Behaviour Modification Testbank

Instructor’s Manual with Testsand Practicum Exercises

for

Martin and Pear

Behavior ModificationWhat It Is and How to Do It

Tenth Edition

Allyn & Bacon

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

OPTION-BASED QUESTIONSChapter 1. Introduction

Multiple Choice Questions On Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. A behavioral deficit is:* a) too little of a particular type of behaviorb) too much of a particular type of behaviorc) an appropriate behavior occurring to the wrong stimulusd) an appropriate behavior occurring at the wrong time or placeDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

2. A behavioral excess is:* a) too much of a particular type of behavior

b) too little of a particular type of behaviorc) an appropriate behavior occurring to the wrong stimulusd) an appropriate behavior occurring at the wrong time or placeDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

3. Which of the following is an example of behavior?a) hair color b) the color of someone’s eyesc) the clothes someone is wearing *d) dressing in the morningDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

4. In behavior modification, motivation and intelligence refer to:a) inner mental processes * b) ways of behavingc) causes of behavior d) major sources of abnormalityDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

5. In behavior modification, the term “environment” refers to:a) the neighborhood in which a person is raisedb) the natural habitat of an organism* c) the specific physical variables in one’s immediate surroundingsd) the general situation where one happens to beDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

6. A child does not pronounce words clearly and does not interact with other children.These are examples of:a) behavioral excesses b) behavioral abnormalities* c) behavioral deficits d) behavioral characteristicsDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

7. Behavior modifiers stress the importance of defining problems in terms ofspecific behavioral deficits or behavioral excesses because:a) therapists can then focus on the individual’s problem behaviors rather than on his orher strengths* b) it is behavior that causes concern, and there are specific procedures now availableto change behavior

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c) labeling an individual implies that a particular treatment program will be helpfuld) labeling an individual is useful for quickly providing general information about how thatindividual might performDifficulty: HardType: Applied

8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of behavior modification?a) It defines problems in terms of behavior.b) Its treatment procedures and techniques are ways of rearranging an individual’senvironment.c) Its techniques draw extensively from the principles of operant and Pavlovianconditioning.* d) It emphasizes the use of summary labels for classifying individuals.Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

9. Which of the following is an example of covert behavior?* a) a skier thinking, “I hope I don’t fall” b) a pitcher throwing a ballc) a student drinking coffee d) a child talking to her dog in the backyardDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

10. Which of the following is an example of overt behavior?a) feelings of nervousness * b) yelling at someonec) a boy on a date thinking, “I like this girl” d) imagining a beautiful sunsetDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

11. Which of the following is an example of an outcome of behavior?a) throwing a baseballb) lifting a heavy weight*c) scoring a goal in ice hockeyd) standing at the free throw line in basketballDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

12. Behavior therapy was first used to refer to:a) behavior modification in which there is typically an attempt to analyze or clearlydemonstrate controlling variablesb) the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals*c) Joseph Wolpe’s behavioral treatment for specific phobiasd) behavior modification that focuses on overt behaviors that are of social significanceDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

13. Behavior modifiers are cautious about using summary labels to refer to individuals ortheir actions because:a) the label for the behavior is often used as a pseudo-explanation for the behaviorb) labels can negatively affect the way an individual might be treatedc) labeling may influence us to focus on an individual’s problem behaviors rather than onhis or her strengths* d) all of the above

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Difficulty: HardType: Conceptual

14. The people, objects, and events that make up a person’s environment are called:* a) stimuli b) conditioned stimuli

c) unconditioned stimuli d) reinforcing stimuli

Difficulty: EasyType: FactualType:

15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of behavior modification?a) Its treatment procedures are ways of altering an individual’s environment.b) Its methods and rationales can be described precisely.* c) Its techniques stem primarily from cognitive psychology.d) Its techniques are often applied by individuals in everyday life.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

16. Behavioral assessment seeks to:a) determine the underlying mental disturbance responsible for behavioral symptomsb) identify the type of mental disorder assumed to underlie particular patterns of abnormalbehavior* c) identify potential controlling variables of problem behaviors, and select behavioraltreatmentd) determine the necessary intelligence level of potential clients as a prerequisite tobehavior modification programsDifficulty: MediumType: Applied

17. Which of the following is not a misconception about behavior modification?a) Behavior modifiers only deal with the observable and they don’t deal with the thoughtsand feelings of clients.* b) Behavior modification involves the systematic application of learning principles toimprove covert and overt behaviors.c) Behavior modification involves the use of drugs, psychosurgery, and electroconvulsivetherapy.d) Behavior modification only changes symptoms; it doesn’t get at the underlying problems.Difficulty: HardType: Applied

18. Which of the following is an example of cognitive behavior?a) a child reading out loud for a parentb) a baseball player talking to her coach* c) a person on a hot day imagining that he is sitting at the oceand) a student writing with a penDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

19. Behaviors to be improved in a behavior modification program are frequently called:a) overt behaviors b) covert behaviorsc) cognitive behaviors * d) target behaviorsDifficulty: Easy

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Type: Conceptual

20. Behavior Analysis refers to:a) behavior modification in which there is typically an attempt to analyze or clearlydemonstrate controlling variables* b) the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animalsc) behavioral treatment carried out on dysfunctional behaviord) behavior modification that focuses on overt behaviors that are of social significanceDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

21. involves the systematic application of learning principles and techniques toassess and improve individuals’ covert and overt behaviors in order to enhance their dailyfunctioning.a) Behavioral assessment b) Behavior analysis* c) Behavior modification d) Cognitive behavior therapyDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

22. Classical conditioning was developed by:a) B.F. Skinner * b) Ivan Pavlovc) Joseph Wolpe d) Aaron BeckDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

23. In the 1950s, ____________ developed a behavioral treatment for specific phobias.a) Hans Eyesenck b) Aaron Beck

c) Albert Ellis *d) Joseph WolpeDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

24. The term “cognitive therapy” was used by ___________ to refer to strategies for recognizingmaladaptive thinking and replacing it with adaptive thinking.* a) Beck b) Ellisc) Wolpe d) SkinnerDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 25. Behavior modification accepts changes in a behavior as the indicator of theextent to which a problem is being helped.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

F 26. One of the defining characteristics of behavior modification is that it does notemphasize scientific demonstration that an intervention was responsible for a particularbehavior change.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 27. Behavior is, essentially, anything a person does or says.Difficulty: Easy

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Type: Factual

F 28. Behavior modifiers deal only with observable behavior, and discountsubjective events such as thoughts and feelings.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

F 29.The color of a person’s eyes is an example of behavior.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

T 30.Studying for a course is an example of a behavior.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

F 31.Remembering the feelings of your first kiss is an example of overt behavior.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 32.Thinking “I hope I pass this course” while sitting in class, is an example of covertbehavior.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

F 33.To a behavior modifier, intelligence is something that you were born with, a sortof “inherited capacity for learning.”Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

T 34. Hyperactivity is a label for certain behaviors.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 35.According to the authors of the text, the term behavior modification has abroader meaning than the term behavior therapy.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 36.A teenager frequently interrupts conversations between his parents. That’san example of a behavioral deficit.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

T 37. A golfer often thinks negatively just before important shots. That’s an exampleof a behavioral excess.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

F 38. Behavior modification can only be applied by experts, and not byindividuals in everyday life.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

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T 39. Environmental events that impinge on one’s sense receptors and that canaffect behavior are called stimuli.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 40. Cognitive behavior is another term for overt behavior.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 41. Behavior analysis refers to the scientific study of laws that govern thebehavior of human beings and other animals.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 42. The term behavior therapy is typically used to refer to behavior modificationwhere there is an attempt to clearly demonstrate controlling variables of the behavior ofconcern.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 43. Characteristics of behavior that can be measured are called dimensions ofbehavior.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 44. In 1960 the British psychologist Hans Eysenck used the term “behavior therapy”to refer to the treatment procedure developed by Joseph Wolpe.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 45. In a landmark experiment in 1920, Mary Cover Jones demonstrated Pavlovianconditioning of a fear response in an 11 month-old infant.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 46. Strategies for recognizing maladaptive thinking and replacing it with adaptivethinking were referred to by Beck as behavior therapy.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 47. The terms behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy are often usedinterchangeably.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

Multiple Choice Question on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)48. Behavior modifiers made little use of the first three DSMs because:a) they were based primarily on research rather than on Freud’s theoryb) individual disorders were based on categories of problembehaviorsc) they used a multidimensional recording system

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* d) they were based on Freud’s theory of abnormal behaviorDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

True/False Question on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 49. To avoid problems associated with labeling, in the case of autism, for example,we should describe the client as an autistic child rather than as a child with autism.Difficulty: HardType: Factual

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Chapter 2. Areas of Application: An Overview

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. PSI stands for:

a) popular standards of instruction b) personalized systems of information

* c) personalized system of instruction d) personalized students’ instruction

Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of behavioral approaches to university teaching?a) It identifies the instructional goals for a course in the form of study questions.b) It has frequent tests in which students are required to demonstrate their knowledge tothe answers of study questions.c) Students are given detailed information at the beginning of a course about what is expectedof them on tests and assignments to achieve various letter grades* d) It emphasizes multiple-choice items and examinations as an objective scoring strategyideally suited for large classes.Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

3. Studies with clinical populations have shown behavior therapy to be:a) significantly inferior to the alternative treatment to which it was compared, which wasusually some form of verbal psychotherapy* b) demonstrably superior to other forms of psychotherapy in certain problem areas (e.g.,phobias)c) used as the main mode of therapy for treating adults by approximately 60% of practicingtherapistsd) used about as often as psychodynamic therapy in the treatment of children by pediatricpsychologistsDifficulty: MediumType: Applied

4. The characteristics of impaired communication, impaired social behavior, and repetitive self-stimulatory behaviors during the first few years after birth are shown by individuals diagnosedas:a) moderately developmentally disabled b) schizophrenicc) severely intellectually disabled * d) autisticDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

5. A broad interdisciplinary field concerned with the links between health, illness, and behavioris referred to as:a) health psychology b) stress management* c) behavioral medicine d) behavioral healthDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

6. Organizational behavior management refers to:* a) the application of behavior modification techniques to individual or group performancewithin an organizational setting

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b) an emphasis on the use of non-professionals in human service programsc) use of behavior modification to help individuals adhere to a healthy lifestyled) seeking out intervention strategies at the organizational level rather than at theindividual levelDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

7. Behavior modifiers have begun to pay more attention to issues of race, gender, ethnicity,and sexual orientation because:a) the Association of Behavior Analysis is now an international organizationb) culturally diverse individuals now make up 30% of the American population* c) these variables can influence the effectiveness of treatmentd) there are no dangers of overgeneralizing about any particular cultural groupDifficulty: MediumType: Applied

8. Which of the following is not a general area in which behavior modification has beenapplied in behavioral sport psychology?a) Teaching new athletic skills* b) Selecting athletes for Olympic programs on the basis of those with the personality mostsuited to sacrifice and dedication to winningc) Motivating practice and fitness trainingd) Helping athletes to cope with pressure at major competitionsDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

9. In the 1960s and 70s, ___________ developed early intensive behavioral treatmentprograms for children with autism.

a) B.F. Skinner* b) Ivar Lovaas

c) Fred Kellerd) Joseph Pear


10. The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities now prefers theterm to refer to individuals characterized by significant limitations inintellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.* a) intellectual disabilityb) mental retardationc) developmental disabilityd) mentally handicappedDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

11. Which of the following is not a sub-area of the application of behavioral principles in healthpsychology?a) establishing treatment compliance b) promotion of healthy livingc) stress management * d) psychological testing of personality disordersDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

12. “Applications to socially significant problems in unstructured community settings where

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the behavior of individuals is not considered deviant in the traditional sense” is the definitionof:a) organizational behavior management b) health psychology* c) behavior community psychology d) behavior therapyDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

13. PSI (Personalized System of Instruction) was developed by:a) Lovaas b) Bellack *c) Keller d) SkinnerDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

14. Helping the elderly to function independently during old age is part of the field referred toas:* a) gerontology b) behavioral medicinec) behavioral community psychology d) behavior managementDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

15. The study of how psychological factors can influence or cause illness, and how people canbe encouraged to practice healthy behavior so as to prevent health problems, is referred to as:a) Cognitive behavior therapy b) Stress therapyc) Treatment compliance * d) Health PsychologyDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 16. Behavior modification has been successfully applied within each of the following areas:education, social work, rehabilitation medicine, industry, and sports.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 17. Personalized System of Instruction, or PSI, was developed by Fred Keller and hiscolleagues.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 18. Behavioral sport psychology has been defined as the use of behavior analysis principlesand techniques to enhance the performance and satisfaction of athletes and others associatedwith sports.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 19. Many studies have demonstrated that there are psychological problems (e.g., anxietydisorders, depression, habit disorders) for which specific behavioral procedures havebeen demonstrated to be about equally effective with other forms of psychotherapy.

Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 20. One of the areas of health psychology involves the use of behavior modificationprocedures to directly treat certain diseases that were previously thought to require medicaltreatment.

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a) behavior management b) developmental teaching* c) discrete-trials teaching d) behavior analysis


F 21. The application of behavior modification techniques to individual or group performancewithin an organizational setting defines the area referred to as community behavioralpsychology.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 22. Littering, recycling, energy conservation, and job skills training are all sub-areas thathave been dealt with successfully by behavior modification in the area of behavioralcommunity psychology.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 23. Issues of race, gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation are variables that do notinfluence the effectiveness of behavioral treatment.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

T 24. CAPSI stands for Computer-Aided Personalized System of Instruction.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 25. The person who initially developed behavioral treatments for children with autism isIvar Lovaas.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

Multiple Choice Questions on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)26. A common strategy for delivering early intensive behavioral intervention with childrenwith autism is referred to as:


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Chapter 3. Respondent (Classical, Pavlovian) Conditioning of ReflexiveBehavior

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. That behavior can be modified by its consequences is the basic tenet of:

a) respondent conditioning b) respondent extinction* c) operant conditioning d) aversion therapy

Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

2. If a stimulus (that does not elicit a particular response) is closely followed in time by asecond stimulus that elicits a particular response, then the first stimulus will come to elicitthe response that was elicited by the second stimulus. This is the definition of the principleof:a) positive reinforcement b) operant conditioningc) counterconditioning * d) respondent conditioningDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

3. If a conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented without further pairings with theunconditioned stimulus, the CS will gradually lose its capacity to elicit the conditionedresponse. This is the definition of:a) respondent conditioning * b) respondent extinctionc) counterconditioning d) operant extinctionDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

4. A stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning or conditioning is called a(n):* a) unconditioned stimulus b) discriminative stimulus

c) conditioned stimulus d) establishing stimulusDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

5. When a person salivates at the sight of food, the response of salivating is classified as a(n):* a) conditioned response b) conditioned reflex

c) unconditioned response d) unconditioned reflex


6. Over several meals, classical music is played at the dinner table. Eventually, classicalmusic is played without pairing it with food, and the person who ate at that dinner tablebegins salivating. In this example, the sound of classical music became a:* a) conditioned stimulus b) conditioned reflexc) conditioned response d) conditioned reinforcerDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

7. Repeatedly pairing an undesirable reinforcer with an aversive event, such as pairingalcohol with a drug that elicits vomiting, is the basic procedure of:a) operant conditioning * b) aversion therapyc) respondent extinction d) counterconditioning

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8. In Pavlovian conditioning, the CS acquires greater ability to elicit a CR if:a) the CS is occasionally paired with the USb) the CS follows the US by a few seconds* c) the CS is always paired with the USd) the CS is occasionally paired with a strong USDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

9. A new response is conditioned to the conditioned stimulus at the same time that theformer conditioned response is being extinguished. This process is called:a) respondent extinction b) operant extinctionc) aversion therapy * d) counterconditioningDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

10. A conditioned stimulus (e.g., the sound of a bell) is no longer followed by the taste of food.After several trials, the conditioned response of salivating no longer occurs at the sound of thebell. This is referred to as ?

a) spontaneous recovery b) respondent conditioning* c) respondent extinction d) response generalizationDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

11. When you open the cupboard door to get cat food, your cats come running to the kitchen,where they are typically fed. This illustrates the effect of:a) respondent conditioning * b) operant conditioningc) counterconditioning d) modelingDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

12. When food is presented to a dog, the dog salivates. We would say that the stimulus hasthe response.

a) evoked b) emitted c) cued * d) elicitedDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

13. In Pavlovian conditioning, the CS acquires greater ability to elicit a CR if:a) the CS consistently follows the US by a few secondsb) the CS is occasionally paired with the US* c) the CS consistently precedes the US by a few secondsd) the CS is occasionally paired with a strong USDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

14. If an organism has been conditioned so that a particular CS elicits a CR, andthen a similar stimulus elicits that CR, the latter is referred to as:

a) Respondent stimulus discrimination* b) Respondent stimulus generalization

c) Counterconditioningd) Respondent extinction

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15. The loud barking of a dog causes a child to experience fear. If sight of the dog now elicitsfear, then the sight of the dog is called a , and the fear is called the .a) US, CR b) CS, UR c) US, UR * d) CS, CRDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

16. Suppose that an adult has a chronic problem with constipation. During treatment, eachmorning the adult inserts a suppository, reads the morning paper, and in a few minutesexperiences a bowel movement. After a month of this procedure, the bowel movement occursafter reading the paper. In this example, the CS is:* a) reading the paperb) the bowel movement to the suppository c) thesuppositoryd) the bowel movement to reading the paperDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

17. For children who suffer from enuresis (chronic bedwetting), the pressure from a full bladderwhen the child is asleep is not sufficient to cause the child to awaken. An apparatus is wired tothe child’s bed such that when the child urinates during the night, a tone sounds to awaken thechild. Eventually the child learns to awaken to pressure on the bladder, and can then urinate inthe toilet. In this example, the CR is:a) awakening to the tone b)urinating in the bedc) urinating in the toilet* d) awakening to pressure on the bladderDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

18. In one type of aversion therapy with alcoholics, a drug is added to an alcoholic beverage sothat sipping the beverage causes nausea. Eventually, just the sight and smell of the beveragecauses nausea, which hopefully decreases excessive drinking of alcohol. In this treatment, theCS is:a) the drug that causes nauseab) the nausea that occurs to the smell of the drink* c) the smell of the drinkd) the nausea that occurs to the drugDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

