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Transcript of Beginning Assignment This is an opinion piece where there is no right or wrong answer. I want to...
Beginning Assignment
This is an opinion piece where there is no right or wrong answer. I want to know your opinion. Write 1 complete sentence using the questions below:
What is your opinion of the Islamic religion? Explain.
What events have skewed American’s opinions of the religions? Explain.
Has the media accurately portrayed Islam in a positive or negative light? Explain.
Do many countries’ foreign policy, not only the United States, have a positive or negative outlook about the Islamic religion? Explain.
Early History of the Middle East
Unit 6
Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent
Fertile Crescent--landscape btwn the Persian Gulf & the Mediterranean Sea
Mesopotamia “land between the rivers” Tigris & Euphrates Farmers used rivers to
flood Mesopotamian area to grow wheat/barley
Large harvests allowed villages to grow
EX: Babylonians
Babylonians
Took over Sumerian empire
First to establish an empire
Empire: brings together several peoples, nations, or independent states under the control of one ruler
Babylon strongest under King Hammurabi
Hammurabi’s Code
Uniform code of laws that unified diverse groups of the empire Placed in cities throughout
empire so all people could see the law
Code had judgments for broken laws “An eye for an eye, a tooth
for a tooth”
Hammurabi’s Code22. If any one is committing a robbery and is
caught, then he shall be put to death.
25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-same fire.
108. If a tavern-keeper (feminine) does not accept corn according to gross weight in payment of drink, but takes money, and the price of the drink is less than that of the corn, she shall be convicted and thrown into the water.
129. If a man's wife be surprised with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the king his slaves.
Egyptians
Started around 3000 B.C.E. in Northern Africa
Based along Nile River
Used Nile’s fertile soil to farm
Ruled by Pharaohs Pharaohs: rulers that
were considered gods
Built great pyramids and monuments
Egyptians continued
Divided into 3 periods: Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom
Kingdoms ruled under a dynasty: family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within a family
Rulers were called pharaohs Pharoahs had absolute power Later pharoahs had help ruling from a bureaucracy Bureaucracy: administrative organization w/
officials/regular procedures
Egyptians continued
Achievements: Pyramids (1)
Occurred during the Old Kingdom
Complex buildings dedicated to the dead
Pyramids would be filled w/ chairs, food, dishes, weapons
Egyptians believed humans had 2 bodies/ a human one & a spiritual one
Filling pyramids w/ material items allowed the spiritual body to continue living
Egyptians continued
Mummification (2) Process of slowly drying a
dead body to prevent it from rotting
Remove liver, lungs, stomach & intestines ---placed in jars and then placed in tomb w/ body
Would remove brain by extracting it from the nose
Covered body in salt, filled body w/ spices
Body wrapped, placed in tomb
Process took about 70 days
Egyptians continued
Hieroglyphics (3) Priest carvings/sacred writings System of writing which used both pictures and more
abstract forms First carved into stone Hieroglyphics eventually turns into hieratic script ----
pictures turned into dots, dashes Egyptians also created:
365 day calendar Made advancements in mathematics
3 Major Religions
3 major religions in Middle East:
1. Judaism2. Christianity3. Islam
๐ Each religion began and spread through Palestine๐ Reason why all 3 groups believe they should
control Palestine
Judaism
Most of what is known about the early history of the Hebrews comes from the Torah Torah: 1st 5 books of the Old
Testament
Abraham, Moses, David ---- imp. people in Judaism
Why are they important?: Jews roamed Mesopotamia/Middle
East area for many years Abraham --- led Jews through
Canaan, Mesopotamia, Egypt --- Jews forced into slavery in Egypt
Moses --- led Jews out of Egypt David --- led the Jews/helped
