AP Biology

Bell Ringer for 9/10Without talking or using the text/your phone:

1. State the difference between cohesion and adhesion.

2. Draw the complete carbon cycle, as best you can, in your notes. Label where you can.

You have 5 min

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For today We will revisit your carbon cycle soon Ch. 4 lecture Work time:

Carbon and water cycle diagrams w/ annotations and questions

Properties of water foldable

AP Biology 2007-2008

Ch. 4: Chemistry of Carbon

Building Blocks of Life

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Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells

~72% H2O ~25% carbon compounds

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

~3% salts Na, Cl, K…

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Chemistry of Life Organic chemistry is the study of

carbon compounds C atoms are versatile building blocks

6 valence e-, 2 in 1st shell making it full, 4 in 2nd shell, each available for bonding

4 stable covalent bonds

HHC

H

H

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Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys

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Hydrocarbons Combinations of C & H

non-polar not soluble in H2O

hydrophobicstablevery little attraction

between molecules a gas at room temperature

methane(simplest HC)

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Hydrocarbons can grow

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Basic Naming Rules of Hydrocarbons# of Carbons in backbone

Name in prefix

1 Meth-

2 Eth-

3 Prop-

4 But-

5 Pent-

6 Hex-

7 Hept-

8 Oct-

9 Non-

10 Dec-

Alkanes Have single bonds Denoted by suffix “-ane” Formulas fit a CnH2n+2 rule

Alkenes Have double bonds Denoted by suffix “-ene” Formulas fit a CnH2n rule

Alkynes Have triple bonds Denoted by suffix “-yne” Formulas fit a CnH2n-2 rule

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Isomers Molecules with same molecular formula

but different structures (shapes) different chemical properties different biological functions

6 carbons

6 carbons

6 carbons

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Form affects function Structural differences create important

functional significance amino acid alanine

L-alanine used in proteins but not D-alanine

medicines L-version active but not D-version

sometimes withtragic results…

stereoisomersstereoisomers

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Form affects function Thalidomide

prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s reduced morning sickness, but… stereoisomer caused severe birth defects

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Diversity of molecules

Substitute other atoms or groups around the carbon ethane vs. ethanol

H replaced by an hydroxyl group (–OH)

nonpolar vs. polar

gas vs. liquid

biological effects!

ethane (C2H6) ethanol (C2H5OH)

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Functional groups Parts of organic molecules that are

involved in chemical reactions give organic molecules distinctive

properties hydroxyl amino

carbonyl sulfhydryl

carboxyl phosphate

Affect reactivity makes hydrocarbons hydrophilic increase solubility in water

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Viva la difference! Basic structure of male & female

hormones is identical identical carbon skeleton attachment of different functional groups interact with different targets in the body

different effects

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Hydroxyl –OH

organic compounds with OH = alcohols names typically end in -ol

ethanol

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Carbonyl C=O

O double bonded to C if C=O at end molecule = aldehyde

if C=O in middle of molecule = ketone

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Carboxyl –COOH

C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group compounds with COOH = acids

fatty acidsamino acids

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Amino -NH2

N attached to 2 H compounds with NH2 = amines

amino acids

NH2 acts as base

ammonia picks up H+ from solution

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Sulfhydryl –SH

S bonded to H compounds with SH = thiols SH groups stabilize the structure of proteins

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Phosphate –PO4

P bound to 4 O

connects to C through an O

lots of O = lots of negative chargehighly reactive

transfers energy between organic molecules ATP, GTP, etc.

AP Biology 2007-2008

Macromolecules

Building Blocksof Life

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Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together

to form larger molecules macromolecules

4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

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H2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

Polymers Long molecules built by linking repeating

building blocks in a chain monomers

building blocks repeated small units

covalent bonds

Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis

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H2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

How to build a polymer Synthesis

joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH–

other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O

requires energy & enzymes

enzymeDehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis

Condensation reactionCondensation reaction

You gotta be open to“bonding!

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H2O

HO H

HO H HO H

How to break down a polymer

Digestion use H2O to breakdown polymers

reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time

H2O is split into H+ and OH–

H+ & OH– attach to ends

requires enzymes releases energy

Breaking upis hard to do!

HydrolysisHydrolysis

DigestionDigestion

enzyme

AP Biology 2007-2008

Any Questions??

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Carbon Cycle

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Carbon Carbon exists in the nonliving environment as:

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbonic acid ( HCO3

−)

Carbonate rocks (limestone and coral = CaCO3) Deposits of Fossil fuels Dead organic matter

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Organic Carbon

Hydrocarbons: CH4

Carbohydrate: CH2O

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Inorganic carbon Carbon Dioxide: CO2

Calcium Carbonate: CaCO3

Mandale Limestone Quarry

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Carbon reservoirs

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Carbon reservoirs

•The atmosphere.

•The biosphere (include fresh water systems and non-living organic material, such as soil carbon).

•The oceans ( including dissolved inorganic carbon and living and non-living marine biota).

•The lithosphere (sediments, Earth core including fossil fuels).

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Carbon Cycle

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Carbon is released into the atmosphere in several ways

• Respiration by plants and animals.

• Decay of animal and plant matter.

• Combustion of organic material

• Production of cement.

• The ocean releases CO2 into the atmosphere. • Volcanic eruptions and metamorphism

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Carbon is taken from the atmosphere in several ways

Photosynthesis. The oceans when the seawater becomes

cooler, more CO2 dissolve and become carbonic acid.

In the upper ocean areas organisms convert reduced carbon to tissues, or carbonates.

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Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O + sunlight CH2O + O2

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Respiration CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy

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Combustion or Oxidization of hydrocarbon

CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + energy

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Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle

Burning fossil fuels have serious impact on the carbon cycle.

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Fossil Fuel

86% of global primary energy consumption is fossil fuels.

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Fossil Fuels

• Petroleum• Natural Gas• Coal

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CO2 Concentration

Pre-Industrial value: 280 ppm (600 billion tons)Current value: 395 ppm (850 billion tons)Critical value: 560 ppm (1200 billion tons)