19. Behaviors that are elicited by prior stimuli and are not affected by their consequences arecalled:a) operant behaviors* b) respondent behaviorsc) unconditioned behaviorsd) conditioned behaviorsDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

20. A stimulus-response relationship in which a stimulus automatically elicits a response

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apart from any prior learning definesa) a conditioned reflexb) operant conditioningc) respondent conditioning* d) an unconditioned reflexDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

21. Respondent conditioning will develop more quickly and strongly when:* a) the CS or US or both are intense rather than weakb) the CS follows the US by about a half a second, rather than preceding it c)both the CS and the US are weak rather than intensed) the CS is paired with the US just once rather than many timesDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 22. A conditioned response may be eliminated more effectively if a new response isconditioned to the conditioned stimulus at the same time that the former conditioned responseis being extinguished.Difficulty: HardType: Applied

F 23. Behaviors that are controlled by their consequences are called respondent behaviors.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 24. A conditioned stimulus is said to evoke a conditioned response.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 25. A stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning is called an unconditionedstimulus.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 26. Stronger conditioning occurs if the CS just follows the US by up to a few seconds,rather than by preceding the US.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 27. When several neutral stimuli precede a US, the stimulus that is most consistentlyassociated with the US is the one most likely to become a strong CS.Difficulty: HardType: Conceptual

True/False Question on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 28. It is possible to demonstrate that a neutral stimulus like saccharine can be conditionedto suppress immune system functioning through Pavlovian conditioning procedures.Difficulty: HardType: Conceptual

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Chapter 4. Increasing a Behavior with Positive Reinforcement

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. A positive reinforcer is defined as:a) an event which, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior todecrease in frequencyb) an event which is preferred by a subjectc) an event which the subject finds rewarding* d) an event which, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior toincrease in frequencyDifficulty: EasyType:Conceptual

2. The principle of positive reinforcement states that:a) if, in a given situation, an individual is given a choice of two or more items, the itemchosen will be the positive reinforcer* b) if, in a given situation, somebody does something that is immediately followed by apositive reinforcer, then that person is more likely to do the same thing againc) if, in a given situation, an individual is positively reinforced, then that individual willselect that situation in future opportunitiesd) a reinforcer can be used to strengthen behaviorDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

3. The best way to determine if something is reinforcing is to:a) ask the individual what they prefer for a reinforcerb) watch others perform the same behavior and find out what reinforces them and then usethat with the individual of concern* c) conduct an experimental test in which you present an item following some behavior onseveral trials to see if the frequency of that behavior increasesd) provide a choice situation in which the “something” is presented along with knownreinforcers to see if it will be chosen by the subject instead of the known reinforcersDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

4. In training programs in which reinforcers are dispensed frequently, it’s best to use a smallamount of the reinforcer on any one trial in order to:a) let the client know that there’s more to come* b) minimize satiation and maximize the number of trials in a training sessionc) ensure that the program is cost-effectived) prevent the client from becoming greedyDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

5. developed the principle that states: For any pair of responses, the moreprobable one will reinforce the less probable one.a) Skinner b) Michael* c) Premack d) GreenspoonDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

6. Unprogrammed reinforcers that occur in the normal course of everyday living are called:

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* a) noncontingent reinforcement b) direct acting reinforcementc) contingent reinforcement d) indirect acting reinforcement

* a) natural reinforcers b) arbitrary reinforcersc) contrived reinforcers d) rewardsDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

7. If a response increases in frequency because of its immediate reinforcing consequences,this is known as:* a) the direct-acting effects of positive reinforcementb) a functional response-reinforcer relationshipc) the indirect-acting effects of positive reinforcement d)natural reinforcementDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

8. A parent tells a child, “If you pick up the toys in your room, then I’ll take you to buy yourfavorite ice cream after dinner.” This is an example of:a) direct acting reinforcementb) the Premack principle c) anatural reinforcer* d) indirect acting reinforcementDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

9. Which of the following is not one of the reasons for explaining a reinforcement program tothe individual whose behavior is to be reinforced?a) Instructions may speed up the learning process for individuals who already understand them.* b) Instructions increase the effects of deprivation for making a reinforcer more effective.c) Instructions may influence an individual to work for delayed reinforcement.d) Instructions about reinforcement programs may help to teach individuals (such asyoung children) to follow instructions.Difficulty: HardType: Applied

10. Eating is reinforced by the taste of food. This is an example of:a) indirect acting reinforcement b) arbitrary reinforcement

* c) natural reinforcement d) the Premack principlDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

11. A coach of young hockey players always has a scrimmage at the end of each practice,something that the players really enjoy. This is an example of:


12. Giving a person salty foods, or depriving that person of water are examples of:a) discriminative stimuli b) unconditioned stimulic) direct-acting reinforcers * d) motivating operationsDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

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* a) positive reinforcement b) negative reinforcementc) escape conditioning d) the Premack principle

* a) noncontingent b) contingentc) direct-acting d) indirect-acting

* a) operant b) reflexivec) covert d) overt

13. Behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences, and are in turninfluenced by those consequences, are called:a) behaviors b) respondent behaviorsc) reflexive behavior * d) operant behaviorsDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

14. Strengthening a response by adding an event immediately following that response isreferred to as:


15. Events or conditions that temporarily alter the effectiveness of a reinforcer, and increasethe frequency of behavior reinforced by that reinforcer, are called:a) positive reinforcers b) direct-acting eventsc) indirect-acting events * d) motivating operationsDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

16. If a reinforcer is presented at a particular time, irrespective of the preceding behavior, we saythat the reinforcer is:


17. When a behavior must occur before a reinforcer will be presented, we say that thereinforcer is upon that behavior.a) noncontingent * b) contingentc) direct-acting d) indirect-actingDifficulty: M EasyType: Factual

18. When reinforcers are manipulated deliberately in a behavior modification program, we saythat they are reinforcers.a) direct-acting b) indirect-actingc) natural * d) programmedDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

19. Behaviors that act on the environment to generate consequences and are in turninfluenced by those consequences, are called behaviors.


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a) positive reinforcement b) non-contingent reinforcement* c) negative reinforcement d) motivating operations

20. The principle of states that there are certain stimuli whose removalimmediately after the occurrence of a response will strengthen that response.


21. A behavior that is strengthened because it accidently precedes a reinforcer, even thoughit did not actually produce the reinforcer, is called:a) operant behavior * b) superstitious behaviorc) respondent behavior d) reflexive behaviorDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 22. Technically speaking, a stimulus is defined as a reinforcer only by its effects onbehavior.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 23. Explaining a reinforcement program to a client is necessary before a reinforcer can beused to increase the frequency of a particular behavior of that client.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

F 24. Natural reinforcers are those deliberately presented following a particular behavior in atraining program.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 25. The terms positive reinforcement and reinforcement are often used interchangeably.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 26. Consumable, activity, manipulative, possessional, and social are categories ofreinforcers.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 27. Giving a child her favorite candy following a desirable behavior is an example of amotivating operation.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

T 28. Food deprivation is a type of motivating operation.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

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a) a direct-acting contingency b) an indirect-acting contingency* c) a reinforcer-discovery contingency d) a response equilibrium contingency

* a) indirect-acting reinforcement b) direct-acting reinforcementc) the Premack principle d) response disequilibrium

a) the Premack principle b) direct-acting reinforcement* c) indirect-acting reinforcement d) response disequilibrium

F 29. The increased frequency of a response because of its immediate reinforcingconsequences is referred to as the indirect-acting effect of reinforcement.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 30. When a behavior must occur before a reinforcer will be presented, we say that thereinforcer is contingent upon that behavior.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

F 31. Unprogrammed reinforcers that occur in the normal course of everyday living arecalled arbitrary reinforcers.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

Multiple Choice Questions on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)32. Persons with developmental disabilities learn certain discriminations better when thecorrect response reveals a reinforcer hidden inside a container, rather than when areinforcer is simply handed to the individual for a correct response. Martin and Pearsuggest that such a contingency should be described as:


33. Suppose that a single occurrence of a consequence produces a large change in the behaviorthat preceded that consequence. This is a clue that the results are due to:


34. Suppose that a critical response precedes the reinforcer by more than 30 seconds. This is aclue that the results are due to:


True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 35. A behavior change is likely due to indirect acting effects of positive reinforcement if thebehavior that is measured shows some increase in strength prior to the first occurrence of theconsequence.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 36. Animals can learn even though they are not able to verbalize an understanding or anawareness of their behavior.

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Chapter 5. Increasing Behavior with Conditioned Reinforcement

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. A stimulus which is not originally reinforcing but which acquires reinforcing power throughassociation with a stimulus that is reinforcing is called:* a) a conditioned reinforcer b) a conditioned stimulusc) a natural reinforcer d) a back-up reinforceDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

2. A dollar bill may not be reinforcing for a young child who has had no experience with money.However, after the dollar bill is paired with a variety of back-up reinforcers while making variouspurchases in the store, the dollar bill becomes a powerful reinforcer. This is an example of thedevelopment of a:a) extrinsic reinforcer * b) generalized conditioned reinforcerc) simple conditioned reinforcer d) primary reinforceDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

3. A reinforcer for which tokens can be exchanged in order to maintain their reinforcing poweris called a(n):a) secondary reinforcer b) conditioned reinforcer* c) back-up reinforcer d) primary reinforceDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

4. Stimuli which are reinforcing without prior learning are called:a) conditioned reinforcers b) back-up reinforcersc) intrinsic reinforcers * d) primary reinforcersDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

5. For someone who has not eaten for several hours, food would be a reinforcer,as it is naturally reinforcing in and of itself.* a) primary b) conditionedc) back-up d) secondaryDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

6. Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers areknown as:a) adventitious reinforcers * b) tokensc) back-up reinforcers d) extrinsic reinforcersDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

7. Which of the following is a stimulus that is a conditioned reinforcer (i.e., associated withmore powerful reinforcers) but is not a token?a) gold stars on an improvement chart b) coupons for food products* c) the sight of a loved one d) moneyDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

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8. In a behavior modification token system, tokens can be exchanged for more powerfulreinforcers called:a) extrinsic reinforcers b) primary reinforcersc) intrinsic reinforcers * d) back-up reinforcersDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

9. A stimulus which is not originally punishing but which acquires punishing power throughassociation with a stimulus that is punishing is called a(n):* a) conditioned punisher b) warning stimulusc) unconditioned punisher d) conditioned stimulusDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

10. A reinforcer that is based on a number of different back-up reinforcers is called a(n):a) natural reinforcer * b) generalized reinforcerc) intrinsic reinforcer d) extrinsic reinforceDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

11. At the end of a poker game, poker chips that you have obtained can be exchanged formoney. In this case, money can best be described as a(n):* a) back-up reinforcer b) unconditioned reinforcerc) natural reinforcer d) conditioned reinforceDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

12. In Erin’s program, the time on Facebook or YouTube are examples of:a) tokens * b) back-up reinforcersc) unconditioned reinforcers d) intrinsic reinforcersDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

13. Which of the following is most likely to be a primary reinforcer?a) a toy b) money * c) a candy bar d) poker chipsDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

14. Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?a) a drink of water b) a candy bar c) warmth from a fireplace *d) moneyDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

15. Praise is best referred to as a(n):a) natural reinforcer * b) generalized reinforcerc) intrinsic reinforcer d) back-up reinforceDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

16. Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers arecalled:a) backup reinforcers * b) tokens

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c) natural reinforcers d) intrinsic reinforcersDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 17. Back-up reinforcers are stimuli that are naturally reinforcing in and of themselves,

such as food for someone who has not eaten for several hours.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

F 18. A primary reinforcer is a reinforcer that is based on a number of different back-upreinforcers.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 19. A conditioned reinforcer that is a generalized reinforcer is more effective than one thatis not.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 20. Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcersare called tokens.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 21. A stimulus that is paired with punishment becomes a conditioned punisher.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 22. Automatic conditioned reinforcement enables us to explain why babies babble a greatdeal, even when no adults are around.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 23. Research shows that, although the smell and taste that occurs while smokingcigarettes are paired with the reinforcing effects of nicotine in the bloodstream, the smell andtaste of cigarettes do not become conditioned reinforcers for regular smokers.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

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Chapter 6. Decreasing a Behavior with Extinction

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. If, in a given situation, an individual emits a previously reinforced response that is notfollowed by the usual reinforcing consequence, then that person:* a) is less likely to do the same thing again in that situationb) will stop emitting that behavior immediately in that situationc) is more likely to do the same thing again in that situation d)will become very aggressive in that situationDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

2. When observing an undesirable behavior prior to introducing an extinction program, youwould take into account:* a) events that may be reinforcing the behaviorb) ways to minimize the number of trials for the extinction programc) punishers that may be used to decrease the behavior that is to be extinguishedd) how to implement the program without the client’s knowledgeDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

3. An extinction program may fail because:a) spontaneous recovery did not occur* b) a desirable alternative behavior was not appropriately strengthenedc) instructions were not given to the client prior to the programd) prior to the extinction program, the behavior was on a continuous rather than anintermittent schedule of reinforcementDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

4. The reappearance of an extinguished behavior following a rest is called:a) intermittent reinforcement b) an extinction burst

* c) spontaneous recovery d) indirect reinforcement


5. It is important to consider the setting in which extinction will be carried out in order to:a) capitalize on use of instructions* b) minimize the influence of alternative reinforcers on the undesirable behaviorc) put the undesirable behavior on intermittent reinforcement before introducingextinctiond) minimize spontaneous recoveryDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

6. Which of the following is not a potential problem of an extinction program?a) The behavior may get worse before it gets better.b) The program may produce aggression by the person whose behavior is beingextinguished.c) Spontaneous recovery may occur.* d) Other reinforced behaviors will also decrease in frequency.Difficulty: Hard

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Type: Applied

7. It is important to consider the setting in which extinction will be carried out in order to:a) capitalize on use of instructionsb) put the undesirable behavior on intermittent reinforcement before introducingextinction* c) maximize the chances of the behavior modifier persisting with the programd) minimize spontaneous recoveryDifficulty: MediumType: Applied

8. A behavior is likely to extinguish very slowly if:* a) that behavior was reinforced intermittently prior to the extinction programb) that behavior was reinforced continuously prior to the extinction program c) analternative desirable behavior is reinforcedd) there is no aggression as a side-effectDifficulty: MediumType: Applied

9. If you tell someone to stop eating candies, and the person stops, that is an example of:a) extinction b) the Premack principle* c) instructional control over behavior d) indirect-acting reinforcementDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

10. If a parent ignores the behavior of a child, that is an example of extinction if:a) the child listens to the parent * b) the parent’s attention was reinforcing thechild’s behaviorc) the child is obedient d) the child’s behavior was annoying to the

parentDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

11. Behavior that extinguishes slowly is said to be:a) reinforced intermittently b) showing spontaneous recovery

* c) resistant to extinction d) exhibiting extinction bursts


12. An increase in responding during extinction is commonly referred to as:* a) an extinction burst b) spontaneous recovery

c) an establishing operation d) a pitfall of extinction


13. Extinction and forgetting are similar in that both involve:a) weakening a behavior as a function of that behavior being emitted without beingreinforcedb) weakening a behavior as a function of time following that behaviorc) weakening a behavior as a function of intermittent reinforcement* d) weakening of behavior

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a) continuous reinforcement b) functional reinforcement* c) bootleg reinforcement d) intrinsic reinforcement


14. Suppose that, following instances of a child swearing, the parents said to the child, “Youhave just lost 25 cents of your weekly allowance.” This is an example of:a) extinction c) reprimand punishmentb) forgetting * d) response cost punishmentDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 15. An example of extinction is when you tell someone to stop smoking cigarettes, and the

person stops.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

T 16. A possible reason for the failure of an extinction program is that the undesirablebehavior is receiving reinforcement from another source.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

F 17. Ignoring the behavior of a person is always an example of extinction.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 18. Extinction may be quicker after continuous reinforcement than after intermittentreinforcement.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

T 19. If a behavior is not reinforced at least once in a while, it will gradually extinguish.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

F 20. Research has shown that extinction can be successfully applied in any setting.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 21. Behavior that has been reinforced on a continuous reinforcement schedule is morepersistent during extinction than behavior that has been reinforced on an intermittentreinforcement schedule.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

Multiple Choice Questions on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)22. Unauthorized reinforcement provided for a behavior being subjected to an extinctionprogram is the definition of:

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23. After Susie appeared to display frequent tantrums that usually led to adult attention, thetreatment program involved giving Susie adult attention once every 30 seconds regardless ofSusie’s behavior. This treatment program would be referred to as:a) Intermittent reinforcementb) Extinction* c) Noncontingent reinforcementd) Bootleg reinforcementDifficulty: HardType: Applied

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Chapter 7. Getting a New Behavior to Occur With Shaping

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. Shaping is referred to as the method of:a) intermittent reinforcement * b) successive approximationsc) contingency adjustment d) self-instructionDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

2. The form or spatial configuration of a behavior is referred to as:a) latency of behavior b) amount of behaviorc) frequency of behavior * d) topography of behaviorDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

3. The procedure used for developing a new behavior by successively reinforcing closerapproximations and extinguishing preceding approximations to achieve a final desiredbehavior is called:a) intermittent reinforcement * b) shapingc) fading d) discrimination trainingDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

4. Shaping is a procedure that involves two basic principles, namely:a) intermittent reinforcement and extinctionb) continuous reinforcement and instructions* c) positive reinforcement and extinctiond) reinforcer sampling and Premack principleDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

5. A guideline for effective application of shaping is to:* a) never move to a new approximation until the student has mastered the previousapproximationb) overtrain at each approximation to ensure masteryc) reinforce each approximation about 4 times before moving on to the nextapproximationd) make each approximation somewhat difficult to avoid boredomDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

6. Which of the following is not one of the three stages of a shaping program?a) specify the final desired behaviorb) identify a starting response to work toward the final desired behavior* c) extinguish behaviors that interfere with the shaping programd) reinforce the starting response, and then closer and closer approximations to the finaldesired behaviorDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

7. A child is reinforced for saying “wa-wa,” then “watah,” and finally, “water.” In this example,has been shaped.

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a) frequency *b) topography c) amount d) intensityDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

8. Across several golf practices, a golfer is reinforced for hitting five shots, then seven shots,then ten shots, and then fifteen shots. This is an example of shaping.a) topography b) duration c) intensity * d) frequencyDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

9. Across several practices, a swimmer is reinforced for starting more and more quickly to thesound of the starter’s pistol. This is an example of shaping.a) duration b) intensity * c) latency d) topographyDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

10. Shaping would not be the procedure of choice for:a) changing the topography of a behavior* b) linking a series of responses togetherc) increasing the frequency of a behavior d)decreasing the latency of a behaviorDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 11. Another name for shaping is the method of spontaneous recovery.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 12. In starting a shaping procedure, it’s difficult to know if you have enough successiveapproximations, so you simply give it your best guess and then try out the program.Difficulty: MediumType: Applied

F 13. Although it is necessary to avoid under-reinforcement at any step in a shapingprogram, it is not necessary to worry about reinforcing too many times at any step.Difficulty: MediumType: Applied

T 14. The time between the occurrence of a stimulus and the beginning of a response isreferred to as latency.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 15. Gradually lengthening the time of studying before taking a break would be an example offrequency shaping.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

T 16. The intensity of a response refers to the physical effect the response has on theenvironment.

