Benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine-like drugs 12 3 4 5 6 7 1 8 9.
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Transcript of Benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine-like drugs 12 3 4 5 6 7 1 8 9.
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Benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine-like drugs
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Updates
• www.pharmwiki.org– http://128.192.148.219/COPClasses/index.php/M
ain_Page
• Office Hours- Friday 5-6p or Facebook (Dr. Arthur Roberts)– Room 424 in Pharmacy South
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Outline
• Structure of Benzodiazepine (BZD)• Characteristics• GABAA receptor and agonists
• BZD SAR• BZD Metabolism• Non-BZD – site agonist
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diazepine
azepine
benzo-di-azepine
benzene8
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Benzodiazepines
• GABA GABAA receptor
• Properties – Sedation/hypnosis– Decreased anxiety– Anterograde amnesia (negative)– Anticonvulsant– Muscle relaxation
-aminobutyric acid
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Benzodiazepines
• Therapeutic and Efficacy half life• Anticonvulsants long half-lives
– CNS and Status epilepticus• Sleep short half-lives• Anti-anxiety long half-life, except aprazolam
(Xanax) ~12 hours
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alprazolam(Xanax)
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Examples
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clonazepam (Klonopin)18-50 hours
Anticonvulsant Sleep
triazolam (Halcion)1.5-5.5 hours
Anti-anxiety
diazepam (Valium)36-200 hours
(active desmethyl metabolite)
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(site)
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Chl
orid
e C
ondu
ctan
ceA B
C
-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
D
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KD’s of GABAA agonists
Compound 1 2 3 5
Diazepam 16 nM 16 17 15
Clonazepam 1.3 1.7 2 -
Triazolam 1.8 1.2 3 1.2
Ro15-4513 2.6 2.6 1.3 0.24
Zolpidem 1.7 291 357 >15000
L-655-708 48 27 24 0.45
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Rules
• and 5 non-selective
• 1-3 anticonvulsant
• 1 sedation and hypnosis
• 2 and 5 anxiolytic
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• 1,4 benzodiazepine• Electron withdrawing group (EWG) 7 position,
– X= Cl < Br < F < CN < CF3 < NO2
– Stronger EWG give more potent compounds
Benzodiazepines SAR1
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Example
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clonazepam (Klonopin)equiv. dose = 0.5 mg
oxazepam (Serax)equiv. dose = 20 mg
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Benzodiazepines SAR (6-9)
> >
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Benzodiazepines SAR (5)
>
ortho para
5
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• X aromatic ring antagonist
Benzodiazepines SAR (5)
5
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Flumazenil (Anexate)
• GABAA receptor antagonist
• BZD overdoses• hypersomnia• X Patent• Liver Carboxylic Acid Metabolite + Glucuronidation• ADR: headache and insomnia
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Benzodiazepines SAR (3-5)
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Benzodiazepines SAR (3)
potency half life
UGTs
prodrug
3 3 3
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Benzodiazepines SAR (3) (Prodrug)
H
decarboxylase
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H H
clorazepate desmethyldiazepam (active)(a.k.a. nordazepam (Nordaz))
Cl Cl
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Benzodiazepines SAR (2)
> > >
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Benzodiazepines SAR (1)
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Benzodiazepines SAR (1,2-imidazo ring)
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12
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4
5678
910
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Examples
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midazolam triazolam alprazolam (Xanax)
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MeTabolism
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diazepam (Valium) clorazepate prazepam halazepam
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OH
midazolam hydroxymethyl midazolam
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Non-benzodiazepines (Non-BZD)
• imidazopyridines
• pyrazolopyrimidine
• cyclopyrrolones
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• Zolpidem (Ambien) - Insomnia• Rapid absorption GI, but food delays 30 min• CYP3A4 inactivates
– Duration 6-8 hours– half-life 2.5 hours (Liver disease)
• 92% protein bound• ADR: amnesia
Non-BZD site agonist
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• Zaleplon (Sonata) - Insomnia• 30% bioavailable. Onset 1hr food delays• Aldehyde oxidase inactive metabolite (X CYP450)
– half-life 1 hour; duration 6-8 h
• 60% protein bound• ADR Amnesia
Non-BZD site agonist
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O
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• Eszopiclone (Lunesta)- Insomnia • S isomer of racemic zopiclone (EU denied patent)• Rapid absorption peak in 1 hour, but food delays• 50% protein binding• Metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2E1
– active–desmethyl– inactive-N-oxide
• Half-life 6h• ADR: headache, hallucinations anxiety, amnesia, Unpleasant taste (34%)
Non-BZD site agonist
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H
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Huedo-Medina, T. B., Kirsch, I., Middlemass, J., Klonizakis, M., and Siriwardena, A. N. (2012) Effectiveness of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in treatment of adult insomnia: meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration, BMJ 345, e8343.
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• Insomnia • Melatonin receptor (MT1 and MT2) agonist (No GABAA)
– sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythm
• Onset 30 mins• Bioavailable is 1.8% • Metabolized by CYP1A2, first pass converts to active metabolite M-II• Food delays absorption• 82% protein bound• ADR: headache, depression, insomnia worsened
Melatonin
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Alternative: Ramelteon (Rozerem)
1/10 M-II
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Outline
• Structure of Benzodiazepine (BZD)• Characteristics• GABAA receptor and agonists
• BZD SAR• BZD Metabolism• Non-BZD – site agonist
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