Conflict Levels. C4systems planners must continually prioritizeand choose from among the individual jointand Service system capabilities that supportdifferent needs across the range of militaryoperations. Different conflict levels imposedifferent, and sometimes contentious,requirements on the C4 systems thatsupport them. Various conflict levels canoccur simultaneously over a wide geographicarea, each requiring different options andresponses. Given the scope and oftenconflicting nature of C4 requirements thatmust be accommodated, the following brieflydescribes their employment at four levelsof conflict.

• Peacetime C4 Systems

•• Deterrence relies on peacetime forceshaving a wartime capability. Therefore,peacetime C4 systems support threebasic requirements: daily operations,attack warning, and transition to war.Day-to-day peacetime communicationsare primarily carried out with existingsecure and nonsecure telephone service,record traffic, and data transmissions.Dedicated C4 systems using satellite,radio, and terrestrial links are active andexercised to provide immediate wartimecapability. Such a deterrence posturerequires that the type and scope of anenemy action be rapidly recognized andcharacterized.

•• Data from intelligence and sensorsystems must be correlated, processed,and presented by systems withinminutes. To transmit the data, rapidconnectivity via the emergency actionmessage (EAM) networks, and other C4networks is required to supportconventional and nuclear responses. Thiswarning capability supports maximumpreservation of alert forces, response andretaliatory operations, and US defensivemeasures. C4 systems also support thetransition to wartime posture. Systemsthat support wartime forces, missions,and facilities, including appropriateCOMSEC equipment , must beprepositioned and ready for activation.

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Chapter III

Joint Pub 6-0

MANDATORY C4CAPABILITIES

Support activities across the range of military operations

Support a smooth, orderly transition from peace to war

Monitor and assess the status of US, multinational, neutral,and enemy forces and resources

Provide for the collection, processing, transmission, anddissemination of data and products

Provide warning and attack assessment, and disseminate alertnotification

Monitor the execution of selected options

Provide for the tracking, control, and reporting of reinforcingforces and materiel

Support reconstitution and resource allocation

Support transition from hostilities to peace

Protect systems/networks through C4 defensive measures

• Crisis and Contingency C4 Systems.During a crisis, actions must be takenquickly before the opportunity toinfluence events and prevent escalationis lost. In the early stages of a crisis,critical C2 connectivity is needed toestablish and maintain communicationswith military units, diplomatic personnel,friendly forces, and, wherever possible,hostile elements. In addition to thesystems used during the peacetime phase,

•• The vulnerability of C4 networks toadversary attack or unauthorizedintrusion demands adequate defensivemeasures against malicious activities.Proactive vulnerability analyses and riskassessments are essential and must becontinuous. When networks arebreached by an unauthorized intruder, theintruder must be quickly isolated tominimize damage, the network r