BELLADONNABELLADONNASynonyms:Synonyms: Belladonna Herb, Belladonna Belladonna Herb, Belladonna

Leaf, Belladonnae Herba, Deadly Leaf, Belladonnae Herba, Deadly Nightshade Leaves, Folia BelladonnaeNightshade Leaves, Folia Belladonnae

Botanical source:Botanical source: Belladonna consists of the Belladonna consists of the leaves and other aerial parts of leaves and other aerial parts of Atropa Atropa

belladonnabelladonna Linn. of the family Solanaceae, Linn. of the family Solanaceae, collected when the plant is in flower.collected when the plant is in flower.

Geographical source:Geographical source: The plant is The plant is indigenous to central and southern Europe indigenous to central and southern Europe

and is cultivated in England, other and is cultivated in England, other European countries and the United States European countries and the United States

of America.of America.

Chemical constituents:Chemical constituents: 0.2 to 0.6 percent tropanc alkaloids, the 0.2 to 0.6 percent tropanc alkaloids, the principal one being hyoscyamine.principal one being hyoscyamine.small amounts of some other tropane small amounts of some other tropane alkaloids alkaloids and some volatile bases.and some volatile bases.Uses:1. Belladonna is used externally as a painkiller 2. It is used internally to check excessive secretions, as a sedative and antispasmodic. 3.It is a mydriatic drug 4. It also acts as a local aesthetic and anodyne.

CLOVECLOVE Synonyms:Synonyms: Caryophyllum, Caryophyllus, Caryophylli Caryophyllum, Caryophyllus, Caryophylli Botanical source:Botanical source: Clove is the dried flower buds of Clove is the dried flower buds of

Eugerua caryophyllusEugerua caryophyllus. Spraque, and evergreen tree of the . Spraque, and evergreen tree of the family Myrtaceae.family Myrtaceae.

Geographical source:Geographical source: Eugenia caryophyllus is indigenous Eugenia caryophyllus is indigenous to Molucca islands and is now commercially cultivated in to Molucca islands and is now commercially cultivated in Zanzibar and Pamba (Tanzania) Islands and also in many Zanzibar and Pamba (Tanzania) Islands and also in many other Island countries of the world.other Island countries of the world.

Chemical constituents:Chemical constituents: -15 to 20 percent of volatile oil, the chief constituent of -15 to 20 percent of volatile oil, the chief constituent of

which is eugenol. which is eugenol. -It also contains -vanillin, -It also contains -vanillin, -10 to 13 percent of tannin, terpenic acid, -10 to 13 percent of tannin, terpenic acid,

gum, resin and a crystalline substance called caryophyllingum, resin and a crystalline substance called caryophyllin

Uses:Uses: Clove is used as an aromatic Clove is used as an aromatic

stimulant, antispasmodic and stimulant, antispasmodic and carminative and for the preparation carminative and for the preparation of Clove oil.of Clove oil.

NUX-VOMICANUX-VOMICA

Synonyms:Synonyms: Strychni Semina, Crow Strychni Semina, Crow Fig.Fig.

Botanical source:Botanical source: Nux-vomica Nux-vomica consists of the dried seeds of consists of the dried seeds of Strychnos nux-vomicaStrychnos nux-vomica Linn., a small Linn., a small tree of the family Loganiaceae.tree of the family Loganiaceae.

Geographical source:Geographical source: plant grows plant grows wild in India, West Indies and wild in India, West Indies and Cameroon and sporadically in Cameroon and sporadically in Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.

Chemical constituents:Chemical constituents: The seed drug Nux-vomica contains the indole The seed drug Nux-vomica contains the indole

alkaloids, strychnine (about 1.24 %) and brucine alkaloids, strychnine (about 1.24 %) and brucine (about 1.5 %). (about 1.5 %).

2. It also contains caffeotannic acid, a glycoside, 2. It also contains caffeotannic acid, a glycoside, loganin and a fixed oil.loganin and a fixed oil.

Uses:Uses: It is used as a tonic and stomachic and is given in It is used as a tonic and stomachic and is given in

constipation. constipation. It increases blood pressure. Thus it is also useful in It increases blood pressure. Thus it is also useful in

certain cases of heart failurecertain cases of heart failure In large doses it causes convulsions and thus is In large doses it causes convulsions and thus is

used in pharmacological research.used in pharmacological research.

CINCHONACINCHONA

Synonyms:Synonyms: Cinchona Bark, Peruvian Bark, Cinchona Bark, Peruvian Bark, Cinchonae CortexCinchonae Cortex

Botanical sourceBotanical source: Cinchona consists of the dried : Cinchona consists of the dried bark of various species, races and hybrids of bark of various species, races and hybrids of Cirichona, particularly of Cirichona, particularly of Cinchona succirubraCinchona succirubra Pavon Pavon (Red Cinchona), Cinchona calisaya Weddell (Yellow (Red Cinchona), Cinchona calisaya Weddell (Yellow Cinchona), Cinchona ledgeriafla Moens, and Cinchona), Cinchona ledgeriafla Moens, and Cinchona officinalis Linn. Cirichona species are Cinchona officinalis Linn. Cirichona species are large trees. They belong to the family Rubiaceae.large trees. They belong to the family Rubiaceae.