establish the kingdom of Israel w/ Saul
Judaism continued
REMEMBER IMPORTANT: Jews were conquered by many
other groups including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans
All of these conquering empires settled in the area known as Palestine
THE JEWISH ARGUMENT TO STAY IN PALENSTINE: THE JEWISH POPULATION
HAS ALWAYS LIVED IN THE AREA --- THEY DESERVE TO BE THERE
Christianity
• 63 BC---Roman power spread to Judea• Judea: the home of the Jews during
this time period
• Some Jews believed they would be free again someday
• According to biblical tradition, God had promised that a savior known as the Messiah would arrive & restore the kingdom of the Jews
Christianity continued
Jesus of Nazareth• Jesus was born around 6
BC to 4 BC in the town of Bethlehem in Judea
• At the age of 30, he began his public ministry • Traveled from town to town
• For the next 3 years, he preached, taught, did good works, & reportedly performed miracles
Christianity continued
Jesus’ popularity worried Roman and Jewish leaders
In 29 AD, Jesus visited Jerusalem Greeted by many as the Messiah or king
Angered Jewish and Roman leaders Called Jesus’ teachings blasphemy
Blasphemy: disrespect for God
Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of disobeying Roman authority Pontius Pilate: Roman Governor
Jesus arrested and crucified
Crucified: nailed to a large wooden cross until death
Christianity continued
main source of information about Jesus & his teachings came from the Gospels Gospels: 1st 4 books of the New Testament
• message had a special appeal to the poor• According to the Gospels, what happened
next?• Jesus’ body placed in a tomb after death• 3 days later, his body was gone• Jesus appeared before people and he ascended into
HeavenJesus became known as Jesus Christ
the name Christianity was derived from Christ
Islam
570 AD --- Muhammad born
Born into powerful family in Mecca Mecca located on the coast of
the Red Sea in Saudi ArabiaLittle education/worked in
caravan tradeMuhammad disgusted w/
caravan trade in Mecca --- thought many involved in trade were too greedy
Muhammad spent much time in prayer/meditation
Islam continued
While meditating in cave outside Mecca, Muhammad heard the voice of the angel Gabriel
Gabriel told Muhammad he was a messenger for Allah
Allah spoke through Gabriel --- in turn Gabriel spoke through Muhammad
Muhammad was to be the last of the prophetsMuhammad said Allah was the only godPeople who practice the principle of Islam called
MuslimsIslam means “submission to the will of Allah”Muslim means “one who has submitted”
Islam continued
Muhammad met w/ hostilityLeft Mecca for MedinaAttracted many followers along
the way630 AD Muhammad returned
to MeccaAttracted more followersPilgrimage back to Mecca
became known as the hajjMuhammad entered Mecca,
called for prayer, destroyed any idols around the Kaaba
Meccans pledged loyalty to Muhammad, converted
Islam continued
MAIN POINT FOR MUSLIMS TO STAY IN PALESTINE: Islam begin to spread Spread to areas such as Palestine Muslims settled and/or conquered the area & thought
the land belonged to them It was said Muhammad ascended to heaven from
Jerusalem
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jM81wroj_MQ
The Crusades
11th-13th CenturiesSeries of military expeditions Christians wanted to regain
Holy Land from Muslims & JewsByzantine Empire (Eastern
Orthodox Christian) felt threatened by the Turks (Muslim) & Jews
Turks threatened the Byzantine capital of Constantinople
Rally cry for Christian warriors was to retake the Holy Land away from the infidels or unbelievers
The Crusades continued
During the Early Crusades, Christians were able to take lands away from Muslims --- took Jerusalem
Muslims began to strike back
Later Crusades, Christians organized young people (Children’s Crusade) to fight the Muslims
Byzantine Empire ---- not as powerful
Christians unable to defeat the Muslims
The Crusades continued
Results of the Crusades: Pope’s power weakened in the Christian Church (1)
Muslims & Jews faced more persecution from Christians (2)
Christians in Muslim controlled areas also faced persecution (3)
Medieval Torture Website
http://www.fidnet.com/~kawlaw/devices.html