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Explain in complete sentences what are pros and cons of nuclear energy use.

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EXPLAIN WHAT IS THE NATURAL ORGANIC FARMING.

USE FACTUAL DATA

Drilling in the ANWR

Oil in PerspectiveOil in PerspectiveIn 2001, the U.S. consumption of oil was at a rate of 19 million barrels per In 2001, the U.S. consumption of oil was at a rate of 19 million barrels per day, which annually adds up to over 7 billion barrels day, which annually adds up to over 7 billion barrels

This 7 billion barrel annual consumption rate makes up over 25% of the This 7 billion barrel annual consumption rate makes up over 25% of the yearly world consumption rate of 24 barrels, despite the domestic oil yearly world consumption rate of 24 barrels, despite the domestic oil reserves of the U.S. accounting for only 3% of the world’s total oil reserves.reserves of the U.S. accounting for only 3% of the world’s total oil reserves.

With such a lack of domestic production, the U.S. is forced to import over With such a lack of domestic production, the U.S. is forced to import over half of all the oil it consumes, with half of these imports coming from OPEC half of all the oil it consumes, with half of these imports coming from OPEC countriescountries

In midsummer 2001, with oil prices at $24 per barrel, the U.S. was spending In midsummer 2001, with oil prices at $24 per barrel, the U.S. was spending $210 million per day on imported oil, which would add to nearly $80 billion $210 million per day on imported oil, which would add to nearly $80 billion per year if the price per barrel consistently stayed at $24 per barrelper year if the price per barrel consistently stayed at $24 per barrel

This reliance on imported oil makes up 1/3 of the annual U.S. trade deficitThis reliance on imported oil makes up 1/3 of the annual U.S. trade deficit

The U.S. has exploited its oil reserves longer than any The U.S. has exploited its oil reserves longer than any other nation, resulting in the cost of producing a barrel other nation, resulting in the cost of producing a barrel of oil in the existing U.S. reserves being more than of oil in the existing U.S. reserves being more than anywhere elseanywhere else

Domestic oil production is expected to fall dramatically Domestic oil production is expected to fall dramatically over the next decade as existing fields are exhausted over the next decade as existing fields are exhausted and relatively few new reserves are discovered and relatively few new reserves are discovered

This puts the U.S. in a position to have an even larger This puts the U.S. in a position to have an even larger reliance on imported oil, furthering the already high reliance on imported oil, furthering the already high security risks which are related to oil dependencesecurity risks which are related to oil dependence

One near-sighted proposal to help reduce our foreign One near-sighted proposal to help reduce our foreign dependence on oil has been to drill for oil in the Arctic dependence on oil has been to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, located on the western half of National Wildlife Refuge, located on the western half of the oil rich North Slope of Alaskathe oil rich North Slope of Alaska

History of Drilling on the North History of Drilling on the North SlopeSlope

Interest in the oil resources of northern Alaska began with reports in the Interest in the oil resources of northern Alaska began with reports in the early 1900s of surface oil seeps along the arctic coast east of Point Barrow early 1900s of surface oil seeps along the arctic coast east of Point Barrow

During World War II, the entire North Slope of Alaska - 48.8 million acres - During World War II, the entire North Slope of Alaska - 48.8 million acres - was withdrawn from entry under the public land laws and thus held for was withdrawn from entry under the public land laws and thus held for exclusive use by the U.S. government for military purposes. Extensive exclusive use by the U.S. government for military purposes. Extensive government-sponsored exploration for oil and gas occurred in the NPR-A government-sponsored exploration for oil and gas occurred in the NPR-A during the 1940-1950sduring the 1940-1950s

In the 1950s, post-war construction and accelerating resource development In the 1950s, post-war construction and accelerating resource development across Alaska raised concerns about the potential loss of this region's across Alaska raised concerns about the potential loss of this region's special natural values special natural values

