Bell RingerWhat event is

this cartoon portraying?

Why is it funny?

Chapter 1

The Nation’s BeginningsPrehistory-1824

Many Cultures MeetScientists believe that the first people to

inhabit America moved here between 15-40,000 years agoWhy is there such a large range on this

number?They migrated throughout North and South

America covering each regionBy 1492 the Natives spoke nearly 400

different languages and had roughly 500 tribes

Many Cultures MeetNative tribes (or clans) had several similarities

Common ancestorsIdentified with animal spirits (bears, wolves,

etc.)Some clans banned together to from roaming

groupsCommon religious beliefsSome became stationary and created villages

Advances in agriculture made food (esp. maize, squash, and beans) more plentiful

This allowed for towns to grow and become powerfulException to farming was in the Pacific Northwest

where fishing was plentiful

The EuropeansThe Renaissance created an environment

that fostered growth in economics, art, and political thoughtVoyages exploring the Atlantic Ocean led to

the introduction of the Americas to the Europeans as well as increased trade with Africa

Portuguese explorers took to the seas firstSailing in the Atlantic they traveled down

around Africa and over to IndiaThis opened the door to not just gold and salt, but

slaves too

The West AfricansSlave trade expanded quickly

11 million Africans were forcefully relocated over 3 centuries

The journey was called the Middle PassageWhat do you think happened to Africa in

response to the slave trade?What kind of conditions did the slaves

travel in?

First Encounters in AmericaChristopher Columbus sailed out to find a

western route to AsiaHe had no idea how large the world was nor that

two continents were between him and Asia to the west

What he discovered was the Caribbean and Central AmericaHe thought he found Japan, China, and India (thus we

call the Natives “Indians”)

Columbus NEVER set foot on United States soilHe traveled west three more times and died

thinking this was Asia

Spain in the New WorldSpain rapidly settled in the New World claiming both

continents except Brazil (left for Portugal)The Spaniards treated the Natives harshly forcing them

to convert to Catholicism, prohibiting tribal rituals, and enslaving them

The worst part of Spanish influence on the Natives came from the introduction of diseases such as small pox which killed off a huge portion of the Natives

The best part of European influence was it opened up each group to new products through the Columbian ExchangeNatives now had new animals such as horsesEuropeans gained new crops such as maize and

potatoes

Europe in the New WorldSeeing the profits Spain made from the Americas,

France and Britain began to explore as wellBritain had a failed attempt in Roanoke but came

back strong with the settlement at JamestownThere, they developed a colonial government with a

legislature called the House of BurgessesThe Puritans/Separatists settled in Plymouth (and

then out to Boston/Salem) under the Mayflower Compact (a form of self-government)New England would quickly turn into 4 colonies (RI, MA, CT,

and NH)Finally, Britain settled the Middle and Southern

colonies of GA, NC, and SC This area predominantly became known for slave trade

Europe in the New World• France settled Quebec a year after Jamestown

was settled, putting these two European powers as neighbors in the New World as well

Soon, competition over fur trapping lands and markets as well as the conflict in Europe between Britain and France led them into war here and there

The French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) set the stage for the American RevolutionColonists were promised they would not have to

pay taxes if they would simply help the Crown fight against the French and Indians

Democratic Ideals in the ColoniesThe people of the colonies firmly believed

they were English citizens and thus deserved the same rights as those who lived in EnglandThe Magna Carta had guaranteed right to

own property and have trial by juryThe English Bill of Rights required the

Parliament to meet regularly and stated the monarchy could not raise taxes or build an army with Parliaments consent

What is happening here?

Enlightenment and Great AwakeningThe Enlightenment was an intellectual

movement in Europe that believed all problems could be solved by human reasoningChurch attendance declined as people sought

less emotional paths for religionIn response to decreased attendance

Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield held revivals in the colonies promoting the Holy SpiritThese speeches were very much so “fire and

brimstone”

Causes of the American RevolutionThe French and Indian War set the stage for

conflict between the colonists and the CrownThe colonists viewed themselves as British

citizens, but were not treated as suchColonists pushed for representation in Parliament,

but the King/Parliament said they were “virtually” represented

Compounded by the taxes being forced upon them as a repayment for their “protection” during the war the colonists began boycotting and protesting

NOTE: They did not want to separate at this point

Going to WarThe colonists began to assemble calling for the First

Continental Congress in September of 1775There they made the decision to reconvene in May 1776 if

issues were not betterBefore they could met again war broke out in Concord, MA

(Apr. 1776)Thomas Jefferson penned the Declaration of

Independence in which he called for a break from Britain and detailed the grievances against the KingThe heart of the matter was accurately captured in his

statement:“That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by

their Creator with certain unalienable rights’ that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…”

The WarA young colonel from the French and Indian

war named George Washington was chosen to lead the Patriots against the British forcesA very motivational leader, Washington

managed to convince the Patriots to hang with him and push through to victory despite being outnumbered in every element

His persistence, and the help of the French army led to British surrender in Yorktown

The British ceded all lands to the Appalachian mountains (excluding Spanish claimed FL and British claimed Canada)

AssignmentHow did the French and Indian War impact

relations between the British and the colonists?Using lecture, your textbook, and other

sources you may find write an essay answer this question

Make sure to look at both political and economic concerns that the colonists had

Due Friday

Too Late to Apologize: A Declarationhttp://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/ac

tion/yt/watch?videoId=uZfRaWAtBVg

Why was it too late for the King to apologize?If you were King, would you have done the

same thing or would you have tried to broker a deal with them?