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F 17. The amount of a particular behavior refers to either its frequency or its intensity.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Question on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 18. Shaping appears to be useful in modifying not only external behavior but also internal

behavior.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

F 19. Research has demonstrated that it is not possible to use shaping to influence animals toengage in behavior that is harmful to them.Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

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Chapter 8. Developing Behavioral Persistence with Schedules ofReinforcement

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: *indicates the correct answer)1. When reinforcement occurs after some but not all responses, a(n)schedule of reinforcement is being used.a) continuous b) durationc) interval * d) intermittentDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

2. Each time you turn on the TV, a picture appears. This is an example of:a) fixed-ratio reinforcement b) variable-ratio reinforcement

* c) continuous reinforcement d) fixed-interval reinforcement


3. During piece-rate pay in a sewing factory, a worker is paid $10.00 for every ten pairs ofpants. This is an example of:* a) a fixed-ratio schedule b) a fixed-intervalschedule c) continuous reinforcement d) a fixed-durationscheduleDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

4. A pause after reinforcement followed by a high rate of responding until the nextreinforcement is the characteristic effect of:a) FI schedule b) VI schedule* c) FR schedule d) FR/LH scheduleDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

5. “Reinforcement occurring after a variable number of responses, where the number variesaround some mean value” defines the schedule.* a) variable-ratio b) variable-intervalc) variable-ratio-with-limited-hold d) variable-interval-with-limited-holdDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

6. The advantage of VR over FR in training programs is that:a) reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses are emittedb) a reinforcer is no longer presented following each responsec) the VR generates longer pauses and a steady rate of responding* d) the VR generates less pausing and can maintain a high rate with fewer reinforcementsDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

7. “Reinforcement contingent on the first response occurring after a fixed period of time” is thedefinition of a(n) schedule.a) FR b) VR*c) FI d) FD

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a) an intermittent schedule b) an FR schedule* c) a VI schedule d) an FI schedule


8. “Reinforcement contingent on the first response occurring within a limited period of timefollowing the expiration of a fixed interval of time” is the definition of:* a) FI/LH b) FR/LHc) VR/LH d) VI/LHDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

9. An FI/LH is similar to a simple FI schedule, procedurally, in that in both FI and FI/LH:a) long pauses occur at the beginning of the interval followed by steady responding b)reinforcement remains available for only a limited period of time* c) reinforcement is programmed to occur after the first response after a fixed period oftimed) reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses are emittedDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

10. A fairly steady or uniform rate of responding between reinforcements is a characteristiceffect of:


11. When reinforcement that is contingent on the first response occurs within a limited periodof time following another interval of time, which varies around some mean value, a(n)

schedule is in effect.* a) variable interval with limited hold b) fixed interval with limited hold

c) variable interval d) fixed interval

Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

12. A characteristic effect of a VI/LH schedule is:a) intermittent responding with very little pausing* b) steady responding with very little pausingc) very occasional responding with very frequent pausing d)steady responding with no pausingDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

13. A practical advantage of a VI/LH schedule over an FI/LH schedule is that on a VI/LHschedule:a) the behavior is not influenced by outside distractorsb) there are very frequent although small pauses spread uniformly throughout the interval c) itis easy to monitor the amount of time spent producing the desirable behavior* d) there is little or no pausing at the beginning of each intervalDifficulty:Type: Conceptual

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* a) FD b) FIc) FI/LH d) VI/LH

14. When reinforcement occurs after the behavior has been engaged in for a continuous periodof time, where the specified time varies around some mean value, there is a(n)schedule in effect.a) VR * b) VDc) FR d) VD/LHDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

15. At home, checking the clothes dryer for dry clothes will eventually be reinforced by theclothes being dry. This would be an approximation of a schedule.a) fixed-ratio * b) variable-intervalc) variable-interval-with-limited-hold d) variable-durationDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

16. A child pounds pegs into a peg board and is reinforced by getting the pegs level with theboard. This is an approximation of a schedule.a) fixed-duration b) fixed-ratioc) variable-interval * d) variable-ratioDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

17. If parents reinforce their child’s practicing of a musical instrument by allowing the child acertain amount of TV time following a fixed amount of practice, this is an approximation of a(n)

schedule.


18. The statement “The time devoted to an activity in a concurrent situation is proportional tothe rate of reinforcement of that activity relative to the rates of reinforcement on the otherconcurrent activities,” describes:a) performance on a VI/LH b) the concurrent schedule lawc) the rate of reinforcement law * d) the matching lawDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

19. The response chosen in a concurrent schedule depends on:a) the relative immediacy of reinforcement b) the relative magnitude ofreinforcement c) the relative response effort * d) all of the aboveDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

20. The behavior of hitchhiking (thumbing to obtain a ride) is reinforced on:a) a VR * b) a VI/LHc) a VD d) a VIDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

21. In a procedure, a distinct stimulus is presented prior to an opportunity for aresponse to occur and be followed by a reinforcement, and the next response cannot occur

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until another stimulus is presented, and so on.a) free operant b) reinforcement* c) discrete trials d) natural reinforcementDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 22. A fixed-duration schedule would be a very good schedule for reinforcing studybehavior.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 23. The inconsistent use of extinction often results in highly persistent undesirablebehavior.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 24. The behavior of repeatedly dialing a telephone to call a friend whose line is busy isreinforced on an approximation of a VI/LH schedule.Difficulty: HardType: Conceptual

F 25. A teacher might suggest that those students who remain in their desks continuouslyfor a half-hour interval will be allowed ten minutes to read a book of their choice. This is anapproximation of VI/LH in a training program.Difficulty: HardType: Applied

T 26. In both VD and FD schedules, reinforcement is contingent on engaging in the behaviorfor a continuous time period.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

F 27. A door-to-door salesperson is reinforced on a VI schedule in that a sale is made aftersome unpredictable number of responses.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 28. Catching a ride on a bus at a bus stop on a regular city route is probably reinforced onan approximation of an FI/LH schedule.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

F 29. Limited hold in an FI/LH schedule can be exemplified by the amount of time a passengerwaits at a bus stop for a bus to arrive.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

F 30. A VI/LH would not be used to teach students to sit at their desks, as it would generatesitting down and standing up at a high rate.Difficulty: Medium

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Type: Conceptual

Multiple Choice Question on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)31. Who wrote the classic authoritative work on schedules of reinforcement?a) Martin and Pear b) Keller and Skinnerc) Keller and Watson * d) Ferster and SkinnerDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 32. It appears that the presence of rule-governed behavior in humans influences them tomake interpretations about schedules of reinforcement that generate behavior patterns that aredifferent from those caused by the same schedules when applied to animals.Difficulty: MediumType: Applied

F 33. Students are likely to complete less class work and make fewer correct responses whenreinforced according to a fixed page condition than a fixed time condition.Difficulty: HardType: Applied

T 34. Humans often do not show decreased response rates and pauses in responding whereanimals typically do on certain schedules of reinforcement.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 35. Preverbal infants show quite different response patterns on certain schedules ofreinforcement than do animals on those same schedules.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 36. Schedules of reinforcement can help us in understanding the causes of pathologicalgambling that some might attribute to “inner compulsions.”Difficulty: MediumType: Applied

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Chapter 9. Responding at the Right Time and Place: StimulusDiscrimination and Stimulus Generalization

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. A is defined as any physical event or object in one’s immediatesurroundings that impinge on one’s sensory receptors and that can affect a behavior.* a) stimulus b) positivereinforcer c) discriminative stimulus d) natural reinforceDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

2. A (n) is that which is correlated with the availability of reinforcement fora particular response.a) conditioned stimulus * b) discriminativestimulus c) warning stimulus d) controlling stimulusDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

3. When a particular behavior is likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus andnot others, we say that exists.a) behavior persistence b) stimulus generalization* c) stimulus control d) stimulus discrimination trainingDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

4. Reinforcing a response in the presence of a particular stimulus and extinguishing thatresponse in the presence of some other stimulus is known as:a) an intermittent schedule b) a shaping procedurec) a reinforcer sampling procedure * d) stimulus discrimination trainingDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

5. If a child is reinforced for swearing in front of other kids, but not for swearing in thepresence of his parents, we would say that the parents are forswearing.* a) an S∆ b) a reinforcerc) an SD d) a punisherDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

6. A stimulus that is correlated with the availability of reinforcement for a response is knownas:a) a cue b) a controlling stimulus* c) an SD d) an S∆


7. When two people are eating dinner, the request by one person to pass the salt would be a(n)for the other person to pass the salt.

a) S∆ b) controlling stimulus* c) SD d) effective SD

Difficulty: Medium

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* a) ineffective S∆ b) effective S∆

c) effective SD d) ineffective SD

* a) contingency-shaped behavior b) rule-governed behaviorc) extrinsic reinforcement d) intrinsic motivation

Type: Conceptual

8. A stimulus that is correlated with extinction trials for a particular response is known as:a) an SD b) a controlling stimulusc) a cue * d) an S∆


9. An “Out of Order” sign on a vending machine is a(n) for the response of puttingin money.* a) S∆ b) ineffective SD

c) SD d) controlling stimulusDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

10. Which of the following questions are you not likely to ask yourself when you are consideringthe selection of a stimulus to be set up as an SD for the behavior of another person?a) Can the stimulus be presented primarily on occasions on which the response shouldoccur?b) Is there a high probability that the person will attend to it?* c) Are there a wide variety of reinforcers available that are sufficiently different from oneanother?d) Is the stimulus sufficiently different from other stimuli on more than one dimension?Difficulty: HardType: Applied

11. What do the authors mean by “an error in discrimination training”?a) failing to respond to the S∆ b) not responding at allc) responding to the SD * d) responding to the S∆


12. In the case of a man who inadvertently enters the women’s washroom, the printed sign onthe door “Women” is a(n) for the response of entering, on the part of the man.


13. If a child’s swearing when playing with friends in the street increases as a function of thefriends’ natural reactions, then swearing exemplifies:


14. The people, objects, and events currently present in one’s surroundings that can bedetected by one’s sense receptors are referred to as:a) SDs * b) stimulic) S∆s d) antecedentsDifficulty: Easy

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a) shaping b) stimulus control training* c) stimulus discrimination learning d) contextual control training

Type: Conceptual

15. The procedure by which we learn to emit a specific behavior in the presence of some stimuliand not in the presence of other stimuli is called:


16. If a father were to tell his 16-year-old son, “You can use the family car on Saturday if youmow the lawn on Friday,” and if the son mows the lawn on Friday, we would describe theson’s lawn-mowing as:a) contingency shaped behavior b) intrinsically motivated behavior* c) rule-governed behavior d) self-managed behaviorDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

17. When behavior becomes more probable in the presence of one stimulus or situation as aresult of having been reinforced in the presence of another stimulus or situation, we say that

has occurred.* a) stimulus generalization b) stimulus discrimination

c) response generalization d) stimulus controlDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

18. If teaching a child to say “red” in the presence of red objects increases the chances thatthe child will also say “red” to pink objects, we say that hasoccurred.a) response generalization * b) stimulusgeneralization c) stimulus control d) stimulusdiscriminationDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

19. Recognizing objects that are red and discriminating them from objects that are green is anexample of:* a) conceptual behavior b) response generalizationc) a stimulus class d) stimulus generalizationDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

20. A child learns that a small green Volkswagen and a large white limousine are both cars,because they share some common features, even though they are very different in manyrespects. This represents:a) stimulus generalization due to considerable physical similarityb) stimulus generalization due to stimulus equivalence classesc) stimulus generalization due to behavioral momentum* d) stimulus generalization involving a stimulus common-element classDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

21. As a result of learning to match a golf ball to a golf club, and a golf club to a golf bag, a

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child is now able to match a golf bag to a golf ball without specific training to do so. In thisexample, the golf ball, the golf club, and the golf bag constitute a(n):a) stimulus class * b) stimulus equivalence classc) stimulus common-element class d) response classDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 22. When a particular behavior is likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulusand not others, we say that stimulus generalization exists.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 23. A man walking toward a door with his arms full of purchases is typically an SD

for another person to open the door for him.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

F 24. An Out of Order sign on a vending machine is an SD for the response of putting inthe money.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 25. An apple, a banana, and a grape are members of a stimulus-equivalence classcalled food.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 26. A stimulus common-element class is made up of stimuli that are physicallydifferent but functionally similar.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

Multiple Choice Questions on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)27. As a result of learning to match A to B and B to C, an individual can now match A to Cwithout specific training. This is called:a) stimulus equivalence * b) transitivityc) reflexivity d) symmetryDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

28. When the general setting alters the manner in which an individual responds to aparticular stimulus, then has been demonstrated.a) stimulus control b) stimulus equivalence* c) contextual control d) stimulus discriminationDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)

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T 29. Stimulus equivalence requires the demonstration of reflexivity, symmetry, andtransitivity.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 30. Contextual control refers to a situation where a single stimulus controls a singleresponse in all settings or contexts.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

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Chapter 10. Changing the Control of a Behavior with Fading

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. The gradual change, on successive trials, of a stimulus that controls a response sothat the response eventually occurs to a partially changed or completely new stimulus, isknown as:* a) fading b) stimulus discrimination trainingc) shaping d) SD - S∆ trainingDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

2. If a parent tries to teach a child to hold a pencil and make a line on a piece of paper byphysically guiding the child’s hand, and if over successive trials the physical guidance isgradually lessened to the point where the child will be able to draw a line without any helpwhatsoever, the parent is using:a) an extinction procedure * b) a fading procedurec) SD - S∆ training d) stimulus discrimination trainingDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

3. Which of the following is not an advantage of establishing stimulus control without errors?a) Errors consume valuable time.b) If an error occurs once, it tends to occur many times even though it is beingextinguished.* c) Establishing a mastery criterion without errors leads to increased generalization.d) The absence of reinforcement when errors are being extinguished often producesemotional side effects.Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

4. A stimulus that you want to eventually control a target behavior is called a(n):a) effective stimulus b) training stimulus c) starting stimulus * d) final target stimulusDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

5. The initial stimulus that reliably evokes the desired behavior at the start of a fadingprogram is known as the:a) effective stimulus *b) starting stimulus c) discriminative stimulus d) target stimulusDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

6. George teaches his dog to bring him the morning newspaper by first reinforcing the dogfor sniffing at the paper, then for picking it up in its mouth, then for carrying it a few steps, andfinally for bringing it all the way to him. George’s procedure exemplifies:a) fading b) stimulus discrimination trainingc) intermittent reinforcement * d) none of the aboveDifficulty: HardType: Applied

7. When a teacher alters the characteristics of the SD or the S∆ to make them morenoticeable and therefore easier to discriminate during discrimination training with a child, theteacher is using a(n):a) extra-stimulus prompt b) physical prompt

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* c) within-stimulus prompt d) modelling promptDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

8. Which of the following is not a major category of prompts?a) verbal prompts * b) psychological promptsc) gestural prompts d) physical promptsDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

9. The procedure in which the response remains the same over trials while thecontrolling stimulus is gradually changed is called:a) method of successive approximation b) shapingc) stimulus discrimination training * d) fadingDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

10. Susan praises her child for saying “please” before being given a treat and for saying “thankyou” after receiving the treat. Susan’s procedure exemplifies:* a) stimulus discrimination training b) extinctionc) fading d) intermittent reinforcementDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

11. When a teacher demonstrates a correct behavior, the teacher is using a(n):a) physical prompt b) environmentalprompt c) verbal prompt * d) modelling promptDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

12. While teaching a child to obtain the appropriate colored object when the teacher saideither “blue” or “green,” the teacher’s pointing to the correct object on a trial would be anexample of:a) a physical prompt b) an environmental prompt* c) a gestural prompt d) a modeling promptDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

13. When teaching a child the correct position of the knife, fork, and spoon at a place settingat a dinner table, the teacher initially draws the location of the utensils on a place mat, andthen fades out the drawing over trials. The drawing on the place mat is a(n):* a) extra-stimulus prompt b) within-stimulus promptc) physical prompt d) time-delay promptDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 14. It is advantageous to establish stimulus control without errors because errorsconsume valuable time.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

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F 15. In fading, the response gradually changes, while the general stimulus situationremains essentially the same.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 16. Movements a teacher makes without touching the student in order to evoke a desiredbehavior are called “gestural” prompts.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 17. No more than 4 reinforced trials should occur at any given fading step before thestimuli of that particular step are changed.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 18. Fading is a gradual change on successive trials of a stimulus that controls a response,so that the response eventually occurs to a partially changed or completely new stimuli.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 19. Another name for errorless learning is shaping.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 20. Any characteristic of a stimulus that can be measured on some continuum is referredto as a dimension of a stimulus.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

Multiple Choice Questions on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)21. The method of removing prompts in which a starting stimulus that reliably evokes theresponse is gradually changed until the response is evoked by the final desired stimulus isknown as the method of:a) increasing assistance * b) decreasing assistancec) graduated guidance d) time delayDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

22. The method of removing prompts in which the time interval between the final desiredstimulus and the starting stimulus is gradually increased from a very small starting value iscalled the method of:a) increasing time b) decreasing timec) graduated guidance * d) time delayDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

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Chapter 11. Getting a New Sequence of Behaviors to Occur withBehavior Chaining

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. A sequence of SDs and Rs in which each R produces the SD for the next R with the entiresequence followed by a reinforcer is referred to as:* a) a behavioral chain b) shapingc) fading d) stimulus discrimination trainingDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