In 1952-53, government scientists conducted a comprehensive survey of In 1952-53, government scientists conducted a comprehensive survey of potential conservation areas in Alaska. Their report, "The Last Great potential conservation areas in Alaska. Their report, "The Last Great Wilderness," identified the undisturbed northeast corner of Alaska as the Wilderness," identified the undisturbed northeast corner of Alaska as the best opportunity for protection, which eventually led to the establishment of best opportunity for protection, which eventually led to the establishment of ANWRANWR

In 1923, the 23-million acre Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 was established in In 1923, the 23-million acre Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 was established in northwestern Alaska to secure a supply of oil for future national security needs. northwestern Alaska to secure a supply of oil for future national security needs. That area was later renamed the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A)That area was later renamed the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A)

In 1960, 8.9 million acres of coastal plain and mountains of northeast Alaska In 1960, 8.9 million acres of coastal plain and mountains of northeast Alaska were designated as the Arctic National Wildlife Range to protect its "unique were designated as the Arctic National Wildlife Range to protect its "unique wildlife, wilderness and recreation valueswildlife, wilderness and recreation values”

The largest oil field in North The largest oil field in North America was discovered on state America was discovered on state land in the Prudhoe Bay area in land in the Prudhoe Bay area in 1968, and additional petroleum 1968, and additional petroleum discoveries have more recently discoveries have more recently been made on Alaska's North been made on Alaska's North Slope Slope

For 2-1/2 decades, Alaska oil has For 2-1/2 decades, Alaska oil has supplied 20% of America’s supplied 20% of America’s domestic production, a $260 billion domestic production, a $260 billion offset to the annual trade deficitoffset to the annual trade deficit

Oil is transported from the North Slope by the 800-mile Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez in south-central Alaska, where it is then transferred to oil tankers

Emergence of the ANWREmergence of the ANWRIn 1980, the Alaska National Interest In 1980, the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) was Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) was passed which doubled the size of passed which doubled the size of ANWR and designated most of the ANWR and designated most of the original range as wildernessoriginal range as wilderness

Part of the range that was not Part of the range that was not designated as protected wilderness is designated as protected wilderness is known as the “1002 Area,” which known as the “1002 Area,” which would be either designated as would be either designated as Wilderness or be permitted to be used Wilderness or be permitted to be used for oil development based on studies for oil development based on studies conductedconducted

The studies showed that oil The studies showed that oil development in the 1002 area would development in the 1002 area would have major effects on habitats and have major effects on habitats and species, and legislative approval for oil species, and legislative approval for oil exploration has not been approved exploration has not been approved sincesince

Potential Usage for ANWRPotential Usage for ANWR

1998- United States Geological Survey released a report 1998- United States Geological Survey released a report regarding the oil and gas potential for the 1002 area of regarding the oil and gas potential for the 1002 area of the ANWR the ANWR

Estimated between 11.6 and 31.5 billion barrels of oil Estimated between 11.6 and 31.5 billion barrels of oil within the 1002 area (95% and 5% probabilities) Mean= within the 1002 area (95% and 5% probabilities) Mean= 20.7 (These numbers didn’t take into consideration the 20.7 (These numbers didn’t take into consideration the recoverability of the resources)recoverability of the resources)

Estimated between 4.3 and 11.8 billion barrels of Estimated between 4.3 and 11.8 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil reserves (Again 95% and 5% technically recoverable oil reserves (Again 95% and 5% probabilities) Mean=7.7 (These numbers were estimated probabilities) Mean=7.7 (These numbers were estimated using the current state of technology of oil extraction, so using the current state of technology of oil extraction, so as techniques get more advanced, mean could increase)as techniques get more advanced, mean could increase)

Assuming a $22 per barrel price, annual Alaska revenues from ANWR oil Assuming a $22 per barrel price, annual Alaska revenues from ANWR oil production could peak at over $800 million during heavy extraction after production could peak at over $800 million during heavy extraction after taking into account a 50% federal royalty (Assuming 10 billion barrels were taking into account a 50% federal royalty (Assuming 10 billion barrels were recovered)recovered)

