Bell Ringer #1

Define the following:

• Geocentric-

• Heliocentric-

*Use Chapter 17 Section 1!

Chapter 17 Sec 1

The Scientific Revolution

Background to the Revolution

Medieval Era-• No new research• Relied on ancient “authorities”

Aristotle

Renaissance-• Humanists knew Greek and

Latin• Studied other “authorities”

Ptolemy, Archimedes, Plato

Background to the Revolution

16th & 17th c. Inventions-• Telescope, Microscope, Printing Press• Allowed for new discoveries• Spread new ideas quickly and easily

Background to the Revolution

16th & 17th c. Mathematicians• Copernicus• Kepler• Galileo• Newton

“Secrets of Nature are written in the language of mathematics”

Developed new theories

A Revolution in Astronomy

Astronomy- Scientific study of the universe

Ptolemaic System

Ptolemy- 2nd c. astronomer• Geocentric- earth centered• Series of concentric (one inside the other)

spheres Earth is fixed/motionless at the center

• Spheres are made of a crystal-like/transparent substance

Heavenly bodies/pure orbs of light are embedded

• 10th sphere- “prime mover” moved the other spheres

• Beyond- Heaven and God

Ptolemaic System

Copernicus- 16th c. mathematician• Heliocentric- sun-centered• Planets revolve around the sun (one year)• The moon revolves around earth• Earth rotates on a daily axis

Kepler- 17th c. mathematician• Laws of Planetary Motion

Elliptical (egg shaped) orbits around the sun Sun is located at the end of the ellipse, not

the middle

Copernicus and Kepler

Geocentric v. Heliocentric

Galileo

Galileo- 17th c. mathematician• Used the telescope to

discover Mountains on the moon 4 moons revolving

around Jupiter Sunspots

• Planets are material, not just orbs of light

Galileo and the Catholic Church

Threatened Catholic thinking

“Contradicted” the Bible• Heavens no longer

spiritual body of matter• Humans no longer center of

the universe• God isn’t in a physical

location

Church ordered Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea.

Newton

Newton- 17th c. mathematician• Three Laws of Motion

Planets and objects on Earth• Universal Law of

Gravitation Gravity- force of attraction Every object in the universe is

attracted to every other object

Planetary orbits

Bell Ringer #2

Identify the following:

a. Robert Boyle-

b. Francis Bacon-

Use Chapter 17 Section 1!

Chapter 17 Sec 1

The Scientific Revolution

Medicine and Chemistry

Middle Ages- relied on animal dissection, not human

Andreas Vesalius- 16th c. • Dissected the human body• Two types of blood

William Harvey- 17th c. • Heart circulates blood through

body• Same blood

Medicine and Chemistry

Robert Boyle- 17th c. Chemist • Conducted controlled experiments• Boyle’s Law = volume of a gas depends

on pressure• Named chemical elements

Antoine Lavoisier- 18th c.• Named chemical elements

Women and the Origins of Modern Science

Margaret Cavendish- 17th c. Scientist• Humans could not control

nature through science Maria Winkelmann- 17th c.

Astronomer• Discovered a comet

Both women were going against the gender norms for women of the time

Descartes and Reason

Rene Descartes- 17th c. Philosopher• Discourse on Method, 1637

“ I think, therefore I am”• A person can only be sure of his/her existence• The mind cannot be doubted

Separation of Mind and Matter• Body and material world can be doubted• Mind is undoubting, therefore separate

• Rationalism- reason is the chief source of knowledge

The Scientific Method Francis Bacon- 17th c. English

Philosopher• Scientific Method- A system for

collecting and analyzing data• Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning- • particular facts general theory• Observe and experiment to test

hypothesis• Wanted science to benefit industry,

agriculture, and trade

Bell Ringer #3

Identify the following:

• John Locke-

Use Chapter 17 Section 2!

Chapter 17 Sec 2

The Enlightenment

Path to Enlightenment

Enlightenment- 18th c. philosophical movement• Influenced by the Scientific Revolution• Used reason- the application of the

scientific method to an understanding of all life

Path to Enlightenment

Influenced by:• Isaac Newton- 17th c. mathematician

The physical world (and everything in it) was like a machine

If you can understand how it works, you can understand how human society works

Path to Enlightenment

Influenced by:• John Locke- 17th c. philosopher

Tabula Rasa- everyone is born with a blank slate/mind

• People are molded/shaped by their experiences• If environments change, people change

Natural Laws/Rights- Rights/Privileges people are born with

• Life, Liberty, Property• Inalienable- cannot be taken away by the

government

Philosophers and Their Ideas Philosophe (FEE luh ZAWF)-

Enlightenment intellectuals/philosophers• Writers, professors,

journalists, economists, social reformers

• Nobility and middle class• Change the world, make it

better• Many had differing

opinions

Philosophers- Montesquieu

Baron de Montesquieu- 18th c. French philosopher• 3 basic kinds of government:

Republics- suitable for small states Despotism- appropriate for large states Monarchies- ideal for moderate-size states