2. You pour a cup of coffee. You add sugar and then cream. You stir the coffee and then takea sip. The taste of the coffee with the cream and sugar is the reinforcer. This is an example of:a) fading b) shapingc) a stimulus discrimination * d) a stimulus-response chainDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

3. In a behavioral chain, a given stimulus is both:a) an S∆ and a generalized reinforcer* b) an SD and a conditioned reinforcer

c) a stimulus and a target stimulusd) a primary reinforcer and a conditioned reinforceDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

4. A chaining method in which the client is required to attempt each of the steps in the chainfrom the beginning to the end on each trial is referred to as:a) forward chaining * b) total task presentation chainingc) pure part chaining d) backward chainingDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

5. When the initial step of a sequence is taught first, then the first and second steps aretaught and linked together, then the first three steps, and so on until the entire chain isacquired, this process describes:a) pure part chaining * b) forward chainingc) backward chaining d) total task presentation chainingDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

6. Which of the chaining methods requires the trainer to spend less time in partial assemblyor disassembly to prepare the task for training?a) forward chaining b) backward chaining* c) total task presentation chaining d) pure part chainingDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

7. In , the end result of the procedure is some new stimulus control of a particularbehavior.a) shaping * b) fadingc) chaining d) prompting

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8. When the goal of a program is to develop some new behavior along some physicaldimension such as force, form, or duration, one should use:a) fading * b) shapingc) chaining d) promptingDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

9. With , the terminal behavior is a new sequence of responses, with a “clear-cut”stimulus signalling the end of each response and the start of the next.a) fading b) shaping* c) chaining d) promptingDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

10. The process of breaking a task down into smaller steps or component responses tofacilitate training refers to:a) forward chaining b) motivating operationc) pure part chaining * d) task analysisDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

11. A teacher gradually withdraws her physical guidance that was used to help a nurseryschool child learn to trace the letter “A.” Eventually the child can trace the letter by herself.This is an example of:a) chaining b) shapingc) prompting * d) fadingDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

12. Always having a readily available conditioned reinforcer to strengthen each new responsethat is added to the sequence in the chain is a theoretical advantage of:a) forward chaining * b) backward chainingc) total task presentation chaining d) pure part chainingDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

13. In backward chaining, the response that is closest to the main reinforcer:a) is slowly faded in b) is conditioned last* c) is conditioned first d) is slowly faded outDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 14. A behavioral chain is called a chain because it consists of stimulus-response “links”that are connected or “chained” together.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 15. After many trials, the stimulus that occurs immediately following each step in a chain

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eventually becomes both a conditioned reinforcer for the response that produced that stimulusand an SD for the following response.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

F 16. The authors recommend backward chaining as the preferred chaining procedurebecause it appears to focus on teaching response topography and response sequencesimultaneously.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 17. You should begin training a behavioral chain by providing whatever assistance isnecessary for the client to perform each of the steps on every trial.Difficulty: MediumType: Applied

F 18. Feeding a person very salty food, which would establish water as a reinforcer and alsoevoke behavior such as asking for a drink (that has been reinforced by receipt of water), is anexample of forward chaining.Difficulty: HardType: Applied

F 19. An adventitious chain is one in which each response component of the chain isnecessary for reinforcement.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

True/False Question on NfFLSection (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 20. In a long behavioral chain, the stimuli at the beginning of the chain begin to take on theproperties of SΔs, and their quality of being SDs decreases.Difficulty: MediumType: Applied

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Chapter 12. Differential Reinforcement Procedures to DecreaseBehavior

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. You are likely to reinforce (by answering pleasantly and with interest) an acquaintance whotelephones you if such calls occur at a reasonably low rate, but not if they occur at such a highrate that you feel hassled. You friend is being reinforced on a(n):* a) DRL schedule b) DRO schedulec) DRA schedule d) DRI scheduleDifficulty: HardType: Applied

2. Reinforcement is given at the end of a session, provided that the number of responsesduring that session do not exceed some specified limit. This is the definition of:* a) limited-responding DRL b) interval DRLc) spaced-responding DRL d) limited-hold DRLDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

3. When the session is divided into intervals and reinforcement is given at the end of eachinterval in which the number of responses do not exceed some specified limit, then a(n)

schedule is being applied.a) VI/LH b) spaced-responding DROc) DRA * d) limited-responding DRLDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

4. Reinforcement is given immediately after a response during a session, provided that thatresponse is separated from the preceding response by some minimal time period. This refersto a(n):a) FI/LH b) limited-responding DRLc) VI/LH * d) spaced-responding DRLDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

5. On a(n) schedule of reinforcement, responding too soon means that the timeinterval will recycle so that a reinforced response must occur a minimum of a specifiedinterval of time following a preceding response.a) limited-responding DRL b) interval DRL* c) spaced-responding DRL d) limited-hold DRLDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

6. On a(n) schedule of reinforcement, responding by the individual before the timeinterval has passed has no programmed consequences.a) spaced-responding DRL * b) FIc) limited-responding DRL d) FDDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

7. It would be appropriate to use a DRL schedule of reinforcement when a behavior:* a) occurs at greater than the desired rate b) does not occur

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a) DRO b) DRA* c) DRI d) spaced-responding DRL

a) a VI schedule b) a VR schedule* c) a VI/LH schedule d) a VD schedule

c) occurs at very low rates d) is harmful to the client or others


8. On a(n) schedule of reinforcement, a reinforcer is presented if a specified periodof time passes and a particular behavior does not occur during that time.a) DRA b) DRIc) DRL * d) DRODifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

9. Jack works at a job where he is paid by the hour. Jack is being reinforced on aschedule.

a) fixed-ratio b) fixed-interval* c) fixed-duration d) variable-intervalDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

10. An individual is reinforced if a target response does not occur throughout a particularinterval, and each response typically “resets” the interval back to zero. This refers to a(n)

schedule.a) DRI * b) DROc) DRA d) spaced-responding DRLDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

11. A is a schedule for decreasing a response by reinforcing an alternativeresponse that is incompatible with the response to be eliminated.


12. When Suzie plays the slot machines in Las Vegas, her gambling behavior is reinforced on aschedule.

a) variable-interval b) variable-durationc) fixed-ratio * d) variable-ratioDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

13. A student who studies frequently in order to do well on unannounced pop quizzes in one ofher courses is showing the effects of:


14. A procedure that involves extinction of a problem behavior, combined with reinforcing abehavior that is topographically dissimilar to, but not necessarily incompatible withthe problem behavior is known as a:a) DRL schedule * b) DRA schedule

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c) DRO schedule d) DRI scheduleDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 15. Limited-responding DRL is useful when two conditions hold: (a) some of the behavior istolerable, but (b) the behavior must also be engaged in for a fixed period of time.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 16. Spaced-responding DRL is useful when the behavior you want to reduce is actuallydesirable, provided it does not occur at too high a rate.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 17. The “O” in DRO stands for other responding.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 18. DRL works to the disadvantage of people who are ignorant of its effects by inadvertentlyreinforcing behavior that is highly undesirable and harmful to others.Difficulty: MediumType: Applied

T 19. DRA refers to a schedule in which a behavior that is different from, but notnecessarily incompatible with, the problem behavior is reinforced and the problem behavioris extinguished.Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

True/False Question on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 20. In the program in which Tommy could earn extra playtime at the end of the day forhaving three or fewer talkouts during class, Tommy’s talkouts may have decreased becausethe teacher immediately reinforced Tommy for working without talking.Difficulty: HardType: Conceptual

F 21. In the program in which Tommy could earn extra playtime at the end of the day forhaving three or fewer talkouts during class, Tommy’s talkouts decreased because of the direct-acting effects of reinforcement of free play at the end of the day when he didn’t talk out.Difficulty: Hard

Type: Applied

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Chapter 13. Decreasing Behavior with Punishment

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. An event which, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behaviorto decrease in frequency, is referred to as a(n):a) SD * b) punisherc) primary reinforcer d) natural reinforceDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

2. Punishers that activate pain receptors or other sense receptors that typically evokefeelings of discomfort are included in the category of:* a) physical punishment b) time-outsc) reprimands d) response costDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

3. Placing a child in a relatively barren room for a brief period of time is an example of:a) physical punishment b) reprimands

* c) time-out d) response cost

Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

4. Strong negative verbal stimuli make up the category of:a) physical punishment b) responsecost c) time-out * d) reprimandsDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

5. A traffic ticket is an example of:a) physical punishment b) reprimandsc) time-out * d) response cost


6. A stimulus that was not originally punishing, but that acquired punishing powerthrough association with other punishers is the definition of:a) an S∆ * b) a conditioned punisherc) a reprimand d) a non-exclusionary time-outDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

7. Removing the individual for a short time from the situation in which reinforcementis occurring is classified as:a) non-exclusionary time-out b) response cost* c) exclusionary time-out d) negative reinforcementDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

8. Introducing into the situation a stimulus associated with less reinforcement is referredto as:

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a) response cost b) exclusionary time-outc) negative reinforcement * d) non-exclusionary time-outDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

9. If a teacher is unable to detect most instances of a behavior to be punished, thenthe teacher should have serious doubts about the value of implementing a punishmentprocedure because:a) the student seems to get used to the punisher and can put up with more of it* b) intermittent punishment is less effective than continuous punishmentc) you cannot apply an experimental test to this type of situation to detect all instances of theundesirable behaviord) this increases the likelihood that the punisher will become a positive reinforceDifficulty: HardType: Applied

10. Parents with good intentions might say to their child, “That was good, but...” and thenproceed to explain how the behavior could have been even better. Although they hope to beinstructional, they are probably unintentionally applying:a) shaping b) positive reinforcement* c) punishment d) fadingDifficulty: HardType: Applied

11. In non-exclusionary time-out, the individual is:a) taken away to a time-out area b) ignored while still in the problem situation

* c) timed out in the problem situation d) removed from reinforcement


12. As a consequence of coming home later than an agreed-upon curfew, a teenager loses theprivilege of driving the family car for one week. This exemplifies:a) negative reinforcement b) time-outc) physical punishment * d) response costDifficulty: MediumType: Applied

13. Punishment is the same as:a) negative reinforcement b) escape conditioningc) avoidance conditioning * d) none of the aboveDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

14. To increase an operant behavior, you can:a) punish it* b) negatively reinforce itc) withhold reinforcement following the behaviord) positively reinforce an incompatible behaviorDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

15. When many of us were children, we learned that asking our parents for treats when theywere in a bad mood usually led to a reprimand. The parental behaviors characteristic of “being

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in a bad mood” would be referred to as a(n):a) SD b) S∆ c) CS *d) SDp


16. The view that, in some cases, it is desirable to use quicker-acting punishment proceduresto decrease problem behavior rather than slower-acting procedures involving positivereinforcement of alternative behavior, is referred to as the position.a) freedom from harm * b) right to effective treatmentc) functional communication d) positive behavior supportDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 17. The principle of punishment states: If, in a given situation, somebody does somethingthat is immediately followed by the withdrawal of a punisher, then that person is less likely todo the same thing again when he or she next encounters a similar situation.Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

T 18. A factor influencing the effectiveness of punishment consists of minimizing the causesof the response to be punished. This is typically done by eliminating the SDs that prompt theundesirable behavior and eliminating reinforcement contingencies that have been maintainingit.Difficulty: MediumType: Applied

F 19. A common example of response cost that is applied as a punishment by parents to theirchildren is sending children to their room as a punisher for undesirable behavior emittedelsewhere in the house.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 20. Response cost involves removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer contingent upon aresponse.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

F 21. An SD is a stimulus in the presence of which a response will be punished.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 22. An S∆ is a stimulus in the presence of which a response will not be reinforced.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 23. The “right to effective treatment” position is that non-aversive methods for eliminatingunacceptable behavior are always at least as effective as punishment, and that there is neverany justification for using pain-inducing punishment.Difficulty: MediumType: Applied

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T 24. A procedure called “functional communication training “ is one in which children withdevelopmental disabilities are taught a simple communicative response as an alternative toself-abuse in order to obtain staff attention.Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

True/False Question on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)

T 25. A recent review of trends in time-out research concluded that more research was neededto evaluate the relative efficacy of exclusionary vs. nonexclusionary time-out.Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

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Chapter 14. Establishing Behavior by Escape and AvoidanceConditioning

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. Both escape conditioning and the punishment procedure employ:a) differential reinforcement b) exclusionary time-outs* c) aversive events d) negative reinforcementDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

2. Which procedures both increase the likelihood of the target response?a) punishment and escape conditioning* b) positive reinforcement and escape conditioningc) positive reinforcement and punishmentd) punishment and avoidance conditioningDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

3. Another name for “conditioned aversive stimulus” is:a) S∆ b) natural punisher* c) warning stimulus d) extrinsic punisherDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

4. Why do individuals reinforce the undesirable behavior of others?* a) the undesirable behavior is an aversive event which reinforcement terminates (for awhile)b) these individuals are reinforced by other individuals’ failures c) welearn more from our mistakes than from our successesd) the undesirable behavior is undergoing shapingDifficulty: HardType: conceptual

5. If you use escape conditioning to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to.

a) remain the same b) completely stopc) decrease * d) increaseDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

6. One of the results of avoidance conditioning is that:a) it easily generalizes to other situations* b) responding decreases very slowly when the backup aversive stimulus may no longer beforthcomingc) the results last only for a short timed) the aversive stimulus must be presented before the avoidance response will occurDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

7. When an aversive stimulus is presented after a response and the response decreases infrequency, this procedure is called:a) response cost b) negative reinforcement

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* c) punishment d) all of the aboveDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

8. Suppose that a parent says to a child, “Clean your room or you can’t watch TV,” and thechild cleans his room. This is an example of:a) contingency shaped behavior b) Sidman avoidance conditioningc) punishment * d) rule-governed behaviorDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

9. A type of avoidance conditioning that includes a warning stimulus that signals aforthcoming aversive stimulus is referred to as:a) Sidman avoidance conditioning b) non-discriminated avoidance conditioning* c) discriminated avoidance conditioning d) rule-governed avoidance conditioningDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

10. A child screams loudly in a restaurant, causing some embarrassment for the parent. Theparent gives the child an extra dessert, and the child is quiet. The parent’s behavior of givingthe extra dessert has been influenced by:a) avoidance conditioning * b) escape conditioningc) Sidman avoidance conditioning d) punishmentDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

11. In a state where it is the law to wear seatbelts while driving, a person does not “buckle-up”when starting for work in the morning. But when that person sees a police car just ahead, theperson quickly buckles up. That person’s “buckling-up” behavior has been influenced by:* a) avoidance conditioning b) escape conditioningc) Sidman avoidance conditioning d) punishmentDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

12. Another name for escape conditioning is:a) punishment * b) negative reinforcementc) discriminated avoidance conditioning d) Sidman escape conditioningDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

13. Escape conditioning and positive reinforcement are similar in that:a) both involve aversive eventsb) both involve reinforcers* c) both lead to an increase in the likelihood of behaviord) both cause fear as a side effectDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 14. In avoidance conditioning, the response prevents or postpones the aversive stimulus

rather than removing it.Difficulty: Medium

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Type: Conceptual

F 15. Conditioned aversive stimulus is another name for response cost.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 16. In escape conditioning, the aversive stimulus is not present prior to the occurrence ofthe response, and the response prevents (or postpones) the aversive stimulus rather thanremoving it.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

Multiple Choice Questions on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)17. An avoidance schedule in which occasional aversive events are postponed by the emissionof a response and in which no warning stimulus signals the impending occurrence of anaversive event is referred to as:* a) Sidman avoidance conditioning b) passive avoidance conditioningc) escape conditioning d) negative reinforcementDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

18. In a city where frequent, unpredictable rain showers occur, carrying an umbrella to workeach morning, even though the sky is clear, might be an example of:a) negative reinforcement b) passive avoidance conditioning* c) Sidman avoidance conditioning d) escape conditioningDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

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Chapter 15. Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. A child is approached by a dog and is knocked down, which causes fear. The next timethe child sees a dog, the child experiences fear, which subsides when the child runs awayfrom the dog. The child’s fear of the sight of the dog was caused by:a) operant conditioning b) escape conditioning* c) respondent conditioning d) avoidance conditioningDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

2. A child is approached by a dog and is knocked down, which causes fear. The next time thechild sees a dog, the child experiences fear, which subsides when the child runs awayfrom the dog. The child’s running away from the dog is maintained by:a) operant conditioning * b) escape conditioningc) respondent conditioning d) avoidance conditioningDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

3. The child hears the bell (which rings continuously) of an ice cream wagon, goes out to thestreet and buys ice cream, bites the ice cream, and salivates. The sound of the bell will becomea(n) for the response of salivation.* a) CS b) US c) CR d) SD


4. The child hears the bell (which rings continuously) of an ice cream wagon, goes out to thestreet and buys ice cream, bites the ice cream, and salivates. The sound of the bell will becomea(n) for going to the street to buy ice cream.a) CS b) US c) CR *d) SD


5. The autonomic reaction that you feel inside during the experience of an emotion isinfluenced by:a) operant conditioning * b) respondent conditioningc) avoidance conditioning d) escape conditioningDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

6. The way that you learn to express an emotion is influenced by:a) avoidance conditioning b) respondent conditioning

* c) operant conditioning d) escape conditioning


7. The way that you become aware of and describe your emotions is influenced by:a) avoidance conditioning b) respondent conditioningc) escape conditioning * d) operant conditioningDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

Iris

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Iris

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8. Suppose, on seeing the host at a party, you think to yourself, “He has a big nose.” Thiswould be an example of:* a) operant thinking b) respondent thinkingc) conditioned seeing d) conditioned sensingDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

9. Suppose, on a warm summer day, you close your eyes and imagine that you are at thebeach, and you visualize a good looking person in a bathing suit. This is an example of: a)operant thinking b) operant feelings* c) respondent thinking d) respondent feelingsDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

10. The emotion called joy (or happiness) is caused by:a) presentation of aversive stimuli b) withdrawal of aversive stimuli* c) presentation of reinforcers d) withdrawal of reinforcersDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 11. The respondent component of emotions involves that part of our nervous systemreferred to as the somatic nervous system.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 12. In studies of newborn infants, flinging out the arms sideways is a CR to a loud sound.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 13. For most of us, an imminent deadline that we have not yet responded to is a CS foranxiety.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 14. The feeling component of our emotions is controlled by respondent conditioning.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 15. In studies of newborn infants, gagging occurs when the back of the mouth istouched.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 16. In studies of newborn infants, the eye being touched is a CS for blinking.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 17. Withdrawal of reinforcers causes the emotion called anger.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

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F 18. Withdrawal of punishing events causes an emotion called anxiety.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 19. Conditioned sensing involves the operant component of thinking.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 20. Conditioned seeing involves the respondent component of thinking.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

Multiple Choice Questions on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)21. A form of aversion therapy in which an undesirable reinforcer is repeatedly paired with anaversive event is referred to as:a) thought stopping b) conditioned sensingc) aversive conditioning * d) covert sensitizationDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

22. The procedure of covert sensitization was developed by:* a) Cautella b) Skinner c) Bandura d) PavlovDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

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Chapter 16. Transferring Behavior to New Settings and MakingIt Last: Generality of Behavior Change

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. When behavior becomes more probable in the presence of one stimulus or situation as a

result of having been reinforced in the presence of another stimulus or situation, we saythat has occurred.