Over 25,000 jobs would be created in Alaska alone during the peak of Over 25,000 jobs would be created in Alaska alone during the peak of extraction (17 yrs after the first barrel is pumped)extraction (17 yrs after the first barrel is pumped)

74% of the technically recoverable oil lies on federally owned 1002 land 74% of the technically recoverable oil lies on federally owned 1002 land (instead of state and private lands)(instead of state and private lands)

Use of field presumed to be 50 yrs based on the 7.7 billion mean, however Use of field presumed to be 50 yrs based on the 7.7 billion mean, however many other sources estimate only 3 billion barrels of technically extractable many other sources estimate only 3 billion barrels of technically extractable oil from 1002oil from 1002

Would bring large advances in technology along the Northern Slope along Would bring large advances in technology along the Northern Slope along with improvements in infrastructurewith improvements in infrastructure

Potential Downsides to ANWR Potential Downsides to ANWR DrillingDrilling

First barrel of oil wouldn’t be First barrel of oil wouldn’t be produced for most likely a produced for most likely a decade, thus not doing decade, thus not doing anything about short-term anything about short-term reliance on imported oilreliance on imported oil

Even if the first barrel could be Even if the first barrel could be produced tomorrow, pumping produced tomorrow, pumping out more oil is not the answer out more oil is not the answer to ridding of oil dependenceto ridding of oil dependence

ANWR is the last corner of ANWR is the last corner of North America untouched by North America untouched by human activity, with the most human activity, with the most pristine environment aroundpristine environment around

On WildlifeOn Wildlife

Drilling could have adverse effects on the abundant caribou, Drilling could have adverse effects on the abundant caribou, muskoxen, and polar bear populationsmuskoxen, and polar bear populations

reduction in the amount and quality of preferred forage available reduction in the amount and quality of preferred forage available

restricted access to important coastal habitats restricted access to important coastal habitats

exposure to higher predationexposure to higher predation

alteration of ancient migratory patterns, the effects on nature which alteration of ancient migratory patterns, the effects on nature which we can not predict we can not predict

the current rate of reportable spills on Alaska’s North Slope is about the current rate of reportable spills on Alaska’s North Slope is about one per every 18 hours, severely endangering wildlifeone per every 18 hours, severely endangering wildlife

Whether the oil technically available in the Arctic Whether the oil technically available in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is 3 billion barrels or 12 National Wildlife Refuge is 3 billion barrels or 12 billion barrels, the drilling will do practically billion barrels, the drilling will do practically nothing to alleviate U.S. dependence on oil nothing to alleviate U.S. dependence on oil imports, in both the current and long termsimports, in both the current and long terms

Has the potential to severely damage a pristine Has the potential to severely damage a pristine environmental habitats along with wildlifeenvironmental habitats along with wildlife

There is a much better means to rid ourselves of There is a much better means to rid ourselves of import dependency……….import dependency……….

Efficiency, Efficiency (Short Term) Efficiency, Efficiency (Short Term)

Requiring replacement tires on cars and light trucks that roll as Requiring replacement tires on cars and light trucks that roll as smoothly as original equipment tires – 100 million barrels/yrsmoothly as original equipment tires – 100 million barrels/yr

Ensuring optimal tire pressure – 60 million barrels/yrEnsuring optimal tire pressure – 60 million barrels/yr

Commuting cars carry just ONE more person ONCE a week – 60 Commuting cars carry just ONE more person ONCE a week – 60 million barrels/yrmillion barrels/yr

Ensuring correct fuel octane is used – 24 million barrels/yrEnsuring correct fuel octane is used – 24 million barrels/yr

Stopping the U.S.’s part in the annual dumping of over 700 million Stopping the U.S.’s part in the annual dumping of over 700 million gallons of oil into the oceangallons of oil into the ocean

These simple efficiency measures would completely displace Iraqi oilThese simple efficiency measures would completely displace Iraqi oilimportsimports

Efficiency (Long Term)Efficiency (Long Term)Energy Conservation!!Energy Conservation!!