The ConstitutionThe colonists declared independence in

1776They won independence in 1781

Creating a government was their next stepMost states already had state constitutionsThe Articles of Confederation was built to

support the power of the states—the federal government was weakIt could not tax or regulate trade/disputes between

statesTo amend the articles there had to be a unanimous

vote

The ConstitutionA few years after the Articles were put into

place a depression caused wages for farmers to decrease—farmers lost farms due to foreclosureCourt ordered farm seizures caused farmers

to take up arms Daniel Shays shut down the courts but eventually he

and his supporters were arrestedShays’ Rebellion showed government leaders that

the Articles were too weak to fix issues such as this

The ConstitutionIn 1787 leaders came together at the

Constitutional Convention to revise the ArticlesThey quickly tossed them out and began

from scratchTwo plans emerged• Bicameral

leg./representation based on population

• President to command armed forces and manage foreign affairs

Virginia Plan

• Congress could regulate trade/tax

• Unicameral leg./equal representation

New Jersey

The ConstitutionThe Founders argued over the plans and

slavery until compromises were proposedConnecticut Compromise called for:

Bicameral legislature (House of Reps. And Senate)

House based on population; Senate gave each state equal representation

Three-Fifths CompromiseIn calculated population a slave would count

as 3/5th of a person

The ConstitutionIn order for the Constitution to become our

governing law it had to be ratified9 out of 13 states had to agreeThey got 9 out of 13 easily, but VA and NY

were not on boardTwo groups emerged from the debate—

Federalists and Anti-FederalistsFederalists: the Articles are terrible, we must

pass the Constitution Anti-Federalists: The Constitution creates too

powerful a government, we cannot pass it

The ConstitutionThree of the founders (Alexander Hamilton,

John Jay, and James Madison) wrote The Federalist Papers to convince NY to agree to the ConstitutionIt worked, at least in NYC which forced the rest

of the state to get on boardThe Anti-Federalists came on board with the

contingency that a Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution spelling out the rights of the peopleThe Constitution became our governing

document on September 17, 1791

The ConstitutionThere are 7 guiding principles in the Constitution:1. Popular Sovereignty: The people give the government

power to rule and also choose what is best for their state2. Limited Government: Gov’t. can only exercise powers

granted to it by the Constitution3. Federalism: There are shared powers between the state

and federal governments4. Separation of Powers: No one branch controls all the power5. Checks and Balances: Each branch can limit powers of

other branches6. Representative Government: We choose people to speak

on our behalf regarding law creation, etc.7. Individual Rights: The Constitution protects individual

rights such as property, speech, and fair trial

The New RepublicGeorge Washington became the first president in

1789 (in NYC—Washington, D.C. doesn’t exist yet)Washington chose a diverse Cabinet

Thomas Jefferson, Sec. of StateAlexander Hamilton, Sec. of Treasury

Hamilton’s Financial PlanHe called for the federal government to take over all

state debts from the war, pay debts by issuing bonds and raising taxes, and creating a Bank of the United StatesMany people hated this planWashington, however, supported it and thus it was approved

The New RepublicWhen Washington stepped down he issued

his Farewell AddressHe called for no political parties and no

foreign entanglementsThe election of 1796 John Adams was the

Federalist candidate while Thomas Jefferson was the Anti-Federalist candidate (parties?!?)

We also become promptly entangled with Britain and France (oops…)

The New RepublicWashington had called for neutrality as

France enter the French Revolution and has Britain and France warred with each otherJohn Jay was sent to negotiate with the

British—he created Jay’s Treaty which got rid of British forts on our land but they maintained that they had right bully our ships, etc.Democrats hated the treaty

Pinckney’s Treaty was also negotiated in which Spain gave us right to trade through New Orleans

The New RepublicAs America entered naval battles with

France, new president John Adams pushed for the Alien and Sedition ActsAlien: President could have any immigrant

deported if they bad mouthed the government

Sedition: Illegal for citizens to publically discredit the federal government

Are these laws constitutional? Do you think they could come back again?

The New RepublicJohn Adams was defeated in the 1800 election

In his last hours he created new judgeships so he could appoint new judges with his ideology

Jefferson took office the next day, he ordered that the job invitations not be given to these illegitimate judges—James Madison (Sec. of State) didn’t deliver them

Marbury v. Madison ordered that no job existed and therefore Marbury’s “job offer” was not honored

The case also established judicial review saying the Supreme Court has right to decide constitutionality of a federal law

The New RepublicJefferson more than

doubled the size of the country when Napoleon offered to sell the LA territory for $15M

The British were still being obnoxious by stealing our ships and impressing our sailorsJefferson issued the

Embargo of 1807

The New RepublicThe embargo didn’t work—it hurt Americans

more than the BritishShortly before the end of Jefferson’s

presidency he removes the embargoJames Madison is the next president and he

decides we must go to war with BritainThe War of 1812 is fought on American and

Canadian soilThe British burn the capitol and the White House

What did Dolly Madison save from the W.H.?What song was written by a prisoner while he watched

Baltimore/D.C. burn?

The New RepublicAfter the War of 1812 the British were

forced to recognize the U.S. as a free nationThe U.S. had begun to divide into two

groups—northerners (industrialized) and southerners (farmers)Northerners had factories, banks, etc.Southerners had cotton & tobacco farms and

slaveryThere differences would set the stage for the

Civil War to include their issues over tariffs

The New RepublicTo prevent Spain from trying to regain its

colonies James Monroe (and Sec. of State John Q. Adams) pushed through the Monroe DoctrineDeclared the Europe had no right to meddle

in American republicsWe promised not to meddle in European

affairsThe Monroe Doctrine (with help from the

British) made sure that Europe did not try to colonize anything else in the New World

HomeworkDo the “Prepare for the EOC” questions #1-

4 on p. 31Due Wednesday