BellworkBellwork

Define tradition.Define tradition.Identify 3 traditionsIdentify 3 traditions

Tradition or Precedent

9.1 Washington’s Presidency9.1 Washington’s Presidency

I can…I can…

identify and explain the traditions, or identify and explain the traditions, or precedents established by George precedents established by George Washington.Washington.

Key Question:Key Question:

How did Washington’s presidency shape How did Washington’s presidency shape new political traditions?new political traditions?

Washington’s ElectionWashington’s Election

Washington was Washington was elected President elected President unanimously in 1789unanimously in 1789

Travels to the capital, Travels to the capital, New York City, to be New York City, to be inauguratedinaugurated

Runner-up, John Runner-up, John Adams, becomes Adams, becomes Vice-PresidentVice-President

Congressional DecisionsCongressional Decisions

What type and how many new courts What type and how many new courts should be added?should be added?

What should they do if federal court What should they do if federal court decisions conflicted with state laws?decisions conflicted with state laws?

Federal Judiciary Act of 1789Federal Judiciary Act of 1789

Gave the Supreme Court Gave the Supreme Court 6 members.6 members.

One Chief Justice, John One Chief Justice, John Jay, and 5 other JusticesJay, and 5 other Justices

It provided for less It provided for less powerful federal courtspowerful federal courts

State law could not State law could not violate Supreme Court violate Supreme Court decisions! decisions!

Decisions! Decisions!Decisions! Decisions!

What do you do when you have a hard What do you do when you have a hard decision to make and are not sure if you decision to make and are not sure if you will make a good one?will make a good one?

Assembling a CabinetAssembling a Cabinet

Congress was given the task of creating Congress was given the task of creating departments to help the President make departments to help the President make decisions and he could appoint heads of decisions and he could appoint heads of departmentsdepartments

CabinetCabinet: a group of advisors to the : a group of advisors to the President (the heads of each department)President (the heads of each department)

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet4 Departments Were Created4 Departments Were Created Secretary of War:Secretary of War:

Henry KnoxHenry Knox

Secretary of Treasury:Secretary of Treasury: Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

Secretary of State:Secretary of State: Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Attorney General:Attorney General: Edmund RandolphEdmund Randolph

What does each do?What does each do?

Do you know who the current Do you know who the current department heads are?department heads are?

Current Cabinet LeadersCurrent Cabinet Leaders Secretary of Defense:Secretary of Defense:

Robert M. GatesRobert M. Gates

Secretary of Treasury:Secretary of Treasury: Timothy GeithnerTimothy Geithner

Secretary of State:Secretary of State:Hillary ClintonHillary Clinton

Attorney General:Attorney General: Eric HolderEric Holder

Responsibilities of the Cabinet Responsibilities of the Cabinet

Cabinets members are basically the Cabinets members are basically the specialists in their area that offer advice specialists in their area that offer advice

to the President.to the President.

Another Precedent or TraditionAnother Precedent or Tradition

1.1. Can you think of another tradition that Can you think of another tradition that Washington established when he left Washington established when he left office?office?

2.2. Can you think of any President that Can you think of any President that broke that tradition?broke that tradition?

Changing the ConstitutionChanging the Constitution During the Great During the Great

Depression and WWII, Depression and WWII, Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt served 4 terms in office.served 4 terms in office.

In 1951 the In 1951 the 2222ndnd AmendmentAmendment to the to the Constitution was passed Constitution was passed limiting Presidents to limiting Presidents to 2 2 termsterms in office or 10 in office or 10 years totalyears total

This Amendment This Amendment checkschecks the President’s power!the President’s power!

Identify and explain the two precedents Identify and explain the two precedents that were started under Washington’s that were started under Washington’s presidency? presidency?

9.1 Cont’d 9.1 Cont’d

Key Question:Key Question:

What financial problems faced the new What financial problems faced the new nation?nation?

List Hamilton’s solutions for the nation’s List Hamilton’s solutions for the nation’s finances.finances.

