Benchmarking Agricultural R&D Capabilities Across Countries
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www.asti.cgiar.org Benchmarking agricultural R&D capabilities across countries Meeting in Support of Scientific & Technical Partnerships in Africa IFPRI, Washington, DC | September 29-30, 2014 Nienke Beintema ASTI Program Head
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Presentation of "Benchmarking Agricultural R&D Capabilities Across Countries", specially in Sub-Sahara Africa countries to the Meeting in Support of Scientific & Technical Partnerships in Africa at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in Washington, DC on September 29-30, 2014. Presented by Nienke Beintema, Program Head of the Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) initiative, which is led by IFPRI.
Transcript of Benchmarking Agricultural R&D Capabilities Across Countries
Benchmarking agricultural R&Dcapabilities across countries
Meeting in Support of Scientific & Technical Partnerships in Africa
IFPRI, Washington, DC | September 29-30, 2014
Nienke Beintema
ASTI Program Head
www.asti.cgiar.org
OUTLINE
• Available information through ASTI– ASTI outputs– Investment indicators– Human resource indicators
• Partnerships and ASTI Phase III
www.asti.cgiar.org
AVAILABLE INFORMATION THROUGH ASTI
Outputs (www.asti.cigar.org)
• Country factsheets• Regional and global reports• Downloadable datasets• Interactive country pages• Online benchmarking tool
Indicators
• Institutional arrangements• R&D spending by cost category• Funding sources• R&D staff by degree, gender, and age• R&D focus by commodity and theme• Student population (phase III)• Output indicators (phase III)
www.asti.cgiar.org
ASTI.CGIAR.ORG: BENCHMARKING TOOL
www.asti.cgiar.org
OUTLINE
• Available information through ASTI– ASTI outputs– Investment indicators– Human resource indicators
• Partnerships and ASTI Phase III
www.asti.cgiar.org
TRENDS FOR SSA AS A WHOLE
2000 2011 Increase
Spending (million PPP$) 1,208 1,692 +40%
Researchers (FTEs) 9,470 14,230 +50%
Note: Excludesprivate sector
0
3,000
6,000
9,000
12,000
15,000
18,000
0
300
600
900
1,200
1,500
1,800
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
Total number of FTE researchers
Mill
ion
2005
PPP
dol
lars
Spending
Researchers
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SMALL-COUNTRY PROBLEM
2 9 21 27 41 43 45 63 66 82 89 98104112115117123124131132134151156162177180193218233274307314354
424607
746815
9391151
18772688
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Seyc
helle
sGu
inea
-Biss
auCa
pe V
erde
Swaz
iland
Leso
tho
Gabo
nLib
eria
Mau
ritan
iaGa
mbi
a, T
heSi
erra
Leon
eNa
mib
iaNi
ger
Cong
o, R
ep.
Sene
gal
Togo
Eritr
eaCh
adBo
tsw
ana
Cote
d'Iv
oire
Buru
ndi
Cent
ral A
frica
n…M
auriti
usBe
nin
Mal
awi
Zim
babw
eRw
anda
Mad
agas
car
Burk
ina
Faso
Zam
bia
Guin
eaM
ali
Moz
ambi
que
Ugan
daCo
ngo,
Dem
. Rep
.Gh
ana
Sout
h Af
rica
Tanz
ania
Suda
nKe
nya
Ethi
opia
Nige
ria
Tota
l FTE
rese
arch
ers
< 100 FTEs: 12 countries > 500 FTEs: 7 countries
www.asti.cgiar.org
1% OF AGGDP – TARGET BY UN/NEPAD
0
1
2
3
4
5
Gui
nea-
Biss
auG
abon CA
RCo
ngo,
DR
Nig
erM
adag
asca
rG
uine
aSi
erra
Leo
neEt
hiop
iaSu
dan
Zam
bia
Eritr
eaN
iger
iaM
ozam
biqu
eBu
rkin
a Fa
soTo
goLi
beria
Côte
d'Iv
oire
Tanz
ania
Buru
ndi
Mal
iBe
nin
Leso
tho
Rwan
daG
hana
Mau
ritan
iaSe
nega
lCh
adCo
ngo,
Rep
.G
ambi
a, T
heM
alaw
iCa
pe V
erde
Keny
aU
gand
aSw
azila
ndSo
uth
Afric
aBo
tsw