* a) stimulus generalization b) response generalizationc) stimulus discrimination d) stimulus controlDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

2. If teaching a child to say “dog” in the presence of a small brown dog increases the chancesthat the child will also say “dog” to small black dogs and large white dogs, we say that

has occurred.a) response generalization b) stimulus control

* c) stimulus generalization d) stimulus discriminationDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

3. When the probability of the behavior is different in the presence of two different stimuli orsituations, is occurring.a) stimulus generalization * b) stimulus discriminationc) stimulus shaping d) stimulus satiationDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

4. When a behavior becomes more probable in the presence of a stimulus or situation as aresult of a similar behavior having been strengthened in the presence of that stimulus orsituation, has occurred.a) stimulus generalization b) stimulus shapingc) stimulus discrimination * d) response generalizationDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

5. Which of the following is not a tactic for programming stimulus generalization?a) making the training situation as similar as possible to the test situation, and if possible,

training in the test situationb) programming common stimuli by developing the target behavior to stimuli that are

present in both training and test situations* c) training sufficient response exemplars

d) training sufficient stimulus exemplarsDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

6. Training sufficient response exemplars, and varying the responses that are acceptableduring training to increase the probability of a variety of responses occurring in the testsituation are two tactics for:a) recruiting natural communities of reinforcementb) programming behavior maintenancec) stimulus discrimination training

* d) programming response generalizationDifficulty: Easy

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* a) training sufficient stimulus exemplars b) training sufficient response exemplarsc) response generalization d) behavior maintenance

Type: Applied

7. Which of the following behaviors is not a tactic for programming behavior maintenance?* a) varying the acceptable behaviors during training to increase the probability of a variety

of behaviors occurring in the test situationb) teaching people in the natural environment to maintain the target behavior of the

subject;c) deliberately reinforcing the target behavior in the test situation on an intermittent

schedule of reinforcementd) ensuring that the target behavior comes under the control of reinforcers in the natural

environmentDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

8. Developing a behavior that comes under the control of natural contingencies ofreinforcement so that the behavior will persist after the training contingencies arewithdrawn is called:a) recruiting reinforcement b) behavioral persistence

* c) behavioral trapping d) behavior controlDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

9. If a behavior is maintained in the natural environment because the subject has beenexplicitly taught how to obtain reinforcement from individuals (after emitting the targetbehavior), we say that has occurred.a) response generalization b) behavioral trappingc) stimulus generalization * d) recruiting reinforcement


10. A child who calls all four-legged animals “dogs” is exhibiting .a) stimulus equivalence b) response generalization

* c) stimulus generalization d) response maintenance


11. After learning to call her dog “Doggie,” a baby also refers to her dog as “Dogged,” “Dada,”and “Diggy.” The child is exhibiting .a) stimulus discrimination * b) response generalizationc) stimulus generalization d) stimulus equivalence


12. If a child is taught to say “dog” when viewing different dogs, then the child is likely togeneralize and refer to any variety of dog as a “dog”. This would be an example of:


13. Within a behavioral approach, a set of stimuli that have some physical characteristic incommon is referred to as:

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a) conceptual learning b) stimulus equivalence training* c) physical similarity d) behavioral momentum

a) a response class * b) a common-element stimulus classc) a mental representation of objects d) response generalization


14. An infant learns to say “doggy” to a large dog. Later, the infant sees a different kind of dogand says “doggy.” This represents stimulus generalization due to:


15. A child learns that a tiny Chihuahua and a large German Shepherd are both dogs, becausethey share some common features, even though they are very different in many respects.This represents:a) stimulus generalization due to physical similarityb) stimulus generalization due to equivalence classesc) stimulus generalization due to behavioral momentum

* d) stimulus generalization due to a stimulus common-element classDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

16. If a CS is presented without further pairings with a US, the CS will lose its ability to elicitthe CR. This is known as:a) operant extinction * b) respondent extinctionc) counterconditioning d) behavioral momentum


17. One can heat water by placing a tin of it over a campfire, plugging in an electric kettle, orplacing a hot rock into a can of water. These alternatives constitute:a) a stimulus equivalence class b) functionally equivalent stimulic) a concept * d) functionally equivalent responses


18. Adding “ed” to the ends of verbs to indicate past tense illustrates:a) stimulus generalization due to conceptual learning

* b) response generalization due to sharing a common characteristicc) response generalization due to equivalence classesd) stimulus generalization due to equivalence classesDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

19. Suppose that a child is typically noncompliant when asked to do a particular task. Theteacher therefore asks the child to perform three tasks in succession that the child likes todo, and then asks the child to perform the task on which he is noncompliant. As a result ofthis procedure, the child performs all four tasks. This illustrates:a) response generalization * b) behavioral momentumc) stimulus generalization d) behavior maintenanceDifficulty: HardType: Applied

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20. The more reinforcement that occurs in a given situation in which a response is reinforced,the more resistant to disruption that response will be in that situation. This is referred toas:a) response generalization * b) behavioral momentumc) stimulus generalization d) behavior maintenanceDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 21. In stimulus generalization, an individual makes a different response to two different

stimuli, whereas in stimulus discrimination, an individual makes the same response totwo different stimuli.


T 22. Stimulus generalization refers to the transfer of a particular behavior to differentstimuli, whereas response generalization refers to transfer between responses in aparticular setting.


F 23. Making the training situation as different as possible from target situations is a tacticfor programming stimulus generalization.


True/False Question on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 24. Children with developmental disabilities show the same amount of stimulus

generalization when trained with pictures of objects as when trained with the actualobjects.


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Chapter 17. Antecedent Control: Rules and Goals

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. On Monday, a parent says to a child, “If you clean your room each Saturday morning, I’ll

give you two dollars.” The next Saturday, the child cleans his room. This illustrates anexample of:a) a functional response-reinforcer relationshipb) natural reinforcement

* c) rule-governed behaviord) contingency-shaped behaviorDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

2. If you tell someone to stop eating candies and the person stops, then that would be anexample of:a) extinction b) spontaneous recoveryc) contingency-shaped behavior * d) rule-governed behaviorDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

3. A behavior that has been gradually strengthened by the direct-acting effects ofreinforcement is said to be:

* a) contingency shaped b) stimulus controlledc) rule-governed d) instinctiveDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

4. Rule-governed control over behavior is especially effective when:a) rapid behavior change is desirableb) a specific behavior will lead to immediate and severe punishmentc) natural consequences for that behavior are delayed

* d) all of the aboveDifficulty: HardType: Applied

5. A parent says to a child, “If you study for an hour each night this week you can watch thelate movie on Friday night.” This example involves a(n):

* a) indirect-acting reinforcer b) direct-acting reinforcerc) natural reinforcer d) unconditioned reinforcerDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

6. Very few people follow the rule “Always wear a helmet when riding a bicycle in order toavoid brain damage from a serious accident” because:a) there are not enough police officers to adequately enforce itb) the consequences are very delayedc) the consequences are only cumulatively significant

* d) the consequences are highly improbableDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

7. Few people follow the rule “Floss your teeth everyday to prevent tooth decay” because:* a) the consequences of a single such action are too small to be noticed and are only of

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cumulative significanceb) the consequences for doing so are highly improbablec) the consequences for doing so are very delayedd) there are no consequences for doing soDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

8. A description of a three-term contingency is referred to as a(n):a) partial rule b) rule-governed behaviorc) contingency shaped behavior * d) ruleDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

9. The partial rule “drive slowly” identifies the:a) antecedent b) antecedent and behavior

* c) behavior d) consequenceDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

10. A rule is less likely to be followed if it identifies:a) a specific behaviorb) a deadlinec) a probable consequence

* d) a small consequenceDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

11. Which of the following is not accurate?* a) “Do your best” goals are more effective than challenging goals.

b) Specific goals are more effective than vague goals.c) Public goals are more effective than private goals.d) Goal-setting is more effective if deadlines are included.Difficulty: HardType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 12. Rules that do not contain deadlines are about as effective as rules that do contain

deadlines.Difficulty: HardType: Conceptual

T 13. Use of goals to influence performance capitalizes on rule-governed control overbehavior.


F 14. “Do your best” goals are more effective than specific challenging goals.Difficulty: HardType: Conceptual

T 15. Public goals are more effective than private goals.Difficulty: HardType: Conceptual

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True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 16. Exercising just before going to bed is a recommendation of behavioral sleep therapy.


T 17. A recommendation of behavioral sleep therapy is that one should not consumecaffeine or alcohol late in the evening.


F 18. A recommendation of behavioral sleep therapy is that one should go to bed at thesame time each evening, even if you don’t feel sleepy.


T 19. A recommendation of behavioral sleep therapy is that one should get up at the sametime each morning, regardless of the time that you went to bed.


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Chapter 18. Antecedent Control: Modeling, Guidance, andSituational Inducement

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. Which of the following procedures would you probably use if you wanted to decrease an

excessive behavior?* a) operant extinction b) respondent extinction

c) shaping d) fadingDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

2. A behavioral technique in which a client rehearses particular behaviors in a practice settingto increase the likelihood that the client will follow those behaviors in the real world iscalled:a) symbolic modeling b) generalized imitation

* c) role-playing d) participant modeling


3. Presenting physical contact to guide someone through appropriate behavior is called:a) gestural prompting b) participant modelingc) modeling * d) physical guidanceDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

4. The term involves influencing a particular behavior by using situationsand occasions that already exert control over the behavior.

* a) situational inducement b) participant modelingc) rule-governed behavior d) generalized imitationDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

5. Which of the following is not an example of antecedent control:a) modeling * b) positive reinforcementc) physical guidance d) situational inducement


6. Which of the following is not a proposed category of situational inducement?a) relocating people * b) counterconditioningc) moving the activity to a new location d) changing the time of the activityDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

7. It is said that the famous writer Victor Hugo controlled his work habits in his study byhaving his servant take his clothes away and not bring them back until the end of the day.This is an example of:a) counterconditioning b) response costc) symbolic modeling * d) situational inducementDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

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8. According to the proposed guidelines for the use of instruction, modeling, and physicalguidance, what behavioral principle is used with all three procedures?

* a) positive reinforcement b) shapingc) response cost d) fadingDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

9. A parent tells a child, “If you clean your room every night before you go to bed this week, I’lltake you to a movie on Saturday,” and the child complies. This exemplifies:a) situational inducement b) environmental promptingc) contingency-shaped behavior * d) rule-governed behaviorDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

10. If after having been reinforced for imitating a number of behaviors, an individual imitates acompletely new behavior the first time that behavior is modeled, we say thathas occurred.a) novel generalization b) participant modelingc) symbolic modeling * d) generalizedimitation.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

11. Which of the following is not likely to influence the effectiveness of modeling as a behaviormodification technique?

a) arrange for peers to be models * b) counterconditioningc) show the behavior and its effects d) use multiple modelsDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

12. In order to “get up the energy” to follow her usual exercise routine on a Saturday afternoon,the exercise buff places some dumbbells in the center of the den (where she usuallyexercises) and turns on the TV to the local fitness channel. Which category of situationalinducement is the exerciser practicing?a) relocate people * b) rearrange the existing surroundingsc) move the activity to a new location d) change the time of the activityDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

13. After many interruptions while trying to write the behavior modification text at theuniversity, Martin and Pear began working at one of their homes. Which category ofsituational inducement did they apply?a) relocate peopleb) rearrange the existing surroundings

* c) move the activity to a new locationd) change the time of the activityDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

14. Which of the following is not a strategy to be followed to influence the effectiveness ofmodelling?a) arrange for peers to be models

* b) arrange for the modelled behavior to be seen to be ineffective

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c) use multiple modelsd) combine modelling with rulesDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

15. A procedure in which a client practices particular behaviors in a practice setting toincrease the likelihood that those behaviors will occur appropriately in the real world iscalled:a) contingency shaping b) rule-governed controlc) modeling *d) behavioral rehearsalDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 16. Stimulus discrimination and fading are two procedures used to get a desired behavior

to occur in the presence of appropriate stimuli.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 17. To stop drinking, an alcoholic surrounds himself with members of AlcoholicsAnonymous and stops seeing his old drinking buddies. This is an example of symbolicmodeling.


F 18. Punishment is an important antecedent control procedure.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 19. From a behavioral point of view, imitative learning is considered to be innate in higher

species.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 20. Other people’s actions may become SDs for engaging in similar actions because theresponse of imitating often results in reinforcement. This is one process by whichimitative behavior is learned.


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Chapter 19. Antecedent Control: Motivation

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: *indicates the correct answer)1. According to Suzie’s teacher, “Suzie is a good student because she is highly motivated.” Thisis an example of view of motivation:

a) a behavioral b) Michael’s* c) a traditional d) Skinner’s


2. Events that temporarily alter the effectiveness of consequences as reinforcers or punishersare called:

a) establishing operations * b) motivating operationsc) abolishing operations d) reinforcing operationsDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

3. Feeding a person salty food increases the reinforcing value of water for that person. Feedingsomeone salty food would therefore be an example of a(n):a) UMAO b) CMAOc) CMEO * d) UMEODifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

4. With unconditioned motivating operations:* a) the value-altering effect is innate and the behavior altering effect is learned

b) the value-altering effect is learned and the behavior altering effect is innatec) both the value-altering and behavior altering effects are innated) both the value-altering and behavior altering effects are learnedDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

5. With conditioned motivating operations:a) the value-altering effect is innate and the behavior altering effect is learnedb) the value-altering effect is learned and the behavior altering effect is innatec) both the value-altering and behavior altering effects are innate

* d) both the value-altering and behavior altering effects are learnedDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

6. A parent tells his teenage daughter that she can earn points for mowing the lawn, and whena certain number of points have been earned, she can exchange them for use of thefamily car. The description of the points program is a(n):a) UMEO * b) CMEOc) UMAO d) CMAODifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

7. After eating a big meal, food is no longer a reinforcer. Food satiation is an example of a(n):a) UMEO b) CMEO

* c) UMAO d) CMAODifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

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* a) mand b) echoicc) tact d) intraverbal

a) UMAO b) UMEO* c) CMAO d) CMEO

8. A child comes home from school and is hungry. The parent tells the child that there arefresh cookies in the cupboard, and the child can have one. This instruction from the parentis an example of a(n):a) CMAO b) S∆

c) CMEO * d) SD


9. Suppose that you have a MasterCard and a Visa and you typically use the MasterCardbecause it gives you AirMile points for each person. Suppose further that MasterCardterminates their AirMiles program and you switch to Visa. The announcement of thetermination of the AirMiles program would be an example of a(n) for using theMasterCard:a) CMEO b) SD

* c) CMAO d) S∆


10. A parent says “water,” and the child mimics “water.” The response of the child is an exampleof a(n):

a) tact b) mandc) intraverbal * d) echoic


11. A child goes into the kitchen and asks a parent for a glass of milk. The request by the childis an example of a(n):


12. A parent points to a dog and asks the child, “What’s that?” and the child replies, “dog.”The reply by the child is an example of a(n):a) echoic * b) tactc) mand d) intraverbal


13. Observations indicate that a person with severe developmental disabilities engages inexcessive scratching due to reactions by well-meaning staff. By way of treatment, the staffprovides attention to the individual every ten seconds and scratching decreases. Thetreatment program would be described as a(n) for staff attention.

Difficulty: MediumType: Applied

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 14. A conceptual limitation of the traditional view of motivation is that it involves circular

reasoning.

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F 15. The behavioral view of motivation conceptualizes motivation as some “thing” within usthat causes our actions.


T 16. Motivating operations are events that temporarily alter the effects of consequences asreinforcers or punishers.


F 17. A motivating abolishing operation increases the effectiveness of a consequence as areinforcer.


T 18. A motivating establishing operation increases the effectiveness of a consequence as apunisher.


F 19. With unconditioned motivating operations, the value-altering effect is learned.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 20. With conditioned motivating operations, both the value-altering effect and the behavior-altering effect are learned.


Multiple Choice Question on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)21. A policeman asks a child, “Where do you live?” and the child correctly tells the policeman

the address. The response by the child would be referred to as a(n):a) mand * b) intraverbalc) echoic d) tact


True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 22. A typical MO is likely to affect one behavior, and a given behavior is likely to be affected

by one MO.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 23. Ingestion of drugs functions as a motivating operation.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

T 24. A child’s response “juice” to a parent’s question “What do you want?” is an example of anintraverbal.

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Chapter 20. Behavioral Assessment: Initial Considerations

Multiple Choice Questions on Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)

1. Which of the following is not a reason for collecting accurate data during a baselineand throughout a program?a) To help the behavior modifier identify the best treatment strategy.b) The displayed data may lead to improvements apart from any further treatmentprogram.

* c) It will demonstrate if adventitious reinforcement occurs while the program is beingimplemented.

d) Publicly posted results can be both prompts and reinforcers for the behavior modifiersfor carrying out a program.