War DebtsWar Debts

Most urgent issueMost urgent issueOwed Millions to France, Spain & Owed Millions to France, Spain &

NetherlandsNetherlandsOwed Private Citizens and soldiers $$$Owed Private Citizens and soldiers $$$By 1789, $52 million in debtBy 1789, $52 million in debtNeeded to repay the $$$ to gain the Needed to repay the $$$ to gain the

respect of citizens and foreign countriesrespect of citizens and foreign countries

Hamilton’s Political ViewsHamilton’s Political Views

Believed in a strong central governmentBelieved in a strong central governmentNational government should be stronger National government should be stronger

than state governmentsthan state governmentsShould encourage business and industry, Should encourage business and industry,

support wealthy merchants and support wealthy merchants and manufacturersmanufacturers

Hamilton’s Proposals 1790Hamilton’s Proposals 1790

Pay off ALL war debts, including those of Pay off ALL war debts, including those of the statesthe statesSouthern states are upset since they had Southern states are upset since they had

already started to pay their debtsalready started to pay their debtsAgree to relocated the capital to the South, Agree to relocated the capital to the South,

Washington D.C., to gain supportWashington D.C., to gain supportRaise government revenue $$$$$Raise government revenue $$$$$Create a national bankCreate a national bank

Building a Strong GovernmentBuilding a Strong Government

Use tariffs, taxes on imports, to…Use tariffs, taxes on imports, to… Raise $$$$ for the government Raise $$$$ for the government Encourage growth of national businessEncourage growth of national businessEncourage people to buy AmericanEncourage people to buy AmericanCreate a national BankCreate a national Bank

Keep money safeKeep money safeMake loans to businesses and governmentMake loans to businesses and governmentIssue paper $$$Issue paper $$$

Hamilton’s OpponentsHamilton’s Opponents

Jefferson and Madison opposed the Jefferson and Madison opposed the creation of a national bankcreation of a national bankThought it would encourage an unhealthy Thought it would encourage an unhealthy

relationship between the government and relationship between the government and wealthy business interestswealthy business interests

The Constitution did not provide for it! (It was The Constitution did not provide for it! (It was not a power delegated to the national not a power delegated to the national government, but reserved for the states!)government, but reserved for the states!)

Strict Constructionists!Strict Constructionists!

Strict ConstructionistsStrict Constructionists

Believed in a literal or strict interpretation Believed in a literal or strict interpretation of the Constitutionof the Constitution

Since the power to create a national Since the power to create a national government is NOT spelled out, or government is NOT spelled out, or delegated to, the national government in delegated to, the national government in the Constitutio, it is a power reserved to the Constitutio, it is a power reserved to the states.the states.

Loose ConstructionistsLoose Constructionists

Hamilton’s supporters said the …Hamilton’s supporters said the …

““Elastic Clause,”Elastic Clause,”

Article 1, Section 8, Number 18, gave Article 1, Section 8, Number 18, gave Congress the power to do whatever is Congress the power to do whatever is

““Necessary and Proper”Necessary and Proper”

WashingtonWashington

George Washington helps get the bank George Washington helps get the bank passed by backing Hamilton and the Bankpassed by backing Hamilton and the Bank

1791 the Bank of the United States (BUS) 1791 the Bank of the United States (BUS) was establishedwas established

Hamilton’s and Jefferson’s opposing Hamilton’s and Jefferson’s opposing viewpoints laid the groundwork for political viewpoints laid the groundwork for political parties!parties!

HonorsHonorsBill of Rights Quiz tomorrow!Bill of Rights Quiz tomorrow!Be able to list the first 10 Amendments to the Be able to list the first 10 Amendments to the

Constitution in order! You must earn a perfect Constitution in order! You must earn a perfect score!score!

Chapter 8 Essay make-up tomorrow!Chapter 8 Essay make-up tomorrow!Identify and explain two arguments of the Anti-Identify and explain two arguments of the Anti-

Federalists.Federalists.Identify two weaknesses under the Articles of Identify two weaknesses under the Articles of

Confederation and explain why each was a Confederation and explain why each was a weakness. weakness.

How did Hamilton want to raise money for How did Hamilton want to raise money for the government to pay off the debt owed?the government to pay off the debt owed?

How would this encourage people to buy How would this encourage people to buy American?American?

What were the arguments for and against What were the arguments for and against the creation of a national bank?the creation of a national bank?

Who were the arguments between?Who were the arguments between?

What led to the formation of political What led to the formation of political parties?parties?

9.2 Challenges to the9.2 Challenges to the New Government New Government

Identify how two crises at home revealed Identify how two crises at home revealed the power of the national government?the power of the national government?