More fuel efficient cars- Congress should raise fuel economy standards, More fuel efficient cars- Congress should raise fuel economy standards, starting with closing the sport utility vehicle loophole by holding SUVs and starting with closing the sport utility vehicle loophole by holding SUVs and minivans to the same fuel economy standards as cars minivans to the same fuel economy standards as cars

Congress should then boost fuel economy standards for the combined car Congress should then boost fuel economy standards for the combined car and light truck fleet in regular steps every few years and light truck fleet in regular steps every few years

A 40-mpg standard would save more than 50 billion barrels over the next 50 A 40-mpg standard would save more than 50 billion barrels over the next 50 years, more than 15 times the likely yield of economically recoverable oil years, more than 15 times the likely yield of economically recoverable oil from the Arctic Refuge from the Arctic Refuge

Raising fuel economy standards to 40 mpg would save car owners $3,000 Raising fuel economy standards to 40 mpg would save car owners $3,000 to $5,000 at the gas pump over the life of their cars, more than offsetting to $5,000 at the gas pump over the life of their cars, more than offsetting increased vehicle costsincreased vehicle costs

Increasing the fuel efficiency of cars has proven to be the key in Increasing the fuel efficiency of cars has proven to be the key in reducing not only the dependence on imported oil, but oil in generalreducing not only the dependence on imported oil, but oil in general

1975-CAFE standards mandated pushed cars from 13 mpg to 27.5 1975-CAFE standards mandated pushed cars from 13 mpg to 27.5 mpg in 1986, saving 5 million barrels of oil per daympg in 1986, saving 5 million barrels of oil per day

During this period, overall oil imports dropped by 42%, with an 87% During this period, overall oil imports dropped by 42%, with an 87% decrease in imports from the Persian Gulf, while GDP rose 27%decrease in imports from the Persian Gulf, while GDP rose 27%

CAFE standards were rolled back by President Reagan, which CAFE standards were rolled back by President Reagan, which doubled the amount of imports from the Persian Gulfdoubled the amount of imports from the Persian Gulf

If the U.S. continued enforcing the CAFE standards of 1975-1985, If the U.S. continued enforcing the CAFE standards of 1975-1985, the U.S. would no longer have a need for Persian Gulf oilthe U.S. would no longer have a need for Persian Gulf oil

Other meansOther means

Faster deployment of hybrid and fuel cell technologies Faster deployment of hybrid and fuel cell technologies

Increasing use of insulation within homes to reduce Increasing use of insulation within homes to reduce thermostat usagethermostat usage

promote public transportation and "smart growth" promote public transportation and "smart growth" development patterns that reduce driving, cut gasoline development patterns that reduce driving, cut gasoline use, and offer a better quality of lifeuse, and offer a better quality of life

But the ultimate answer to reducing U.S. dependence on But the ultimate answer to reducing U.S. dependence on foreign oil, along with other societal problems such as foreign oil, along with other societal problems such as poverty, hunger, crime, lack of quality education, lack of poverty, hunger, crime, lack of quality education, lack of sleep, sexual infertility and every other problem is the…. sleep, sexual infertility and every other problem is the….

GAS GAS TAX!TAX!

ConclusionConclusion

Drilling in ANWR would increase reserves by an almost insignificant Drilling in ANWR would increase reserves by an almost insignificant amountamount

The proposal is extremely near-sighted, and does nothing to The proposal is extremely near-sighted, and does nothing to decrease U.S. dependence on oil, including importeddecrease U.S. dependence on oil, including imported

The amount of oil that is technically recoverable isn’t worth the risk The amount of oil that is technically recoverable isn’t worth the risk that such a pristine habitat and the wildlife within it are put at from oil that such a pristine habitat and the wildlife within it are put at from oil drillingdrilling

Oil is not going to be around forever, sooner or later conservation Oil is not going to be around forever, sooner or later conservation and higher efficiency will have to be undertaken in response to and higher efficiency will have to be undertaken in response to reduced supply, and measures to increase efficiency in all aspects reduced supply, and measures to increase efficiency in all aspects of energy consumption have been long overdueof energy consumption have been long overdue