2. A “screening assessment” is another name for:* a) an intake phase b) a follow-up phase

c) a treatment phase d) a baseline phase


3. The phase used to determine if a particular agency is the appropriate one to deal withan individual’s behavior and what behaviors should be baselined if this agency is theappropriate one is called the:a) intervention phase b) follow-up phase

* c) screening phase d) validation phaseDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

4. When a behavior modifier relies on a verbal description of the behavior of a clientthrough interviews and/or formal questionnaires, we can say s/he is using a(n)assessment procedure.a) direct * b) indirectc) intellectual d) psychodiagnosticDifficulty: MediumType: Applied

5. Which of the following is most likely to use an indirect assessment procedure?a) a teacher working with a student b) a coach working with an athletec) a parent working with a child * d) a professional therapist working with aclientDifficulty: HardType: Applied

6. With the aid of a therapist, a client may be encouraged to describe a situation in whicha problem behavior has occurred in the past and to reenact the occurrence of theproblem behavior in that situation. This procedure is known as:

* a) role-playing b) behavioralreenactment c) modeling d) symbolic modelingDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

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* a) reactivity b) a successful baselinec) self-monitoring d) recording and graphing

7. Questionnaires, client self-monitoring, role-playing, information from consultingprofessionals, and interviews with the client and significant others are the main typesof assessment procedures.a) psychological * b) indirectc) psychodiagnostic d) directDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

8. A questionnaire that asks significant others or professionals involved with a client toindicate on a checklist the frequency and/or quality of certain behaviors that the clientmay emit is called a:a) life-history questionnaire b) problem checklistc) survey schedule * d) third-party rating scaleDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

9. The behaviors to be improved in a behavior modification program are frequently called:a) behavioral goals b) baseline behaviors

* c) target behaviors d) client objectivesDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

10. Which of the following is not one of the advantages of indirect assessment procedures?* a) They require that observers be appropriately trained.

b) They are convenient.c) They don’t require a substantial amount of time to complete.d) They provide information about covert behaviors.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

11. The main advantage of direct assessment procedures over indirect assessmentprocedures is that the former:a) are cheaper b) can be used to provide information about covert behaviorsc) are convenient * d) are likely to be more accurateDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

12. Which of the following is not one of the reasons for recording accurate data duringthe baseline and throughout a behavioral program?a) It helps to decide initially if the behavior modifier is the appropriate one to design

a program.b) It helps the behavior modifier to identify the best treatment strategy.

* c) It enables the behavior modifier to refer the problem to the appropriate agency.d) It helps the behavior modifier to decide if the program is producing desired results.Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

13. If displaying data on an individual’s behavior influences that individual to improveapart from any further treatment program, this process is referred to as:

Difficulty: Easy

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Type: Conceptual

14. Which of the following is not a goal of behavioral assessment?a) to identify behavioral excesses or deficitsb) to evaluate the effects of interventionsc) to identify causes of current problem behaviors

* d) to diagnosis or classify individualsDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text ((Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 15. The only differences between a training program, a therapy program, and an

intervention strategy are the settings and clients for which they are used.Difficulty: HardType: Conceptual

F 16. A direct assessment procedure is one which typically relies on a verbal descriptionof the problem behavior emitted by the client.


T 17. A preprogram assessment, a treatment phase, and a follow-up phase are three ofthe minimal components of a behavior modification program.


F 18. A screening or intake assessment is another name for a baseline phase.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 19. Behavioral assessment views test performance as a sign of an enduringintrapsychic trait.


T 20. Behavioral assessment assumes that covert behaviors are like overt behaviors interms of their controlling variables.


True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 21. Sport-specific behavioral checklists, like traditional psychological tests, have norms.


T 22. Sport-specific behavioral checklists provide information for designing effectiveinterventions for improving athletic performance.


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Chapter 21. Direct Behavioral Assessment: What to Record and How

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. If a steep slope is shown on a cumulative graph, you can infer that:* a) a high rate of responding is occurring

b) no responding is occurringc) a medium to low rate of responding is occurringd) a low rate of responding is occurringDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

2. The amount of time that a particular behavior lasts or continues on a particular instance iscalled the:a) timing of a response * b) duration of a responsec) latency of a response d) frequency of a responseDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

3. The amount of time it takes until an individual initiates a response after the presentationof a particular stimulus is called the:a) frequency of a response b) duration of a responsec) time-sampling of a response * d) latency of a responseDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

4. The time between the question, “What time is it?” and the answer given by someone, “Twoo’clock” is the:

* a) latency of a response b) frequency of a responsec) duration of a response d) timing of a responseDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

5. Recording every instance of a particular behavior during a specified time segment isthe definition of a(n) recording system.a) interval b) time-sampling c) fixed-duration * d) continuousDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

6. The counting of every instance that a person swears during a 1-hour interval is an exampleof a(n) recording system.

* a) continuous b) time-sampling c) fixed-duration d) intervalDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

7. When an observation period is divided into equal segments of relatively short duration andthe occurrence or nonoccurrence of a specific behavior is recorded a maximum of once persegment, we say that a(n) recording system is in effect.a) fixed-duration b) fixed-interval c) time-sampling * d) intervalDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

8. If the in-seat behavior of a child in a classroom is recorded in ten-second segmentssuccessively throughout a one-hour period, the recording system that is being used is

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a) stimulus generalization b) behavior maintenance* c) stimulus control d) response generalization

called a(n) recording system.a) fixed-interval b) time-sampling * c) interval d) fixed-durationDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

9. If a parent checks whether or not a child is watching TV by observing the child for afew seconds each hour on the hour throughout a day, that parent is using a(n)recording system.a) fixed-interval * b) time-sampling c) interval d) continuousDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

10. When would one select a continuous recording system over an interval recording system?a) when the main concern is percent of appropriate responsesb) when successive responses can be of variable duration

* c) when successive responses are quite similar in durationd) when instances of behavior can be of long duration

Difficulty: HardType: Applied

11. The amount of agreement between independent observers on the occurrence ofspecific instances of a particular behavior is referred to as:a) independent reliability b) observer reliabilityc) independent observer reliability * d) interobserver reliability


12. An acceptable IOR in a research program is:* a) 80–100% b) 75–100%

c) 90–100% d) anything over 70%


13. Assessment instruments such as the ABLA-R test that determine the ease or difficultywith which an individual can learn various discriminations are primarily assessing:


14. The formula for computing IOR on data collected from interval recording is:a) disagreements divided by the total number of intervals, multiplied by 100%b) disagreements divided by agreements + disagreements on the occurrence of a

behavior, multiplied by 100%* c) agreements divided by agreements + disagreements on the occurrence of a behavior,

multiplied by100%

d) agreements divided by disagreements on the occurrence of a behavior, multiplied by100%


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15. Which of the following is not one of the levels or tasks assessed by the ABLA-R test?a) position discriminationb) visual discriminationc) auditory-visual combined discrimination

* d) visual-auditory combined discriminationDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 16. The data line on a cumulative graph can never decrease.


T 17. On a cumulative graph, a flat line would indicate a zero rate of responding.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

F 18. An interval recording system is one in which the observation period is scored asoccurring or not occurring during very brief observation intervals, each of whichis separated by some longer period of time.


T 19. The ABLA-R test assesses the ease or difficulty with which persons withdevelopmental disabilities are able to learn a simple imitation task and several two-choice discrimination tasks.


True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 20. When the observational method affects the behaviors being observed, we say that the

observation is obtrusive.Difficulty: HardType: Conceptual

F 21. It is not acceptable to include agreement on blank intervals in computing an IOR whenone is interested in decreasing a behavior and having agreement that the behavior didnot occur.


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Chapter 22. Doing Behavior Modification Research

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. A baseline phase, a treatment phase, a return to baseline phase, and a return to the

treatment phase are the components of the:a) multi-element design b) multiple-baseline designc) changing criterion design * d) reversal-replication designDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

2. The baseline phase of the reversal-replication design should continue until the pattern ofperformance is or until it shows a trend in the direction that predictedwhen treatment is introduced.a) increasing; the same as b) decreasing; opposite to

* c) stable; opposite to d) decreasing; the same asDifficulty: HardType: Applied

3. A(n) design calls for the introduction of the treatment sequentially across two ormore behaviors.

* a) multiple-baseline across behaviors b) ABABc) multiple-baseline across treatments d) ABACDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

4. Baseline of self-abusive behavior is taken in a session room and on a ward. Treatment forself-abuse is then introduced in the session room, and baseline is continued on the ward.Then, treatment is applied in the session room and the ward. This is a(n)design.a) ABAB b) multiple-baseline across behaviorsc) ABAC * d) multiple-baseline across situationsDifficulty: HardType: Applied

5. A design calls for treatment to be introduced on a particular behaviorsequentially across two or more individuals.

* a) multiple-baseline across people b) multi-elementc) multiple-baseline across behaviors d) sequential-introductionDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

6. In a multi-element design, two separate treatments are applied to the behavior in:a) a reversal-replication sequence b) sequential order

* c) randomly alternating sessions d) a single session


7. Another name for a multi-element design is design.* a) alternating-treatments b) multiple-baseline

c) reversal-replication d) changing-criterionDifficulty: Easy

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* a) multi-element b) multiple-baseline across behaviorsc) changing criterion d) multiple-baseline across situations

Type: Factual

8. A potential problem with the design is that one of the treatments may producean effect either because of a contrast to the other treatment in alternating sessions orbecause of generalization of treatments across conditions.a) multiple-baseline * b) multi-elementc) reversal-replication d) changing criterionDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

9. One aspect of is to examine the extent to which target behaviors identified fortreatment programs are really the most important for the client and/or society.a) reliability assessment b) external validationc) internal validation * d) social validationDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

10. Which of the following is not an aspect of social validation?* a) examining the extent to which the treatment programs are really responsible for

improvement in target behaviors;b) determining the acceptability to the client of the particular procedures used;c) determining the extent to which the target behaviors are important to the client;d) ensuring that the clients and/or their caregivers are satisfied with the results.Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

11. Which of the following is not one of the scientific criteria used to evaluate whether or not atreatment was responsible for producing a reliable effect on the dependent variable?a) the immediacy of an observed effectb) the size of an observed effect

* c) the extent to which an observed effect is socially validatedd) the number of times that an effect is replicatedDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

12. Evaluating the practical importance of behavior change to the client and following theimplementation of a behavior modification program, is referred to as:a) scientific analysis * b) social validationc) external validation d) subjective validationDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

13. Baseline data are collected on the name calling, swearing, and spitting behavior of a childtowards other children. A treatment program is then introduced sequentially on the namecalling behavior, then the swearing behavior, and finally the spitting behavior. This is a(n)

design:a) alternating treatments * b) multiple-baseline across behaviorsc) multiple-baseline across situations d) changing criterionDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

14. In randomly alternating sessions, a child’s swearing behavior at nursery school is eitherreprimanded or ignored. This is a design.

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a) scientific analysis b) external validation* c) social validation d) subjective evaluation

a) social validity b) external validity* c) internal validity d) concurrent validity


15. Evaluating how a client feels about the treatment procedures used in a behavior modificationprogram provides an assessment of:


16. Over time, successive changes are introduced in the behavioral requirement for treatment,and the effects of these changes are observed on the treated behavior. This is adesign.a) multi-element * b) changing criterionc) multiple-baseline across behaviors d) multiple-baseline across situationsDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

17. The extent to which the treatment or independent variable was in fact responsible for anyobserved changes in the dependent variable is referred to as:


18. The extent to which findings can be generalized to other behaviors, individuals, settings, ortreatments is referred to as:a) social validity * b) external validityc) internal validity d) concurrent validityDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 19. The treatment program is referred to as the dependent variable and the behavior being

treated is referred to as the independent variable.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 20. A baseline phase should continue until the pattern of performance is stable or untilit shows a trend in the direction opposite to that predicted for treatment.


F 21. In a reversal-replication design, two replications of each phase are necessary to drawa valid conclusion.


T 22. An advantage of multiple-baseline designs over the ABAB design is that the formerdoes not require a reversal to baseline conditions.

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F 23. A limitation of the multiple-baseline across situations design is that the subjects mayinfluence each other prior to treatment.


T 24. It is possible to use the alternating treatments design to study topographicallydifferent forms of the behavior.


F 25. Judgments about the clinical or applied importance of behavior change are referred toas judgments of external validity.


Multiple Choice Questions on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)26. Which of the following is not one of the reasons that single-case designs are more popular

than control group designs among behavior modifiers?a) Single-case designs typically provide potentially valuable information on individual

variation in performance.* b) Single-case designs are based on assumptions about the distribution of the dependent

variable in the population.c) Single-case designs require only a few individuals with the same performance problem in

order to evaluate an intervention.d) In single-case designs, all of the clients receive the treatment at one time or another.Difficulty: HardType: Applied

27. Which of the following is not commonly used in behavior modification research?a) reversal-replication designb) multiple-baseline design across subjects

* c) control group designd) multiple-baseline design across behaviors


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Chapter 23. Functional Assessment of Problem Behavior

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. Searching for variables that might be responsible for causing a problem behavior is referred

to as a:a) descriptive analysis * b) functional assessmentc) psychodiagnostic assessment d) behavioral assessmentDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

2. Carefully observing the antecedent and immediate consequences of a problem behavior inits natural settings is referred to as a(n):

* a) observational assessment b) functional analysisc) psychodiagnostic assessment d) behavioral assessmentDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

3. Each time that training staff place demands on a nonverbal developmentally disabled child,the child throws a tantrum and the staff “back off.” In this example, the child’s tantrumingis likely being maintained by:a) external sensory reinforcement * b) escape conditioningc) internal sensory reinforcement d) behavioral chainingDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

4. Practicing a reaction that is incompatible with a nervous reaction is a component of:* a) counterconditioning b) DRO

c) avoidance conditioning d) behavioral trapping


5. The broadly inclusive assessment approach of including medical and nutritionalinformation along with behavioral assessments is referred to as:a) functional analysis * b) behavioral diagnosticsc) descriptive analysis d) psychodiagnostic assessmentDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

6. Just before displaying a particular problem behavior, a developmentally disabled childtypically looks at a caregiver and smiles. These indicators suggest that the problembehavior is maintained by:a) self-stimulation b) external sensory positive reinforcement

* c) attention from others d) escape from demandsDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

7. A developmentally disabled child frequently shows a problem behavior even though it hasno apparent effect on other individuals or the external environment. This is an indicatorthat the problem behavior is maintained by:a) attention from others * b) internal sensory reinforcementc) external sensory reinforcement d) escape from demandsDifficulty: Hard

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* a) functional analysis b) descriptive assessmentc) observational assessment d) questionnaire analysis

Type: Conceptual

8. A developmentally disabled child frequently shows a problem behavior that produces aneffect on the external environment, and that appears undiminished even though there areno apparent social consequences. These are indicators that the problem behavior ismaintained by:a) attention from others b) escape from demandsc) internal sensory positive reinforcement * d) external sensory positive reinforcementDifficulty: HardType: Applied

9. A problem behavior consistently occurs in a certain situation or in the presence of certainstimuli, and is never followed by any clearly identifiable consequence. These are indicatorsthat the problem behavior is:

* a) an elicited respondentb) maintained by social positive reinforcementc) maintained by external sensory positive reinforcementd) maintained by escape from demands


10. A developmentally disabled child frequently scratches herself when smiling, when upset,when interacting with others, when alone, and whether or not demands are placed on her.But when she is required to wear thin rubber gloves throughout the day, scratchinggradually decreases to zero. The principle or procedure responsible for her improvementmight best be described as:a) respondent extinction b) negative reinforcementc) counterconditioning * d) operant extinction


11. At a restaurant, a child asks his parents for an extra dessert. The parents say no. The childbegins to cry, and the parents then buy the child the extra dessert. In this instance, thechild’s crying behavior has been influenced by:a) social negative reinforcement * b) external positive reinforcementc) escape from demands d) internal sensory positive reinforcement


12. Experimentally assessing the effects of potentially controlling variables on the problembehavior of an individual is referred to as a(n):


13. A nonverbal child who repeatedly removes her shoes because they squeeze her toes tootightly is being influenced by:a) social positive reinforcementb) external sensory positive reinforcementc) internal sensory positive reinforcement

* d) nonsocial negative reinforcementDifficulty: Medium

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Type: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 14. When a teacher is concerned with decreasing a student’s undesirable finger snapping

behavior in class, she/he should first identify the IQ of the student.Difficulty: HardType: Applied

T 15. It is important to consider the causes of undesirable behavior because it may lead oneto appropriately conclude that other specialists should deal with the problem.


True/False Question on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)T 16. A broad meaning of functional analysis is finding a relationship between

examples of two variables, called an independent variable and a dependentvariable.


F 17. The topography of a behavior typically tells us a lot about the controllingvariables of that behavior.


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Chapter 24. Planning, Applying, and Evaluating aBehavioral Program

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. Assume that you are a professional behavior modifier. Under which of the

following conditions would you treat a behavior problem that had been referred toyou?

* a) Once the behavioral goal is reached, it would be easily generalized and maintained.b) The problem is one that would appear to be unmanageable.c) The problem appears to have a medical cause.d) The problem was referred primarily for the benefit of the client’s family.Difficulty: HardType: Applied

2. Assume that you are a professional behavior modifier. Under which of thefollowing conditions would you not treat a behavior problem that had beenreferred to you?a) The problem appears to be important to the client.b) Once the target behavior has been achieved, it might be generalized and maintained.

* c) There are individuals who will hinder the program, and who can’t be controlled.d) The problem can be specified in terms of specific behaviors.Difficulty: HardType: Applied

3. A behavior modifier might evaluate the ease with which a problem behavior mightbe changed by determining:a) whether or not the problem behavior has a medical causeb) if the problem has been referred primarily for the benefit of the clientc) if the problem can be reduced to a specific set of behaviors that can be counted, timed,

or measured* d) if the problem behavior has been occurring for a short time, under narrow

stimulus control, and with few instances of intermittent reinforcementDifficulty: HardType: Applied

4. A behavior modifier might determine whether or not a client’s behavior might beeasily generalized and maintained by assessing:a) whether or not the problem has a medical cause

* b) whether or not there are reinforcers and/or people in the natural environmentto maintain the desired behavior

c) if the problem can be reduced to a specific set of behaviors that can be counted, timed,or measured

d) if the problem behavior has been occurring for a short time and under narrow stimuluscontrol


5. Training in a test situation, varying the training conditions, programming commonstimuli, and training sufficient stimulus exemplars are four important aspects of:

* a) programming stimulus generalization b) programming response generalizationc) programming stimulus discrimination d) programming maintenanceDifficulty: Easy

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Type: Conceptual

6. After a program has been implemented, there are a number of things that can be done todetermine whether it is producing satisfactory results. Which of the following is not one ofthose steps?a) consult the behavioral journals and experienced behavior modifiers concerning related

casesb) monitor the data

* c) sign a behavioral contract with the clientd) consult people who must deal with the behavioral handicapDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

7. To ensure that the therapist is responsible or accountable to the client, it is recommendedthat:a) an impartial third person monitor the program

* b) the therapist and client sign a treatment contractc) the therapist be supervised by someone with more experienced) the client should explain the program to a friendDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

8. Considering the sequential steps for designing and implementing a treatment programfollowing baseline assessment, and supposing that you have identified the target behaviorsand defined the goal, which question would you not be addressing at this time?a) Is the description precise?