Crises at HomeCrises at Home

Claims to the Trans-Appalachian West: Claims to the Trans-Appalachian West: Britain Spain & Native AmericansBritain Spain & Native Americans

Farmer rebellion in the backcountry Farmer rebellion in the backcountry

Problems at HomeProblems at Home

Spain, Britain and Native Americans all Spain, Britain and Native Americans all claimed the Trans-Appalachian Westclaimed the Trans-Appalachian West

Strong resistance from Native-Americans Strong resistance from Native-Americans in the Northwest Territory, supported by in the Northwest Territory, supported by the Britishthe British

American troops lost to Native-Americans, American troops lost to Native-Americans, led by Little Turtle in 1790 and 1791 led by Little Turtle in 1790 and 1791

““We have beaten the enemy twice under We have beaten the enemy twice under separate commanders…The Americans are now separate commanders…The Americans are now led by a Chief (Wayne) who never sleeps…We led by a Chief (Wayne) who never sleeps…We have never been able to surprise him…It would have never been able to surprise him…It would be prudent (wise) to listen to his offers of peace.”be prudent (wise) to listen to his offers of peace.”

-Little Turtle, quoted in -Little Turtle, quoted in

The Life and Times of Little TurtleThe Life and Times of Little Turtle

What does Little Turtle mean by this quote?

Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers

General “Mad” Anthony Wayne led 1,000 troops General “Mad” Anthony Wayne led 1,000 troops vs. 2,000 Native Americans in 1794 at the Battle vs. 2,000 Native Americans in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Toledo, Ohio. of Fallen Timbers in Toledo, Ohio.

Native Americans lost and left when the British Native Americans lost and left when the British refuse to help!refuse to help!

Treaty of Greenville 1795: Native Americans Treaty of Greenville 1795: Native Americans cede, or give up, their claims to much of Ohio cede, or give up, their claims to much of Ohio and the Northwest Territory, including ports and and the Northwest Territory, including ports and outpostsoutposts

Backcountry Trouble!Backcountry Trouble!

Conflict over a new tax on whiskeyConflict over a new tax on whiskeyFarmers in the backcountry hurt the mostFarmers in the backcountry hurt the mostWhiskey more profitable than corn, used Whiskey more profitable than corn, used

like $$$ in tradelike $$$ in tradeFarmers from PA to GA resist the taxFarmers from PA to GA resist the tax

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

Summer of 1794, western PA farmers Summer of 1794, western PA farmers rebelrebel

The federal government shows its strength The federal government shows its strength and sent 13,000 soldiers and the farmers and sent 13,000 soldiers and the farmers flee flee

““Such a resistance is treason against Such a resistance is treason against society, against liberty, against everything society, against liberty, against everything that ought to be dear to a free, that ought to be dear to a free, enlightened, and prudent people. To enlightened, and prudent people. To tolerate it were to abandon your most tolerate it were to abandon your most precious interests. Not to subdue it were precious interests. Not to subdue it were to tolerate it.”-to tolerate it.”-Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton,

The Works of Alexander The Works of Alexander HamiltonHamilton

What did Hamilton mean by this quote?What did Hamilton mean by this quote?

Farmers were not upset only about the tax Farmers were not upset only about the tax on whiskey, but about their on whiskey, but about their underrepresentation in state legislatures!underrepresentation in state legislatures!

Identify 2 problems at home that Identify 2 problems at home that Washington faced and explain how he Washington faced and explain how he dealt with each of them.dealt with each of them.

Problems AbroadProblems Abroad

Key Question:Key Question:Why did events in Europe create problems Why did events in Europe create problems

for America?for America?

Analyze: Analyze: Describe how crises in Europe created Describe how crises in Europe created

challenges for the new American challenges for the new American government.government.

Problems at Home

Britain and FranceBritain and France

The U.S. was tied to Britain by TRADEThe U.S. was tied to Britain by TRADEFrance and the U.S. were allies with the France and the U.S. were allies with the

treaty of 1778. If France goes to war, the treaty of 1778. If France goes to war, the U.S. does, too. U.S. does, too.

French Revolution 1789French Revolution 1789 Liberty! Equality!Liberty! Equality! The French, inspired by The French, inspired by

the American Revolution, the American Revolution, revolt against their own revolt against their own government!government!

How do you think most How do you think most Americans reacted?Americans reacted?

Imagine being a ruling Imagine being a ruling monarch during this time monarch during this time period. How would you period. How would you have felt about this have felt about this revolution, following on revolution, following on the heels of the American the heels of the American Revolution?Revolution?