Philosophers- Montesquieu

3 Branches of Government• Executive (monarch)• Legislative (parliament)• Judicial (court system)

Separation of Powers- branches limit and control each other through checks and balances• Prevents one person or group from gaining too

much power Influenced the US Constitution

Philosophers- Voltaire

Voltaire- 18th c. philosopher• Wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, essays,

and histories• Criticized Christianity

Called for religious tolerance

Philosophers- Voltaire

• Deism- 18th c. religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

A machine (God) created the universe Universe was like a clock (based on Newton) God created it, set it, and let it run without

interference according to the natural laws/rights

Philosophers- Diderot

Denis Diderot- 18th c. French philosopher• Encyclopedia: Classified Dictionary of the

Sciences, Arts, and Trades 28 volumes (books) Change people’s way of thinking

• Attacked religious superstition• Supported religious toleration• Called for social, legal, and political

improvements• Helped spread the idea of Enlightenment

Bell Ringer #4

Identify the following:

• Adam Smith-

Define the following:

• Laissez-faire-

Use Chapter 17 Section 2!

Chapter 17 Sec 2

The Enlightenment

New Social Science

Economics• Adam Smith- 18th c. economist

Laissez-faire (LEH SAY FEHR)- “to let (people) do (what they want)”

• If individuals are free to pursue their own economic self-interest, all of society would benefit

• The government should not interrupt/interfere with the natural economic forces

Government only has three roles:• Protect society from an invasion• Defend citizens from injustice• Maintain infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc)

New Social Science

Political Science• Middle Ages and Renaissance

Punishments were cruel and harsh to deter criminal activity

• Cesare Beccaria- 18th c. philosopher Punishment shouldn’t be brutal No capital punishment

• Death penalty

Later Enlightenment

Jean-Jacques Rousseau- 18th c. philosopher• Social Contract Theory- through a

social contract, an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will

Govern (rule) with the consent (permission) of the governed (ruled)

• Education, reason, and emotions were important to human development

Rights of Women

Women were believed to be inferior to men

Mary Wollstonecraft- 18th c. writer• Men should not have power over women

Just like a monarch shouldn’t have power over its citizens

• Women use reason Entitles them to the same rights as men

• Equal rights- education, economics, and politics

Religion in the Enlightenment

John Wesley- 18th c. Anglican minister• Founded the Methodist Church

Protestant• Taught religion in an

understandable/relatable style• Lower and middle class English

Bell Ringer #5

Identify the five nations that fought in the Seven Years War.

Use Chapter 17 Section 3!

Chapter 17 Sec 3

The Impact of the Enlightenment

7 Years War- Alliances

France, Austria, and Russia Britain and Prussia

War in Europe

1756-1763 Few battles, but

ended in a stalemate• Equally matched

opponents All borders

remained the same

British/Prussians v. Austrians/Russians/French

War in India

Britain v. France 1756-1763 British won due to

persistence (determination)

French gave their territory to Britain• Treaty of Paris,

1763

7 Years War in the Americas(French and Indian War)

Britain v. French/Native Americans 1756-1763 British-

• 13 prosperous colonies on the Eastern Seaboard• Agriculture and Trade• Highly populated (1 million people)

French-• Canada and Louisiana Territory• Used for trading of fur, leather, fish, and timber• Low population

7 Years War in the Americas(French and Indian War)

Two disputed areas• Gulf of St. Lawrence• Ohio River Valley

French gained Native American support due to trade relationships

England put most of its resources into the colonial war

Several battles led to a British victory French gave their territory to Britain

• Treaty of Paris, 1763

Bell Ringer #6

What army did General George Washington command?

Use Chapter 17 Section 4

Chapter 17 Sec 4

Colonial Empires and the American Revolution

The American Revolution

After 7 Years War/French and Indian War• Great Britain needed money

Pay war debts Fund troops remaining in North America

• Stamp Act- 1765 Required a stamp on printed materials (legal

documents, newspapers, etc.) Most opposed tax

• Fueled the American Revolution

The American Revolution

Lexington and Concord, 1775• First shots of the American Revolution

Second Continental Congress• 1775

Formed the Continental Army Led by George Washington

• July 4, 1776 Approved the Declaration of

Independence

The American Revolution

The colonies relied on aid from other nations• France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic• Wanted revenge for earlier losses• Britain was faced with another global war

Yorktown, 1781• Britain surrenders to Colonists and French

Treaty of Paris, 1783• Ended the American Revolution

New Nation

Articles of Confederation• 1781• First form of government• Too weak• Gave too much power to states and not

enough to the federal government Constitution

• 1788• Second (and current) form of government

New Nation

Constitution (Cont.) Federal System

• Shared power between federal and state governments

• Federal government Three Branches

• Executive (President)• Legislative (Congress- House of Reps and Senate)• Judicial (Supreme Court)

Separation of Powers Checks and Balances

New Nation

Bill of Rights• 1789• First 10 Amendments to the Constitution• Freedom of religion, speech, press,

petition, and assembly• Right to bear arms and protection from

unlawful searches and arrests• Trial by jury, due process, and protection

of property

Enlightenment Impact

Monarch shouldn’t have complete control over the nation

Equal representation in the legislature

Natural Rights (John Locke)• Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness

Separation of Powers Social Contract

Summarize it!The Enlightenment and the American

Revolution

Separation of Powers

Liberty

Equality

Democracy

Popular Sovereignty

Human Rights

Constitutionalism

Nationalism