Geographical source:Geographical source: Cinchona is indigenous to Cinchona is indigenous to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia and cultivated Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia and cultivated commercially in Java (Indonesia) and India. commercially in Java (Indonesia) and India.

Constituents:Constituents: Cinchona bark contains four important Cinchona bark contains four important

quinoline alkaloids, which are quinine, quinoline alkaloids, which are quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine. quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine.

It also contains quinic acid, cinchotannic It also contains quinic acid, cinchotannic acid, cinchona red and many minor alkaloids. acid, cinchona red and many minor alkaloids.

Uses:Uses: Cinchona possesses febrifuge properties and Cinchona possesses febrifuge properties and

has been used in the treatment of malaria has been used in the treatment of malaria feverfever

RAUWOLFIARAUWOLFIA

Synonyms:Synonyms: Rauwolfia Serpentina, Rauwolfia Serpentina, Rauwolfia Root, Indian Snri’ root, Rauwolfia Root, Indian Snri’ root, Sarpagondha, ChhotachandSarpagondha, Chhotachand

Botanical source:Botanical source: Rauwolfia consists of Rauwolfia consists of the dried roots the dried roots Rauvolfia serpentinaRauvolfia serpentina Benth., a large shrub of the farnil, Benth., a large shrub of the farnil, Apocynaceae.Apocynaceae.

Geographical source:Geographical source: The Plant is The Plant is indigenous to Bangladesh, India, Burma, indigenous to Bangladesh, India, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.

Chemical constituents:Chemical constituents: Rauwolfia contains 1.2 to 1.4 percent of total Rauwolfia contains 1.2 to 1.4 percent of total

indole alkaloids , the most important of which indole alkaloids , the most important of which are rcscrpjne, descrpidine and recinnamine.are rcscrpjne, descrpidine and recinnamine.

It also includes resinous matter, fatty acids, It also includes resinous matter, fatty acids, unsaturated alcohols, dextrose and sucrose.unsaturated alcohols, dextrose and sucrose.

Uses:Uses: It is used in reducing high blood pressureIt is used in reducing high blood pressure it is also used as a sedative in the treatment it is also used as a sedative in the treatment

of insomnia, anxiety, insanity and certain of insomnia, anxiety, insanity and certain other neurophychiatric dishorders.other neurophychiatric dishorders.

OPIUMOPIUM

Biological source:Biological source: Opium is the dried Opium is the dried latex obtained from the mature but unripe latex obtained from the mature but unripe capsules of Opium poppy, capsules of Opium poppy, Papaver Papaver somniferum Linnsomniferum Linn., a cultivated annual ., a cultivated annual plant of the family Papaveraceae.plant of the family Papaveraceae.

Geographical source:Geographical source: The official The official geographical sources of the drug are geographical sources of the drug are Turkey, Russia, Yugoslavia and India, where Turkey, Russia, Yugoslavia and India, where the plant is cultivated under strict the plant is cultivated under strict Government control. The drug is also Government control. The drug is also produced in China, Iran and some South-produced in China, Iran and some South-Eastern Asian countries. Eastern Asian countries.

Chemical constituents:Chemical constituents: It contains It contains 25% of isoquinolone alkaloids, the most important of which 25% of isoquinolone alkaloids, the most important of which

is morphine.is morphine. 4-8 % narcotine4-8 % narcotine 0.8-2.5 % codeine0.8-2.5 % codeine 0.5-2.5 % papaverine0.5-2.5 % papaverine 0.5-2.0% thebaine.0.5-2.0% thebaine. It also contains meconic acid, meconin, resin and gum.It also contains meconic acid, meconin, resin and gum. Uses:Uses: Opium is a narcotic drug. It is chiefly used as a strong Opium is a narcotic drug. It is chiefly used as a strong

analgesic agent to relieve pain.analgesic agent to relieve pain. It is also used as a hypnotic drug and as a diaphoretic.It is also used as a hypnotic drug and as a diaphoretic.

ALOEALOE

Biological source:Biological source: Aloe consists of the evaporated Aloe consists of the evaporated juice, which drains from the cut leaves of various juice, which drains from the cut leaves of various species of Aloe (Fanuly Liliaceae). According to their species of Aloe (Fanuly Liliaceae). According to their natural sources, the following thi commercial natural sources, the following thi commercial varieties of Aloe are recognised. varieties of Aloe are recognised.