Problems in Europe

French Revolution Cont’dFrench Revolution Cont’d

Americans support it at Americans support it at first, until it turns so first, until it turns so bloody!bloody!

Other European Other European monarchs are fearful, monarchs are fearful, war declared on Britain, war declared on Britain, Holland and Spain by Holland and Spain by FranceFrance

France & Britain at WarFrance & Britain at War France had backed the France had backed the

AmericansAmericans

Jefferson (pro French) vs. Jefferson (pro French) vs. Hamilton (pro British)Hamilton (pro British)

Washington declares neutrality in 1793, Washington declares neutrality in 1793, Congress passed law in supportCongress passed law in support

Jefferson attacked for his support of Jefferson attacked for his support of France, tired of Washington supporting France, tired of Washington supporting Hamilton, resignsHamilton, resigns

Hard to stay neutral, British seizing Hard to stay neutral, British seizing American cargo on the seas from the American cargo on the seas from the French West Indies and impressing French West Indies and impressing American sailorsAmerican sailors

Jay’s Treaty 1794 Jay’s Treaty 1794 With Great BritainWith Great Britain

John Jay was sent to John Jay was sent to England for talksEngland for talks

British agree to leave British agree to leave Ohio Valley and pay for Ohio Valley and pay for damages to shippingdamages to shipping

British Caribbean trade British Caribbean trade not opened to Americans not opened to Americans and British could continue and British could continue fur trade on our side of fur trade on our side of the Canadian borderthe Canadian border

Highly criticized by Highly criticized by AmericansAmericans

Pinckney’s Treaty 1795 With SpainPinckney’s Treaty 1795 With Spain

Americans travel freely on Mississippi Americans travel freely on Mississippi River, important for trade!River, important for trade!

U.S. goods could be stored at New U.S. goods could be stored at New OrleansOrleans

Spain accepted the 31Spain accepted the 31stst parallel as the parallel as the northern boundary of Florida and southern northern boundary of Florida and southern boundary of the U.S.boundary of the U.S.

Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s TreatyJay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty

Added security to the U.S.Added security to the U.S.

Explain how both of the treaties helped Explain how both of the treaties helped secure the United States and protected secure the United States and protected their interests.their interests.

TreatyTreaty

Treaty (def.): Agreement, especially one Treaty (def.): Agreement, especially one between nations, signed and approved by between nations, signed and approved by each nation.each nation.

Impressment (def.): Forcing men into Impressment (def.): Forcing men into military servicemilitary service

Handling Problems Abroad

MapworkMapwork

Identify the following on your map:Identify the following on your map:

Mississippi RiverMississippi RiverNew OrleansNew Orleans

Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico Florida Florida Boundary between Spanish Florida and the Boundary between Spanish Florida and the

U.S.U.S. CaribbeanCaribbean

Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address

Analyze:Analyze:

Explain Washington’s major concerns as Explain Washington’s major concerns as he left office.he left office.

Washington warned against the dangers Washington warned against the dangers of political parties and sectionalism (being of political parties and sectionalism (being concerned with your area of the nation concerned with your area of the nation over national interests)over national interests)

He advised against permanent alliances He advised against permanent alliances with other nationswith other nations

Political PartiesPolitical Parties

Political Parties promote the interests of Political Parties promote the interests of their party and back candidates to run for their party and back candidates to run for officeoffice

Democratic-Republicans vs. FederalistsDemocratic-Republicans vs. Federalists

Who mostly supported each side?Who mostly supported each side?

John Adams 2John Adams 2ndnd President President

Key Question:Key Question:

What issues divided Americans during What issues divided Americans during Adams’ presidency?Adams’ presidency?

Adams vs. JeffersonAdams vs. Jefferson

Electoral Vote:Electoral Vote: Adams: 71Adams: 71 Jefferson: 68Jefferson: 68

Adams becomes PresidentAdams becomes President Jefferson Vice-President Jefferson Vice-President

What problems could exist What problems could exist with members of different with members of different parties holding the office of parties holding the office of President and Vice-President and Vice-President?President?

