BEHAVIOURAL CONTROLOF INSECT PESTS IN IPM

Presented by,RAKESH

Department of Entomology & Agricultural ZoologyInstitute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU

Varanasi - 221005

Definition

Principle of control

Types of hormones

Management by hormones

HORMONES

Definition“Hormones are the secretion of internal ductless

glands, which regulate the growth and

development of the insect”(Dhaliwal, G.S.,2006).

•Means to ‘excite’ and endocrine in origin.

•Connection link between nervous system and endocrine

system.

•Recognised as ‘third generation pesticides’ (Prof. C.M.

Williams, 1967).

Principle of controlStefan Kopec (1917,22) reported, brain of larva of

gypsy moth Lymantria dispar produces a hormone

which induces pupation.

Hormone is chemical signal sent from cells in one

part to cells in another parts of same individual.

Regarded as chemical messengers

Their effect may be stimulatory or inhibitory.

Types of hormonesA) Neurohormones

-Prothoracicotropic hormone -Eclosion hormone-Allatotropin -Proctolin-Allatostatin -Diapause hormones-Bursicon -Diuretic hormones

B) Juvenile hormones-Juvenoids or Juvenile hormones analogues-Anti- juvenile hormones

C) Ecdysone or moulting hormone

D) Gonadal hormones-Ovarian steroid hormone-Testies steroid hormones-Ecdysteroids in egg and embryo Dr. Tembhare D.B. (1997)

Brain Hormone

or neuro-hormone

synthesized by neurosecretory cells of

brain.

responsible for activation of CA and PTG.

Allatotropin activates CA,

Prothoracicotropin activates PTG.

Juvenile Hormones

produced by CA

synthetic analogues are called as

Juvenoids or JH mimics

Anti-JH agents which cause

mortality in insects

Ecdysone Hormonesor moulting hormone

produced by prothoracic gland

synthetic analogues are called as

Ecdysteroids

consist of two forms α-ecdysone and β-

ecdysone

moult inhibitors or chitin synthetic inhibitors

also useful

PEST MANAGEME

NT BYHORMONES

Pest management by Juvenoids

They cause mortality in insect-pest by

Antimorphic effect

Larvicidal effect

Ovicidal effect

Diapause disrupting effect and

Inhibiting embryogenesis

Field Application of JHa

Dhaliwal G. S. (2006) & T.V. Sathe (2003)

Antihormones in pest control•Interfere normal activities of hormones, cause

mortality.

•May function as anti-JH.

•Referred as Precocenes.

•Isolated from plant Ageratum houstoniaum (Bowers

et al, 1976).

•Induce precocious metamorphosis in milkweed bug

(Oncopeltus fasciatus)

Pest management by Ecdysoids

Dhaliwal G. S. (2006)

Moulting hormone Derivatives

T.V. Sathe (2003)

Pest management by Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors

T.V. Sathe (2003)

PHEROMONESPHEROMONES Principle of behavioral control

Introduction

Classification

Pheromone traps

Mode of pheromone application

Management by pheromones

IntroductionPheromone Is a chemical or mixture of chemical released by an organism to outside (environment) that cause specific reaction in a receiving organisms in same species.

• Karlson and Butenandt coined the term Pheromone ,1959.• ‘Pherein’ means to carry or transfer.• also called as ectohormones.• Pheromones – Exocrine in origin.• Volatile in nature serving as chemical means of communication.

PRINCIPLE OF PHEROMONAL CONTROL

Aim at studying the behavior regulating chemicals and exploiting

them for insect pest control.

Classification of Semiochemicals

K.P. Srivastava (2005)

SEX PHEROMONE Represent diverse assemblage of

compounds.

Commonly released by females.

Out of 150 species, 100 species of females

and 50 species of male produces pheromones.

Female sex pheromone is important

than male.P.C. Jain & M. C. Bhargava (2007)

Chemical structure of sex pheromones

Insects producing alarm pheromones

Hornet wasp Honey bees

Insects Producing Trail Pheromone

Leaf cutting ants( Atta texana )

Allelo-chemicalsALLOMONES

Advantageous to the releaser.EX. Defensive secretions of insects.

SYNOMONEAdvantages to both releaser and recipient.Endocrine secretion of hymenopterans frequently functions simultaneously both as an allomone and kairomone.

KAIROMONESAdvantageous to recipient.EX. Male sex pheromone in bug.

Different Pheromone TrapsFUNNEL TRAPFUNNEL TRAP PLASTIC MOTH PLASTIC MOTH

TRAPTRAP

DELTA TRAPDELTA TRAP NOMATE TRAPNOMATE TRAP

Sex Pheromone Traps To Detect And Destroy Cotton

Bollworms

Mode of Pheromone ApplicationA) Micro encapsulation method

B) Hollow fiber method

C) Pheromone baited traps D) Pheromone Dispensers

Michereff et al (2000)

Management With

Pheromones

Control with sex pheromones.

Can be utilized by two ways :-

A)Population survey.

B)Behavioural manipulation.

a)Stimulation of normal approach

response.

b)Disruption of chemical

communication.

Management With Aggregate Pheromone

Used on insect to aggregate and attack wrong host plant

Logs infested with bark beetle (Dendroctonus spp. ) were tied to unsuitable host tree

Attract to infesting insects.

Attack on that and died with starvation

Management With Alarm Pheromones

Aphids threatened by predators , releases alarm pheromones and stop feeding then move away from site

Utilized to prevent colonization of the host plant by aphids

And alarm pheromone spread

Increases mobility of aphid

bean aphid green peach aphid

Management With Alarm Pheromones

Cost of Different Protection Measures

Protection measures Cost of protection (Rs./ha)

Insecticide application 1 Grannule + 2-3 spray

500-2000

Trichocard @ 2 lakh /ha for 6 wks (Rs. 50/20000)

3000

Pheromone trap @ 20/ha (Rs. 30-35/trap)

600-750

JAU, Junagadh Anonymous (2005)

Pheromone Used For…• Monitoring insect population.

• Control of urban pests.

• Monitor movement of exotic pests.

• Mass trapping of insects from breeding

and feeding potential.

• Disruption in mating of insect population.

ADVANTAGESEffective in minute quantities.

Highly species specific.

Biodegradable, Non-persistent and non-polluting.

Non toxic to man, animals and plants.

Affects many aspects of insect development and physiology.

Labour saving.

Easy monitoring of pest population.

Best suited in IPM

Reduces risk of insecticide residues

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONEco-friendly and economically based IPM

Hormonal control effective against specific stages and periods

Needs popularization among farmers

Hormone analogues are unstable

Limits commercial viability, no quick result

Used effectively only at low population density

Control of all pests to be investigated with greater efforts

New trapping system need to ensure lure longevity and trap

efficiency