ana
Nam
ibia
Mau
ritius
Aver
age
Shar
e (%
)
Target (UN/NEPAD): Allocation of at least 1% of GDP to S&T (overall)
www.asti.cgiar.org
COUNTRY EXAMPLES OF UNDERINVESTMENT
• DR Congo spent $16 million or 0.17% of AgGDP on agricultural R&D in 2011
• Ethiopia spent $78 million or 0.22% of AgGDP on agricultural R&D in 2011
• Extremely low levels considering population (SSA’s 2nd and 3rd largest countries)
• Spending needs to increase sixfold in DR Congo and fivefold in Ethiopia to reach the 1% target
2009 2010 20110
20
40
60
80
100
mill
ion
2005
PPP
dol
lars
2009 2010 20110
100
200
300
400
mill
ion
2005
PPP
dol
lars
DR Congo
Ethiopia
Actual public agricultural R&D spending
Required spending to reach 1% target
www.asti.cgiar.org
GROWTH: NOT EVERYWHERE
Target (UN expert group): 5% annual spending growth over the next decade
• 2000–2011 marked by spending decline or stagnation in about half of the 30 countries with time series data
• Since 2008, however, more and more countries have experienced positive growth
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Eritr
ea
Gui
nea
Gab
on
Togo
Zam
bia
Gam
bia,
The
Sout
h Af
rica
Burk
ina
Faso
Côte
d'Iv
oire
Mad
agas
car
Ethi
opia
Mau
ritius
Mal
i
Sene
gal
Bots
wan
a
Mau
ritan
ia
Mal
awi
Nam
ibia
Keny
a
Suda
n
Gha
na
Nig
eria
Buru
ndi
Beni
n
Cong
o, R
ep.
Uga
nda
Tanz
ania
Aver
age
Annu
al g
row
th ra
te (%
)
Main drivers of region-wide growth in spending, 2000–2011
+2.7%
www.asti.cgiar.org
19811983
19851987
19891991
19931995
19971999
20012003
20052007
20092011
0
10
20
30
40
19961998
20002002
20042006
20082010
0
20
40
60
80
100
DONORS MAJOR SOURCE OF FUNDING VOLATILITY
• Annual agricultural R&D spending in SSA has been considerably more volatile than in other developing regions
• Donor/development bank funding is generally short-term and ad-hoc (and 3 times more volatile than government funding)
• Therefore, volatility is more pronounced in donor-dependent low-income countries
Tanzania
Burkina Faso
www.asti.cgiar.org
GOVERNMENTS FUND SALARIES, DONORS THE REST
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ghana
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Uganda
Mali
Burkina Faso
SalariesOperating and program costsCapital investments
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ghana
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Uganda
Mali
Burkina Faso
GovernmentDonors and development banksCommodity leviesOwn resourcesOther
Cost categories, 2011 Funding sources, 2011
2011
www.asti.cgiar.org
OUTLINE
• Available information through ASTI– ASTI outputs– Investment indicators– Human resource indicators
• Partnerships and ASTI Phase III
www.asti.cgiar.org
RESEARCHER GROWTH BY DEGREE
www.asti.cgiar.org
INVOLVEMENT OF FEMALE RESEARCHERS
Growth in female share, 2008 and 2011
www.asti.cgiar.org
AGING OF RESEARCHERS IN MANY COUNTRIES
• In 17 of 36 countries, more than half the PhD holders are older than 50 years
• Problem is most pronounced in West Africa
• Urgent need to recruit and train next generation of scientists in these countries
2011 (36-country sample)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cape
Ver
de (1
9)G
uine
aBis
sau
(0)
Buru
ndi (
24)
Mau
ritan
ia (1
6)M
ozam
biqu
e (2
6)Rw
anda
(22)
Zim
babw
e (2
2)Bu
rkin
a (1
05)
Mal
awi (
32)
Gab
on (9
)Se
nega
l (79
)Et
hiop
ia (1
70)
Uga
nda
(110
)M
auriti
us (2
1)Bo
tsw
ana
(24)
Gam
bia(
6)Su
dan
(330
)Ta
nzan
ia (1
64)
CAF
(2)
Nig
eria
-NAR
Is…
Keny
a (3
68)
Chad
(21)
Beni
