Bellchallenge: Which is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Label ALL the similarities and differences between the two. (hint: use Venn diagram)

Bacteria Cell (Prokaryotic)

Plant Cell (Eukaryotic)

IAN

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Review Cell Theory• All living things are composed of cells

• Cell are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

• New cell are produced from existing cells

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Agenda Monday1/31/2011

• Ch. 18 Classification ppt IAN (slides 3-33)

• HW: Ch. 18 Classification notes questions IAN

• Ch. 18 Classification Quiz or test Wednesday

• IAN Check Thursday

Classification of Living Things

Chapter 18

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______________ total of all the living things in an ecosystem

___________ population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other

BIODIVERSITY

SPECIES

Biologists have identified and named over______________ species so far.

Estimates = between 2-100 million species yet be discovered

1.5 million

http://www.millan.net 

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WHY CLASSIFY?• Identifies and names organisms

• Groups organisms in a logical manner

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms

TAXONOMY

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Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance helps make sense of relationships.

BIRD . . . ?

Image from: http://www.flagsplus.com/flags/21778_bird_collage.jpg

An animal with feathers

A good classification system: places organisms in a group with other organisms that are similar

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A good classification system:

• Uses names that are _________

• Can ________ as new data is discovered

• Shows ________________ of organisms

UNIQUE

CHANGE

RELATIONSHIPS

The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher ____________ more than 2000 years ago. Grouped based on size and location. (not good enough)

ARISTOTLE

(300 B.C.)

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Common Names vs. Scientific NamesCommon names can vary

Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar . . . are all names for same animal

Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg

By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism

Example: Chipmunk, Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) 8

Common names can be misleading

Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal!

Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is!

In the United Kingdom,BUZZARD refers to a hawk

In the United States,BUZZARD refers to a vulture.

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By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing.

Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species.

Latin and Greek

EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-

mucronatis

•Names too hard and long to remember!

“oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles”

•Different scientists described differentcharacteristics.

PROBLEMS:

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Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue!

Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system:

Linnaeus’s SystemThis system is still used

today!

(1707-1778)

Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR ____________

Each organism has a two part scientific name = _________________________BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

TAXONS

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Kingdom (broad)Phylum

ClassOrder

Family Genus

Species (specfic)

Kids PreferCheeseOverFriedGreenSpinach

Linneaus System of Classification

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KingdomPhylum

Class Order

Family Genus

Species

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Carnivora

Felidae

Panthera

leohttp://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg

Lion

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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE(2-name naming system)

1st name = _______________– Always capitalized

2nd name = _________________–Always lower case

Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.

GENUS NAME

SPECIES NAME

UNDERLINED ITALICS

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GENUS = group of closely related species

GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears)

SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear

Ursusarctos

Ursusmaritimus

Ursusamericanis

Humans:

Homo sapiensHomo sapiens or15

MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

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Which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT when

grouping?16

Look at these 3 organisms:

LIMPET

CRAB

BARNACLE

http://greatescapetravel.com/album/MAUI2001/pages/molokini_kona_crab.htmlhttp://nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/barnacle.jpghttp://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/

Should a dolphin be grouped with fish because it has fins and lives in water?

OR with mammals because itbreathes air and makes milk for its young?

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Judging by appearances you would probably put limpets and barnacles together in a group and crabs in a different group.

BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!

BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006

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LIMPET

CRAB

BARNACLE

Look more closely!

Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.

Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T !

Barnacles have a segmented bodyLimpets DON’T !

Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.Limpets DON’T !

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LIMPET

CRAB BARNACLE

Look more closely!

Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar

Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS !

Barnacles have a segmented bodySo do CRABS !

Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.So do CRABS ! 20

LIMPET SNAIL

http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/

Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS.

Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS

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BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS

Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

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MODERN TAXONOMYGrouping organisms based on their evolutionary history = _________________Evolutionary classification

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The study of an organism’s evolutionary history= _____________phylogeny

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Derived characters can be used to construct a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms = ________

cladogram

Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

____________is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”.

Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members

= __________________Derived characters

CLADISTICS

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Derived characters appear at branches of the cladogram showing where they first arose.

Cladograms help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another

All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences.

Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits.

EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth.

DNA and RNA25

GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular level.

Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships between organisms.

http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif26

Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________

Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move.

MYOSIN

http://universe-review.ca/I11-32-yeast.jpg

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Similarities in DNA can be used to help show evolutionary relationships and how species have changed.

Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

African vulture American vulture Stork

Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family.Storks were put in a separate family.

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American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off

Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

African vulture American vulture Stork

The only other bird that does this is the STORK.

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DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures

Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

African vulture American vulture Stork

recent common ancestor

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Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time

A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently

= ________________MOLECULAR CLOCK

____________ occur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code.

Degree of _________ is an indication of how long ago two species shared a common ancestor

Mutations

dissimilarity

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Different genes accumulate mutations at different rates so there are many molecular clocks “ticking”.

http://www.kahlert.com/web/images/tech_clock.gif

Allows scientists to time different kinds of evolutionary events, like using different hands on a clock.

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Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

Use this diagram to answer # 23-25 in questions

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Image Sources

 http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif

http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/

http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html

http://www.gifs.net

 http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm

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http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/platypus.gif

http://www.drtoy.com/news/

http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif

http://www.madlantern.com/clipart/cindexw.htm

http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif

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http://www.gifs.net

 http://www.dallas-zoo.org/featured/featured.asp?page=wc

http://www.animationlibrary.com

http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg

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