1. Cape aloe (obtained from Aloe ferox Mill.)1. Cape aloe (obtained from Aloe ferox Mill.) 2. Curacao aloe (obtained from Aloe vera Linn.)2. Curacao aloe (obtained from Aloe vera Linn.) 3. Socotrinc aloe (obtained from Aloe perryi Baker)3. Socotrinc aloe (obtained from Aloe perryi Baker) Geographical source:Geographical source: Aloe plants are indigenously Aloe plants are indigenously

grown various East African countries and in South grown various East African countries and in South Africa. They are cultivated in West Indian Islands.Africa. They are cultivated in West Indian Islands.

Chemical constituents:Chemical constituents: 1. The principal constituents of Aloe 1. The principal constituents of Aloe

are anthraquinone giveosides, the are anthraquinone giveosides, the most important of which is barbaloin. most important of which is barbaloin.

2. The others include iso-barbaloin, 2. The others include iso-barbaloin, Beta-barbaloin and aloe-emodin. Beta-barbaloin and aloe-emodin.

3. Aloe also contains a pale yellow 3. Aloe also contains a pale yellow volatile oil and resin.volatile oil and resin.

Uses:Uses: 1. Aloe is used as a cathartic 1. Aloe is used as a cathartic drug. It is a valuable purgative in drug. It is a valuable purgative in different forms of constipation, different forms of constipation, particularly the habitual constipation. particularly the habitual constipation.

2. Aloe is also used as a 2. Aloe is also used as a pharmaceutic necessity in Compound pharmaceutic necessity in Compound Benzoin Tincture. Benzoin Tincture.

ACACIAACACIA

Synonyms:Synonyms: Acacia Gum, Gum Arabic, Acaciae Acacia Gum, Gum Arabic, Acaciae GummiGummi

Biological source:Biological source: Acacia consists of the Acacia consists of the dried gummy exudate from the stems and dried gummy exudate from the stems and branches of Acacia senegal Wild and branches of Acacia senegal Wild and otherrelated African species of Acacia. They otherrelated African species of Acacia. They belong to the familybelong to the family

Leguminosae.Leguminosae. Geographical source:Geographical source: Acacia plants grow Acacia plants grow

freely in both East and West African countries. freely in both East and West African countries.

Chemical constituents:Chemical constituents: The The principal constituent of Acacia is principal constituent of Acacia is arabin, which is a complex mixture of arabin, which is a complex mixture of calcium, potassium and magnesium calcium, potassium and magnesium salts of arabic acid. On hydrolysis it salts of arabic acid. On hydrolysis it yields L- arabnose, L-rhamnose, yields L- arabnose, L-rhamnose, galactose and glucuronic units.galactose and glucuronic units.

Uses:Uses: Acacia is used as a suspending Acacia is used as a suspending

agent,agent, a demulcent and in tablet a demulcent and in tablet

granulation. granulation. It is a gum of choice for It is a gum of choice for

pharmaceutical preparations.pharmaceutical preparations.

DRUGS OF ANIMAL ORIGINDRUGS OF ANIMAL ORIGINCOD-LIVER OILCOD-LIVER OIL

Synonyms:Synonyms: Oleum Morrhuae, Morrhua oil Oleum Morrhuae, Morrhua oil Biological source:Biological source: Cod-liver oil is obtained by Cod-liver oil is obtained by

extracting the fresh liver of the cod, Gadus extracting the fresh liver of the cod, Gadus morrhua Linn. and other species of Gadus (Family morrhua Linn. and other species of Gadus (Family Gadidae).Gadidae).

Geographical source:Geographical source: North coast of Norway, North coast of Norway, Newfoundl and Iceland are the principal sources Newfoundl and Iceland are the principal sources of the Cod-liver oil.of the Cod-liver oil.

Macroscopical and microscopical charactersMacroscopical and microscopical characters: : Cod-liver oil is a pale yellow oily liquid with a fishy Cod-liver oil is a pale yellow oily liquid with a fishy odor and a bland fishy taste. It is slightly soluble odor and a bland fishy taste. It is slightly soluble in alcohol, but miscible with chloroform, ether in alcohol, but miscible with chloroform, ether and light petroleum. The specific gravity of the oil and light petroleum. The specific gravity of the oil varies from 0.922 to 0.929. It remains clear on varies from 0.922 to 0.929. It remains clear on standing for three hours at 0°C. standing for three hours at 0°C.

Chemical constituents:Chemical constituents: Cod-liver oil Cod-liver oil contains about of glycosides of unsaturated contains about of glycosides of unsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol and Vitamin A and fatty acids, cholesterol and Vitamin A and Vitamin D.Vitamin D.

Uses:Uses: Cod liver oil is used as a nutritional Cod liver oil is used as a nutritional

supplementsupplement and in prevention, treatment and cure of and in prevention, treatment and cure of

vitamin A and D deficiency diseases like vitamin A and D deficiency diseases like rickets and xerophthalmia and also in treating rickets and xerophthalmia and also in treating tuberculosis.tuberculosis.