* b) Is the treatment cost-effective?c) Is the goal in the best interest of the client?d) Has the client been given all possible information about the goal?Difficulty: HardType: Applied

9. Varying the acceptable responses during training or using behavioral momentum toincrease low-probability responses are two strategies for programming:a) stimulus generalization * b) response generalizationc) stimulus discrimination d) behavior maintenanceDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

10. If a behavior modifier is examining the possibility of capitalizing on antecedent control inthe design of a behavior modification program, which of the following would the behaviormodifier not consider using?a) rulesb) modellingc) situational inducement

* d) positive reinforcementDifficulty: HardType: Applied

11. If you are considering strategies for decreasing a behavioral excess, which of the followingwould you not consider:a) removing SDs for the problem behavior

* b) negative reinforcement

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c) punishmentd) DRO, DRI, or DRADifficulty: HardType: Applied

12. A clear statement of what behaviors of what individuals will produce what reinforcers, andwho will deliver those reinforcers, is referred to as a:a) treatment contractb) three-term contingency statement

* c) behavioral contractd) psychology contractDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 13. A behavior modifier should only accept those referrals for which he/she has

appropriate training and adequate time to carry out an effective program.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 14. When designing a behavior modification program, it is unnecessary to assess whetherthe behaviors of concern can be counted, timed, or measured in some way.


T 15. The nature of a behavior problem and the frequency with which it occurs will influencethe assessment procedure selected by the behavior modifier.


F 16. When attempting to decrease a problem behavior, the behavior modifier should firstdetermine whether or not punishment can be used.


T 17. When designing a behavior modification program, one of the first concerns of the behaviormodifier should be to assess whether or not it is possible to capitalize on existingstimulus control.


F 18. When selecting SDs in a behavior modification program, it is important for the behaviormodifier to select stimuli that are similar to other stimuli on more than one dimension.


T 19. When designing a behavior modification program, the behavior modifier must includestrategies to program generality of behavior change.


True/False Question on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)

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T 20. For a number of reasons, the decision as to whether or not you should accept theresponsibility of designing a behavioral program might be influenced, in part, bywhether or not you live in an urban or a rural setting.


F 21. The availability of significant others is often important to implementing a behavioralprogram, but not typically valuable for programming generality.


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Chapter 25. Token Economies

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. The fact that they can be given immediately after a desirable behavior occurs and cashed in

at a later time for a back-up reinforcer is one of the major advantages to using:a) unconditioned reinforcers b) intrinsic reinforcersc) extrinsic reinforcers * d) token reinforcers


2. Deciding on the type of token to be used depends mainly on the type of:a) reinforcement schedule b) response-reinforcer relationship

* c) client d) setting


3. Tokens should have the following two characteristics. They should be:* a) easy to handle and attractive b) warm and soft

c) flexible and easy to wash d) durable and luminous


4. In a token economy, taking away tokens following problem behavior is an example of _______punishment:a) physical * b) response-costc) time-out d) reprimand


5. Which of the following is not a typical source of help for managing a token economy:a) volunteers b) people assigned to work with the participants

* c) psychologists d) members of the token economy itselfDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

6. Which of the following is not one of the considerations for deciding on the token price of eachbackup reinforcer in a token economy:a) supply and demand for the backup reinforcers b) monetary cost of the backup reinforcersc) the therapeutic value of the backup reinforcers * d) the size of the backup reinforcers


7. According to Stainback et al., how many tokens should you have for each student ina group when starting a token economy?a) approximately 20 * b) approximately 100c) 60–80 d) it depends on the reinforcement schedule being used


8. According to Stainback et al., during the first few days of a token economy, store timefor normal children should be held:

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a) once a weekb) every hour of every day for the first week

* c) once or twice a day for the first three or four daysd) before morning recess, before lunch, before afternoon recess, and before the end of the

dayDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

9. and are two general methods of weaning clients from tokens whentransferring behavior to the natural environment.a) Stimulus fading; stimulus shapingb) Gradually fading staff participation; gradually eliminating experimenter supervisionc) Stimulus withdrawal; programming for generalization

* d) Gradually eliminating tokens; gradually decreasing token valueDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

10. Gradually making the schedule of token delivery more and more intermittent or graduallydecreasing the number of behaviors that earn tokens are two ways of:a) testing for social validity

* b) weaning a client from tokens when transferring behavior to the natural environmentc) testing for internal validityd) selecting back-up reinforcers for a client being weaned from tokensDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

11. The Achievement Place group home token economy was initially developed for:a) children with autismb) persons with intellectual disabilitiesc) persons with severe mental health problems

* d) pre-delinquent youthDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

12. Which of the following is not one of the initial steps in setting up a token economy?* a) programming generality to the natural environment

b) deciding on the target behaviorsc) taking baselinesd) selecting backup reinforcersDifficulty: EasyType: factual

13. Which of the following is not a feature of the teaching family model for treating pre-delinquent youth?

* a) a governing system in which married couples make all of the decisions regarding dailyliving rules for the pre-delinquent youth

b) a token economy in which participants earn points for appropriate behavior and cashthem in for privileges

c) an emphasis on normalizationd) ongoing evaluation of the performance of the participantsDifficulty: HardType: Applied

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)

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T 14. One should obtain baseline data on the specific target behaviors before initiating atoken economy.


T 15. Before and during implementation of a token economy, one must decide how staff inthe token economy will be supervised.


F 16. To ensure generalization to the natural environment, a client should not be told whyhe/she is receiving a token.


F 17. A guideline for identifying behaviors which no longer require token reinforcement is toidentify those behaviors that have received continuous reinforcement under the tokeneconomy.


True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 18. In a sheltered workshop program for individuals with developmental disabilities, Rae et

al. (1990) taught the workers with developmental disabilities to self-administer tokensfor appropriate on-task performance.


F 19. Recent studies indicate that the recidivism rates of pre-delinquents who had been intoken programs using the teaching family model is about the same as pre-delinquentswho had been in traditional programs.


T 20. In classroom mini-economies, teachers use play money to teach children basicprinciples of economics and personal finances.


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Chapter 26. Helping an Individual to Develop Self-Control

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. Emitting a controlling behavior to effect a change in a behavior to be controlled is the

model of self-management originally proposed by:a) Mager b) Premack c) Goldiamond * d) SkinnerDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

2. Many self-control problems are caused by:a) a lack of willpowerb) temptations that are too strong to resist

* c) immediate reinforcement for the problem behavior vs. delayed reinforcementfor alternative self-control behavior

d) lack of reinforcement for showing self-controlDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

3. A teenager who wants to go out with friends tells his parents that his homework is finishedeven though it is not, and the teenager is allowed to go out. This behavioral excess of lyingoccurs because:a) the controlling consequences are highly improbable

* b) of immediate reinforcers versus delayed punishers for the behavioral excessc) the consequences are only cumulatively significantd) of immediate small punishers versus delayed larger punishersDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

4. Which of the following is not one of the steps proposed by Mager for clarifying a vague“fuzzy” goal?

* a) Make a commitment to change.b) Write out the goal.c) Make a list of the things that you should say or do that clearly indicate that you’ve

met the goal.d) Given a number of people with the same goal, indicate how you would decide who had

met the goal and who hadn’t.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

5. A commitment to change refers to:a) the willpower needed to changeb) clear identification of a self-control goalc) a high frequency of thoughts about the benefits of changing

* d) a rule that you state that it is important to change your behavior, that you willwork toward doing so and that you recognize the benefits of doing so


6. Which of the following is not a major class of antecedent stimuli that control our behavior?a) instructions * b) reinforcersc) modeling d) other peopleDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

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7. Which of the following is not one of the strategies recommended for managingconsequences in a self-control program?a) Eliminate certain reinforcers that may strengthen a problem behavior that you

would like to decrease.* b) Provide reinforcement for showing increased willpower.

c) Self-record and self-graph the target behavior.d) Arrange for reinforcers to be earned for showing improvement.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

8. In the Simek and O’Brien study, a novice golfer had to sink four consecutive putts beforegoing to the next step. This exemplifies:

* a) mastery criterion b) willpowerc) self-control d) a behavioral contractDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

9. A clear written statement of what behaviors of which individuals will producewhat reinforcers and who will deliver those reinforcers defines:a) mastery criterion b) a commitment to change

* c) a behavioral contract d) the Premack PrincipleDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

10. Which of the following is not a cause of relapse in self-control programs?a) unavoidable setback situationsb) counterproductive self-talk

* c) incorporating everyday rewards into the programd) trying too much too soonDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

11. Many people are aware of the health hazards of being overweight, and yet many people havedifficulty resisting an extra dessert. That is because:

* a) the consequences of a single such action are too small to be noticed and are only ofcumulative significance

b) the consequences for doing so are highly probablec) the consequences for doing so are very delayedd) there are no consequences for doing soDifficulty: HardType: Applied

12. Many people play racquetball without wearing protective goggles. This is because:a) the negative consequences are very delayedb) they want to look macho

* c) the negative consequences are highly improbabled) the negative consequences are only cumulatively significantDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

13. Consider the self-control problem of eating too many sweets. This is likely due to:a) immediate reinforcers (for problem behavior) vs. delayed reinforcers (for alternative

behavior)b) immediate reinforcers vs. delayed punishers for a behavior

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* c) immediate reinforcers vs. cumulatively significant punishers for a behaviord) immediate small punishers for a behavior vs. reinforcers that are cumulatively

significantDifficulty: HardType: Applied

14. A behavioral model of self-control involves:a) controlling the controlling behavior

* b)emitting a controlling behavior to effect a change in a behavior to be controlledc) emitting a controlled behavior through self-reinforcementd)reinforcing yourself for having self-control


15. In a behavioral model of self-control, an individual emits controlling behavior that managesantecedents or consequences for a behavior to be controlled. But what controls thecontrolling behavior?a) lots of willpower * b) natural consequences in the society in which we livec) lots of commitment d) our religious beliefsDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

16. Which of the following is not one of the steps in a self-control program?a) specify the problem and set goals

* b) select delayed reinforcersc) make a commitment to changed) take data and analyze causesDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

17. Which of the following is not a major class of antecedent stimuli that control our behavior?a) physical guidance b) our immediate surroundingsc) the time of day * d) willpower


18. Causes of relapse in situations include:a) avoidable setback situationsb) overreaction to occasional setbacksc) counterproductive self-talk

* d) all of the aboveDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Questions on (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 19. In behavior modification, self-control refers to some sort of force within us that makes it

possible to show self-restraint.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 20. Some self-control problems occur because of the influence of immediate smallreinforcers for problem behaviors as compared to delayed stronger reinforcers fordesirable behaviors.

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F 21. The first step in a self-control program is to decide how to use self-reinforcement.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 22. A mastery criterion is a performance requirement for practicing a skill such that if thecriterion is met the skill has been learned.


T 23. For many self-control problems, the immediate reinforcement for consumption ofharmful substances wins out over the unnoticeable and immediate negative effects thatare only cumulatively significant.


F 24. Many self-control problems occur because individuals lack will power.Difficulty: MediumType: Factual

T 25. Both a commitment to change and knowledge of change techniques are important forself-modification.


F 26. There is no evidence that recording and graphing a behavior is all that’s needed to bringabout improvement.


T 27. A strategy for manipulating consequences in a self-control program is to eliminatecertain reinforcers that may inadvertently strengthen an undesirable behavior.


F 28. There is no evidence that people who have mastered some behavior modificationprinciples can use them to control their own behavior without having to see a therapist.


T 29. With a behavioral model of self-control, an individual must behave in some way thatarranges the environment to manage his or her own subsequent behavior.


Multiple Choice Question on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)

30. Reinforcing a child for stating what s/he intends to do and then for later doing thatbehavior is referred to as:a) rule-governed behavior b) self-control training

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c) contingency-shaped behavior * d) correspondence trainingDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 31. Teaching a group of children to state they were going to play in a certain designated area

before actually playing in that area is referred to as correspondence training.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 32. Self-help manuals are more effective with the control of smoking and overeating thanthey are for overcoming depression and anxiety.


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Chapter 27. Approaches to Behavior Therapy: CognitiveRestructuring, Self-Directed Coping Methods, and Mindfulness and

Acceptance

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. Believing, thinking, and perceiving are three things that describe:* a) cognition b) respondent thinking

c) self-control d) operant thinking


2. When the words “blue sky” are repeatedly paired with actually looking at and seeing ablue sky, the words “blue sky” come to elicit the activity of “seeing” or “imagining” a bluesky. This is an example of:a) operant thinking * b) respondent thinkingc) positive thinking d) cognitive thinkingDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

3. That individuals interpret and react to events in terms of their perceived significance, andthat maladaptive cognitions can cause emotional disorders, are two major assumptionsof: a) operant therapy b) respondent therapy

* c) cognitive therapy d) behavior therapyDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

4. Which of the following involves teaching clients to counteract irrational negative self-statements with more positive and realistic statements?a) problem-solving therapy * b) rational-emotive therapyc) thought-stopping therapy d) behavior therapyDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

5. Who developed rational-emotive behavior therapy?a) Aaron Beck b) Donald Meichenbaumc) Albert Bandura * d) Albert EllisDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

6. Thinking in absolute terms, such as assuming that one is a failure for getting anygrade less than an “A,” is an example of what Beck called:a) rational-emotive thinking b) irrational thinking

* c) dichotomous thinking d) arbitrary inferenceDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

7. Drawing a conclusion on the basis of inadequate evidence, such as misinterpreting afrown on the face of a passerby to mean that the passerby is expressing disapproval, is anexample of what Beck called:a) dichotomous thinking * c) arbitrary inferenceb) irrational thinking d) irrational inference

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8. If a client believes that everyone he meets turns away from him in disgust, a therapist mayhelp him to devise a system for judging other people’s facial expressions and bodylanguage so that the client can objectively determine whether or not his beliefs are indeedaccurate. This is one of the techniques used in:a) behavior therapy b) thought-stopping therapyc) rational-emotive therapy * d) Beck’s cognitive therapyDifficulty: HardType: Applied

9. What two approaches assume that a client’s difficulty is caused by some type ofinappropriate thought pattern and the problem may stem from the client’s tendency toexaggerate unpleasant things?

* a) Beck’s cognitive therapy and Ellis’s REBTb) Ellis’s RET and Meichenbaum’s self-instructional approachc) Beck’s cognitive therapy and Meichenbaum’s self-instructional approachd) Ellis’s cognitive therapy and Beck’s RETDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

10. A client uses stimuli produced both by a stressful situation and by his own behavior inthat situation as SDs for instructing himself to engage in appropriate coping behavior. Thisis an example of:a) Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy

* b) Meichenbaum’s self-instructional therapyc) Beck’s cognitive therapyd) Wolpe’s thought-stopping therapy


11. Approaches that focus on substituting rational thoughts and appraisal of information forirrational or dysfunctional thinking are referred to as:

* a) cognitive restructuring b) situational inducementc) contingency shaping d) problem solving


12. When you arrive at a party, you think to yourself, “I’m glad lots of people are dancing, Ihate to just sit around.” This is an example of:

* a) operant thinking b) respondent thinkingc) positive thinking d) cognitive thinking


13. Therapeutic approaches that incorporate concepts of “mindfulness” and “acceptance” arepart of what Stephen Hayes has referred to as the wave of behavioralapproaches to therapy:a) first b) second * c) third d) fourthDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

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a) cognitive restructuring b) rational thinking* c) mindfulness d) acceptance and commitment therapy

14. Regarding the cognitive restructuring component of Beck’s cognitive therapy, anincreasing amount of research suggests that:

* a) it is not an effective ingredient of Beck’s therapy for treating depressionb) it is an important component of Beck’s therapy for treating depressionc) it is an important component for treating obsessive-compulsive disorderd) it is an important component for treating agoraphobia


15. A type of behavior therapy originally developed for treating suicidalindividuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is known as:

a) acceptance and commitment therapyb) cognitive restructuring behavior

* c) dialectical behavior therapyd) problem-solving therapyDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

16. A client who believes that everyone he meets turns away from him in disgust learns to sayto himself, “I’ll watch their facial expressions and body language, and then I can prove tomyself that they’re not disgusted with me,” and then follows this guide. A radicalbehaviorist would refer to this as an example of:a) rational-emotive therapy b) contingency-shaped behaviorc) Beck’s cognitive therapy * d) rule-governed behavior


17. In cases where cognitive restructuring is effective, it may be because the therapistteaches the client to rehearse rules that identify specific behaviors that are likely to bemaintained in the natural environment. This is interpretation.a) Beck’s b) Ellis’s

* c) a behavioral d) a cognitiveDifficulty: MediumType: Applied

18. approach is to teach the client to use internal stimuli as SDs forengaging in appropriate self-instruction, counteract negative self-statements in thepresence of the stressful situation, self-instruct the steps for taking appropriate action,and make self- reinforcing statements after successful coping.a) Beck’s * b) Meichenbaum’sc) Ellis’s d) D’Zurilla’s


19. Self-instruction and problem-solving methods are likely to be effective when theycapitalize on that leads to effective consequences.a) contingency-shaped behavior b) cognitiverestructuring c) rational thinking * d) rule-governedbehavior


20. The awareness, observation and description of one’s covert and overt behaviors asthey occur in a non-judgmental way is referred to as:

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21. procedures are used to teach individuals that they can feel theirfeelings and think their thoughts even though they may be aversive, and still takeconstructive action to pursue one’s values and life goals.a) Mindfulness b) Cognitive therapyc) Stress inoculation * d) Acceptance


22. An approach to therapy that involves teaching clients that past attempts to controltroublesome thoughts and emotions have not been successful, that mindfulness andacceptance exercises can teach the client to experience and non-judgmentally embracethoughts and emotions, and that in spite of troublesome thoughts and emotions,clients can be encouraged to identify life values and to take steps to pursue them, isreferred to as:

* a) acceptance and commitment therapy b) cognitive therapyc) cognitive restructuring d) problem solving therapy


True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 23. Someone deciding, by privately reviewing the pros and cons of each, whether to watch

TV or read a book on a particular occasion is showing respondent thinking.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 24. Martin and Pear believe that, except for being more difficult to “get at,” privatebehavior is the same as public behavior, i.e., the principles and procedures applicableto private behavior are fundamentally the same as those that apply to publicbehavior.