n (8
4)G
hana
(228
)N
amib
ia (1
2)Co
ngoD
R (5
6)M
adag
asca
r (78
)To
go (3
6)Li
beria
(5)
Cong
oRep
(33)
Sier
raLe
one
(14)
Eritr
ea (1
3)Sw
azila
nd (1
2)Le
soth
o (4
)M
ali (
100)
Gui
nea
(42)Sh
are
of P
hD h
olde
rs o
ver
50 y
ears
old
(%)
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INCREASE IN YOUNG SCIENTISTS ELSEWHERE
• Ethiopia: close to half the FTE researchers were under 31 years old
• Eritrea, Rwanda, Zimbabwe have young researcher pools as well
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
PhDMScBSc
PhDMScBSc
PhDMScBSc
EIA
RR
AR
Is
Hig
he
r
ed
uca
tio
n
< 31 31–40 41–50 51–60 > 60 Ethiopia 2011
www.asti.cgiar.org
WHAT TYPE OF RESEARCH IS BEING DONE?
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ethiopia
Ghana
Mali
NARIs-Nigeria
Tanzania
Uganda Crops
Livestock
Forestry
Fisheries
Natural resources
Off-farm postharvest
Socioeconomics
Other
Most researched crops (% of all crop researchers)
Ethiopia Wheat (10%) Maize (10%) Beans (8%)
Ghana Cocoa (11%) Maize (8%) Rice (7%)
Mali Rice (27%) Sorghum (20%) Vegetables (8%)
NARIs-Nigeria Oil palm (13%) Cassava (10%) Rubber (8%)
Tanzania Maize (9%) Cassava (9%) Rice (8%)
Uganda Cassava (16%) Maize (9%) Soybeans (8%)
2011
www.asti.cgiar.org
OUTLINE
• Available information through ASTI– ASTI outputs– Investment indicators– Human resource indicators
• Partnerships and ASTI Phase III
www.asti.cgiar.org
REGIONAL COLLABORATIONS
• First (and for years only) ASTI workshop was organized by ASARECA in September 2002
• ASARECA and CORAF have been key in establishing national partnerships for each survey rounds CORAF funded and collaborated on an in-depth assessment of agricultural R&D capacities in 6 West African countries
• FARA and ASTI/IFPRI organized the conference Agricultural R&D: Investing in Africa’s Future in December 2011
• ASTI–RUFORUM approved during board meeting in Maputo
• Discussions on areas of collaboration with CCARDESA
www.asti.cgiar.org
ASTI PHASE III – 2015-2018 (1)
• Update and expand the current information on agricultural R&D investments and capacities
– Output indicators
– Qualitative information on policy and institutional environment
– New database system allows to publish components of tools (e.g., ASARECA knowledge and information hub; RUFORUM/AWARD collaborations, FAOSTAT)
– Also provide opportunity to deepen analysis
– Next data collection round will start later this year – can provide baseline for S3A progress
www.asti.cgiar.org
ASTI PHASE III – 2015-2018 (2)
• Conduct additional policy-relevant analysis in order to disseminate greater knowledge and understanding of the impact of agricultural R&D investments on agricultural development
– Impact of agricultural R&D investments in recent years
– Factors that determine the efficiency of R&D investment and agricultural innovation systems including size and composition of investment, capacity of the system to absorb and diffuse technology, and demand for innovation
– Future investment needs to meet growth targets and development goals
www.asti.cgiar.org
ASTI PHASE III – 2015-2018 (3)
• Further enhance dissemination and advocacy activities, particularly at the national level, in order to ensure uptake of key ASTI messages and maximize impact and sustainability
– Piloted in BMGF focus countries first
– linked closely to IFPRI’s S&T partnership program
– More intensive partnerships with FARA and SROs Capacity strengthening activities at country level
THANK YOU