FranceFrance

Some Federalists want war with France!Some Federalists want war with France!Adams wants peaceAdams wants peaceAdams sends 3 representatives to go to Adams sends 3 representatives to go to

France for peace negotiationsFrance for peace negotiations

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

The French Foreign The French Foreign Minister Talleyrand Minister Talleyrand refuses to speak with refuses to speak with the U.S. diplomats the U.S. diplomats without first agreeing without first agreeing to loan France $10 to loan France $10 million and paying a million and paying a bribe of $250,000 and bribe of $250,000 and sent 3 men, XYZ to sent 3 men, XYZ to tell them!tell them!

Outrage!!!Outrage!!!

““Millions for defense,Millions for defense,

not one cent for tribute!”not one cent for tribute!”

U.S. cancels its treaties with FranceU.S. cancels its treaties with FranceAllowed U.S. ships to seize French shipsAllowed U.S. ships to seize French shipsCongress sets aside $$$ to expand the Congress sets aside $$$ to expand the

armed forces & prepare for war!armed forces & prepare for war!

French ConflictFrench Conflict

Adams and the Federalists gain supportAdams and the Federalists gain supportDemocratic-Republican newspapers Democratic-Republican newspapers

criticized Adamscriticized AdamsAdams upset with D-R newspapers and Adams upset with D-R newspapers and

new immigrants sympathetic to their party new immigrants sympathetic to their party

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

Adams supports passage by CongressAdams supports passage by CongressTargeted aliens, changing the wait period Targeted aliens, changing the wait period

to become a U.S. citizen from 5 to 14 to become a U.S. citizen from 5 to 14 yearsyears

The president could deport any alien The president could deport any alien considered dangerousconsidered dangerous

The president could round up and The president could round up and imprison enemy aliens during wartimeimprison enemy aliens during wartime

Sedition BillSedition Bill

Threatened to fine and imprison anyone whoThreatened to fine and imprison anyone who

““shall write, print, utter or publish…scandalous shall write, print, utter or publish…scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either government of the United States, or either

House of the Congress…or the President…with House of the Congress…or the President…with intent to defame…or to bring them…into intent to defame…or to bring them…into

contempt or disrepute: or to excite agaisnt contempt or disrepute: or to excite agaisnt them…the hatred of the good people of the them…the hatred of the good people of the

United States.” United States.”

Kentucky and Virginia ResolutionsKentucky and Virginia Resolutions

By Jefferson and Madison to fight the By Jefferson and Madison to fight the Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

States Rights: States could nullify, or States Rights: States could nullify, or cancel, any act of Congress they consider cancel, any act of Congress they consider unconstitutionalunconstitutional

What Happened?What Happened?

Naturalization Act was repealed in 1802 Naturalization Act was repealed in 1802 and the other three acts, enacted a two and the other three acts, enacted a two year expiration date were allowed to lapse year expiration date were allowed to lapse in 1800in 1800

Convention of 1800:Convention of 1800:Peace With FrancePeace With France

Stopped all naval attacks between the two Stopped all naval attacks between the two nationsnations

France:France:Accepts U.S. neutrality rights at seaAccepts U.S. neutrality rights at seaDischarged the U.S. from its obligations Discharged the U.S. from its obligations

under the alliance formed during the under the alliance formed during the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

U.S. gives France a most-favored nation U.S. gives France a most-favored nation status as a trade partnerstatus as a trade partner

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Foreign Policy (def.): relations with the Foreign Policy (def.): relations with the governments of other governments.governments of other governments.

How would you describe the foreign policy of How would you describe the foreign policy of Washington?Washington?

Adams?Adams?

PowersPowers

Delegated Powers (def.): Powers clearly Delegated Powers (def.): Powers clearly given to the national government by the given to the national government by the U.S. Constitution.U.S. Constitution.

Reserved Powers (def.): Powers NOT Reserved Powers (def.): Powers NOT clearly given to the national government clearly given to the national government by the U.S. Constitution or denied to the by the U.S. Constitution or denied to the states, belong to the statesstates, belong to the states

Amendment 10, 1791Amendment 10, 1791

““the powers not delegated to the United the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited States by the Constitution, nor prohibited

by it to the States, are reserved to the by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”States respectively, or to the people.”

Elastic ClauseElastic Clause

Chapter 8 EssayChapter 8 Essay

1.1. Identify and explain two Identify and explain two arguments of the Anti-arguments of the Anti-Federalists.Federalists.

2.2. Identify two weaknesses under Identify two weaknesses under the Articles of Confederation and the Articles of Confederation and explain why each was a explain why each was a weakness.weakness.