F 25. Dialectical Behavior therapy basically involves teaching clients to counteract irrationalself- statements with more positive and realistic statements.


T 26. The two major assumptions of cognitive therapy are that individuals interpret andreact to events in terms of their perceived significance, and that cognitive deficienciescan cause emotional disorders.


F 27. One difference between Meichenbaum’s self-instructional approach and Ellis’s RET isthat Ellis’s approach emphasizes coping with negative emotions rather thancompletely eliminating them.


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a) cognitive theory b) rational emotive theory* c) relational frame theory d) stimulus-equivalence theory

* a) bi-directionality b) combinatorial entailmentc) transformation of stimulus functions d) stimulus equivalence

T 28. Cognitive therapy assumes that troublesome thoughts constitute the primary cause ofdisturbing emotions, whereas acceptance and commitment therapy considersthoughts and emotions simply as responses.


F 29. A major focus of ACT is the use of cognitive restructuring to directly changetroublesome thoughts.


T 30. With cognitive therapy, a primary purpose of behavioral homework assignments isto help the client overcome distorted thinking.


Multiple Choice Questions on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)31. Thought stopping is likely to be an effective strategy for decreasing persistent,

obsessive thoughts provided that it is combined with:a) Ellis’s rational emotivetherapy b) Beck’s cognitivetherapyc) Meichenbaum’s self-instructional training

* d) a strategy for increasing desirable alternative thoughtsDifficulty: HardType: Applied

32. Acceptance and commitment therapy is based on an approach to the understandingof human language and cognition referred to as:


33. If you have learned that two nickels equals a dime, then you will know that a dimealso equals two nickels. In relational frame theory, this is referred to as:


34. If a child learns that a dime is worth more than a nickel and a quarter is worth morethan a dime, then the child will know that a quarter is worth more than a nickel. Inrelational frame theory, this is referred to as:a) bi-directionality * b) combinatorialentailment c) transformation of stimulus functions d)stimulus equivalence


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Chapter 28. Psychological Disorders Treated by Behavioral andCognitive-Behavioral Therapies

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. An intense fear of going out in public or leaving one’s home is referred to as:* a) agoraphobia b) a simple phobia

c) panic disorder d) a social phobia


2. A persistent fear of heights is referred to as a(n):a) social phobia * b) specific phobiac) panic disorder d) obsessive compulsive disorder


3. A procedure for overcoming a simple phobia that tries to get the client into the presence ofthe feared stimulus very early during therapy, and to maintain exposure for long periodsof time, is referred to as:a) systematic desensitization b) participant modelling

* c) flooding d) implosive therapyDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

4. Systematic desensitization was developed by:a) John Watson b) Albert Bandurac) B. F. Skinner * d) Joseph Wolpe


5. When an individual desensitizes a fear in real life rather than in his or herown imagination, is being used.a) systematic desensitization * b) in vivo desensitizationc) covert sensitization d) participant modeling


6. For what general type of problem is systematic desensitization used?a) treating alcoholism b) to treat high blood pressure

* c) to overcome phobias d) to treat enuresis


7. A procedure for overcoming phobias in which the therapist models graded approachesto the feared stimulus is known as:a) flooding b) cognitive therapyc) systematic desensitization * d) participant modeling


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a) simple phobia b) obsessive-compulsive disorder* c) generalized anxiety disorder d) panic disorder

8. A list of fear-producing situations arranged from those that cause least the fear tothose that cause the most fear is called a(n):

* a) fear hierarchy b) suds scalec) mastery hierarchy d) anxiety scale


9. Agoraphobia is a type of:a) personality disorder * b) anxiety disorderc) obsessive-compulsive disorder d) depressive disorder


10. A behavioral component of the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia is:* a) exposure to the feared stimuli

b) thought-stoppingc) self-instructionaltraining d) reality checking


11. A person who constantly worries and feels anxious over things, events and potential eventsthat most people would consider trivial or unimportant would likely be diagnosed as havinga(n):


12. An obsessive-compulsive disorder is a disorder in which:* a) the client is bothered either by unwanted thoughts, or unwanted repetitive actions, or

bothb) extreme anxiety or panic attacks occur for which no consistent antecedent stimulus

can be readily identifiedc) the client is debilitated by stress, either because the stressful events in their life are

too numerous, or because they are unable to cope with stressful eventsd) one’s characteristic mode of interacting with others is extremely maladaptive or

dysfunctionalDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

13. Which of the following types of treatment work best with obsessive-compulsive disorders?a) flooding in imagination of the feared situation in order to elicit the obsessive-

compulsive behaviorb) cognitive restructuringc) exposure to the feared situation in order to elicit the obsessive-compulsive behavior

* d) exposure to the feared situation while preventing the compulsive behavior fromoccurring


14. An extraordinary stressful or traumatic event, such as being physically or sexually

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a) self-monitoring b) stimulus control* c) cognitive restructuring d) behavioral contracting

abused, being in a serious traffic accident, or witnessing a catastrophic event, can causeimpaired functioning such that the individual would likely be diagnosed as having a(n):a) generalized anxiety disorder b) simple phobiac) depression * d) post-traumatic stress disorder

Difficulty: HardType: Factual

15. Evidence indicates that a treatment for depression with strong research support is:a) cognitive restructuring

* b) behavioral activationc) Ellis’s rational emotive therapyd) Meichenbaum’s cognitive therapy


16. Behavioral couple therapy typically involves the following stages:a) experiential/sensory awareness exercises, communication and problem-solving

training, and programming for generalization* b) instigation of positive exchanges, communication and problem-solving training, and

programming for generalizationc) cognitive therapy, anxiety control, and problem-solving trainingd) insight therapy, communication and problem-solving training, and programming for

generalizationDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

17. Suppose that a client, just before going to bed each night, feels very anxious about thepossibility of someone breaking into the apartment. These thoughts are typicallyfollowedby checking the doors and windows several times to ensure that they are locked. This clientis suffering from a(n):a) personality disorder b) anxiety disorder

* c) obsessive-compulsive disorder d) simple phobia

Difficulty: HardType: Factual

18. A successful program for helping problem drinkers to learn to drink in moderation wasdeveloped by:a) Ferster and Skinner b) LoPiccollo and Freidmanc) Bellack and Herson * d) Sobell and SobellDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

19. Which of the following is not a part of the successful program developed by Sobell andSobell for teaching problem drinkers to drink in moderation?a) use of goal-setting to drink in moderationb) control of triggers for drinkingc) self-monitoring of consequences of drinking behaviors

* d) aversion therapy to make alcohol aversiveDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

20. Which of the following is not a typical component of a behavioral treatment strategy for

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obesity?Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

21. If an individual exhibits a high frequency of certain behaviors, such as nailbiting, hairtwirling, lip biting, etc., and seeks treatment for the problem, then the behavior would bereferred to as a(n):a) anxiety disorder * b) habit disorderc) simple phobia d) panic disorderDifficulty: MediumType: Factual

22. Which of the following would be classified as habit disorders?a) obesity, nervous habits, muscle ticsb) anxiety, muscle tics, and stuttering

* c) nervous habits, muscle tics, and stutteringd) alcohol drinking, muscle tics, and nervous habitsDifficulty: HardType: Conceptual

23. The habit reversal procedure typically includes:* a) awareness training, competing response training, and a motivational strategy

b) awareness training, competing response training, and desensitizationc) competing response training, a motivational strategy, and cognitive restructuringd) cognitive restructuring, awareness training, and desensitizationDifficulty: EasyType: Applied

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 24. Self-monitoring, cognitive restructuring, and reducing eating rate are all major

components of contemporary strategies for treating obesity.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

T 25. Therapies that have proved to be effective in scientifically conducted clinical trials arereferred to as empirically supported therapies.


T 26. Systematic desensitization is considered an exposure-based therapy because it exposesthe client to the feared stimulus or stimuli.


F 27. Cognitive restructuring would be classified as an exposure-based therapy.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 28. An effective treatment for generalized anxiety disorder is exposure-based therapy carriedout in vivo.


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Multiple Choice Question on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)29. The presentation of fear-producing stimuli with a head-mounted display that provides a

computer generated view of stimuli is referred to as:a) in vivo therapy * b) virtual reality therapyc) computer therapy d) technology therapyDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Question on NfFL Section (Note: correct answer indicated in left margin)T 30. Contingency management has been used to effectively treat heroin-use and nicotine-use

disorders.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

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Chapter 29. Giving It All Some Perspective: A Brief History

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. The introductory psychology text titled Principles of Psychology, which discussed

traditional topics in psychology primarily in terms of operant conditioningprinciples, was written by:a) Skinner * b) Keller and Schoenfeldc) Wolpe d) PavlovDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

2. Skinner’s text Science and Human Behavior (1953):a) describes the results of experiments on the lever-pressing behavior of rats, and

outlines basic principles of operant conditioning* b) suggests how basic behavioral principles influence the behavior of people in all

kinds of everyday situationsc) provides data regarding the generalization of basic behavioral principles to

human behaviord) was an introductory psychology text written from the Pavlovian perspectiveDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

3. Which of the following is a basic operant research journal?* a) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

b) Journal of Applied Behavior Analysisc) Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatryd) Journal of Experimental PsychologyDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

4. The publications of the early 1960s within the operant orientation seem tohave been characterized by which two features?a) Much of it was done with very resistant populations, and many of theapplications took

place in natural, everyday settings.* b) Much of it was done with very resistant populations, and many of the

applications took place in highly controlled settings.c) Much of it was limited to populations that had already received successful

input from traditional psychology, and was mostly applied in highlycontrolled settings.

d) Much of it was limited to populations that had already received successful inputfrom

traditional psychology, and was mostly applied in natural, everyday settings.Difficulty: EasyType: Applied

5. Who developed systematic desensitization?a) Eysenck b) Beck c) Hull * d) WolpeDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

6. Which of the following best characterizes the social learning theory ofbehavior modification?

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* a) Watson b) Skinnerc) Keller d) Wolpe

a) It is based on respondent conditioning and has developed applications to avariety of

phobic and neurotic disorders.b) It is based on the work of Beck, Ellis, and others and emphasizes the

individual’s interpretations of what is happening around them.* c) It emphasizes the social contexts in which behavior is acquired and

maintained, and stresses cognitive influences on behavior.d) It is based on the work of B. F. Skinner and emphasizes the application ofoperant principles.Difficulty: HardType: Applied

7. Which current conceptual model of behavior modification is often referred toas “applied behavior analysis”?

* a) the operant conditioning orientationb) the Hullian and Wolpean orientationc) social learning theoryd) cognitive behavior modificationDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

8. is the term used most often for behavioral treatments carried out inthe natural environment and special training settings; is the term usedmost often to refer to behavioral treatments conducted in the therapist’s office.a) Behavior therapy; behavior modificationb) Cognitive behavior modification; behavior modification

* c) Behavior modification; behavior therapyd) Behavior modification; applied behavior analysisDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

9. Which of the following statements incorrectly represents behavior modification?a) Behavior modification has been applied to a wide variety of complex behavior.b) Behavior modification has been applied in numerous settings, including

both clinical and nonclinical environments.* c) Behavior modification is effective, but only for some limited types of problems.

d) Behavior modification has been applied to treat problems that appear tohave medical causes.


10. adopted the conditioned reflex as the unit of habit and arguedthat most complex activities were due to respondent conditioning.


11. The principle of states that if a response that is incompatiblewith fear or anxiety can be made to occur to a stimulus that normally producesfear or anxiety, then that stimulus will cease to elicit the fear reaction.a) systematic desensitization b) respondent extinctionc) reality checking * d) reciprocal inhibition

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12. The most influential of the social learning theorists has been:a) Skinner * b) Bandurac) Wolpe d) LazarusDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

13. According to Martin and Pear, the term that has the broadest meaning is:a) behavior therapy b) social learning theoryc) applied behavior analysis * d) behavior modificationDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

14. One of the first published behavior modification demonstrations of the1950s that concerned practical, applied problems was reported by:a) Skinner b) Ullmann and Krasnerc) Eysenck * d) Ayllon and MichaelDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

15. The influential book Case Studies in Behavior Modification was edited by:a) Skinner * b) Ullmann and Krasnerc) Eysenck d) Ayllon and MichaelDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

16. During the 1950s, an individual who was instrumental in criticizingFreudian psychoanalysis and advocating learning procedures asalternatives was:

* a) Eysenck b) Wolpec) Skinner d) Keller


17. In a publication in 1920, and described ademonstration of Pavlovian conditioning of a fear response in an 11-month-old infant:

a) Ullmann and Kranser b) Ayllon and Michael* c) Watson and Rayner d) Keller and Skinner


18. The first behavior therapy journal, founded in 1963 by Hans Eysenck, was called:a) Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

* b) Behavior Research and Therapyc) Journal of Applied Behavior Analysisd) Behavior ModificationDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 19. Many of the early reports of experiments in the operant tradition in the 1950s

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demonstrated that consequences influence human behavior.Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

F 20. The book Case Studies in Behavior Modification was strictly within the operanttradition.


T 21. Eysenck criticized traditional Freudian psychoanalytical treatments, advocatedbehavior therapy procedures as an alternative, and he helped popularizesystematic desensitization.


F 22. The term “behavior therapy,” rather than the term “behavior modification,”tends to be used by behavior specialists in schools and homes.


F 23. Skinner published the text Principles of Psychology (1950).Difficulty: EasyType: Factual

Multiple Choice Questions on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)24. During the 1960s and 1970s, most of the major books and research papers in

behavior modification and behavior therapy were based on developments in:a) England b) South Africa

* c) the United States d) CanadaDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

25. The psychologist who established the first operant conditioning course inBrazil in 1961 was:a) Freud *b) Kellerc) Skinner d) WolpeDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

26. Who developed PSI, a behavior modification approach to university teaching?a) Skinner b) Ullmann and Krasnerc) Fuller * d) KellerDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

27. developed an influential learning theory that meshed togetheroperant and respondent conditioning into a theory that did not distinguishbetween the two types of conditioning.a) Skinner * b) Hullc) Guthrie d) KellerDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

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28. A book that translated Freudian psychodynamic concepts into the language ofHull’s learning theory, and that had an influence in the early days of behaviormodification, was written by .a) Ullman and Krasner b) Ayllon and Michaelc) Wolpe and Guthrie *d) Dollard and MillerDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

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Chapter 30. Ethical Issues

Multiple Choice Questions on Main Text (Note: * indicates the correct answer)1. Behavior modification is based on the following two propositions:

a) Behavior can be controlled, and it is always ethically appropriate to do so.b) Behavior can be partially controlled, and it is always ethically appropriate to do so.

* c) Behavior can be controlled, and it is desirable to do so in order to achieve certainobjectives.

d) Behavior can be partially controlled, and it is desirable to do so in order to achievecertain objectives.


2. From a behavioral point of view, the term “ethics” refers to:* a) certain standards of behavior that are developed by a culture and that promote the

survival of that cultureb) the influence the controllee has on the controller by virtue of access to suitable

reinforcersc) the degree of aversiveness involved in a given interventiond) a set of moral values adhered to by a cultureDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

3. Consider the following ethical principle: “Psychologists recognize the boundaries of theirparticular competencies and the limitations of their expertise.” To the extent thatpsychologists practice this ethical guideline, they are illustrating:a) contingency shaped behavior b) responsible behaviorc) moral behavior * d) rule-governed behaviorDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

4. Countercontrol may be defined as:a) the amount of control a therapist can exert over a client in a therapeutic relationship by

virtue of access to suitable reinforcers* b) the amount of control a client can exert over the therapist in a therapeutic relationship

by virtue of access to suitable reinforcersc) the amount of control exerted over behavior by an interventiond) the amount of control exerted over behavior by extraneous variablesDifficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

5. People have learned to react negatively to all overt attempts to control behavior because:a) they are inherently free and therefore behavioral control is aversiveb) they wish to maintain their freedom and dignity

* c) of their experiences with others who have used their power for their own benefitd) the actions of religious leaders illustrates that one should not attempt to control the

behavior of othersDifficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

6. A primary conclusion of a commission of APA concerning ethical issues in behaviormodification was that persons engaged in any type of psychological intervention should:a) have a minimum of three years supervised clinical experience

Iris

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b) have a Ph.D. in psychology from a recognized university* c) subscribe to and follow the ethics codes and standards of their professions

d) be a member of the American Psychological AssociationDifficulty: EasyType: Factual

7. Which of the following is not a recommended characteristic of target behaviors selected forclients?a) They should emphasize teaching functional, age-appropriate skills.

* b) They should be in the best interests of the client’s caretakers.c) They should focus on teaching skills that promote independent functioning.d) They should emphasize skills that will enable the client to pursue preferred activities.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of an intervention that is least intrusive orrestrictive?

* a) It emphasizes wisely-used aversive control.b) It emphasizes use of positive reinforcement.c) It maximizes choices and freedom of movement for the client.d) It emphasizes use of natural reinforcers versus contrived reinforcers.Difficulty: EasyType: Conceptual

True/False Questions on Main Text (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)T 9. All social help professions are involved in the control of behavior.


F 10. The doctrine of free will is a valid criticism of attempts to develop a technology ofbehavior.


F 11. Behavior modifiers must confine themselves to a small number of methods that areappropriate only for very simple behavior problems.


T 12. Even if a particular behavior modification procedure produces undesirable effects, thatdoes not refute behavior modification.


Multiple Choice Question on NfFL Section (Note: * indicates the correct answer)13. In his book Beyond Freedom and Dignity, Skinner argued that:* a) the concept of “freedom” prevents us from recognizing how our behavior is controlled by

positive reinforcersb) to be free, we need to improve bringing our behavior under self-controlc) in order to achieve dignity for all, we need to improve the way that our behavior is

controlledd) we need to decrease the amount of control exerted over us by various levels of

government

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True/False Questions on NfFL Section (Note: Correct answer indicated in left margin)F 14. Behavior modification should always be used to maintain the status quo in social

relationships.Difficulty: MediumType: Conceptual

T 15. Prilleltensky has argued that psychology has too readily accepted the status quo ratherthan questioning whether the status quo is the best for human welfare.


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