Before History
description
Transcript of Before History
![Page 1: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Before HistoryChapter 1
![Page 2: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
I. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens
Humans are similar to apes. High order of intelligence. Manipulation of the environment. A. The Hominids 1. Autralopithecus-hominid (human & humanlike
species) a. walked upright d. traveled deliberately b. opposable thumbs e. tools c. communicate verbally
![Page 3: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
I. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens cont’d
2. Homo-Erectus- upright walking human a. sophisticated tools (choppers, scrapers) b. start and tend fires c. communicate complex ideas
3. Migrations of Homo-Erectusa. control of natural environmentb. move to N. Africa and Eurasia 2mil years
ago
![Page 4: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
I. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens cont’d.
B. Homo-Sapiens- consciously thinking human Remarkably intelligent, contest for survival Efficiency in exploiting natural resources Communicate and cooperate complex tasks
1. Language a. vocal cords, mouth cavity w/tounge b. sounds into language
![Page 5: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
I. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens cont’d.
2. Migrations of Homo Sapiens
a. adapt to various conditions b. spread through Africa, Europe, and Asia. c. Including Indonesia and New Guinea 3. The Peopling of the World
a. Came into America through Siberian Link b. Remarkable Accomplishment
![Page 6: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
I. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens cont’d.
3. The Natural Environment
a. Homo Sapiens used their intelligence, tools, and language to exploit their natural environment.
![Page 7: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Global Migrations of Hominids
![Page 8: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
II. Paleolithic SocietyOld Stone AgeForaged food (scavenged/hunted)GatherersA. Economy and Society of Hunting and
Gathering Peoples 1. Relative Social Equality
a. Hunting/Gathering ≠ private property b. No social distinctions based on wealth
![Page 9: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
II. Paleolithic Society cont’d
c. Egalitarian existence d. Social distinctions arose differently though. 2. Relative Gender Equality
a. All members led to survival. b. Men traveled on hunting expeditions c. Women/children gathered edible plantation. d. Interdependence probably did not lead to gender role domination.
![Page 10: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
II. Paleolithic Society cont’d
e. small bands (20-30)f. did not wander, timed movements
based on seasonal movements of plants and animals. 3. Big-Game Hunting
a. Special Toolsb. Disguisesc. Fires/Disturbances
![Page 11: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
II. Paleolithic Society cont’d.
4. Paleolithic Settlements
a. Few people left nomadic lifestylesb. Natufian society (Mediterranean, wheat
& animals)c. Jomon society (C. Japan, buckweat &
fishing)d. Chinook society (NW of N.America,
berries, acorns & salmon)
![Page 12: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
II. Paleolithic Society cont’d.
B. Paleolithic Culture 1. Neandertal Peoples
a. Neander Valley, W. Germany b. 45000-30000 years ago c. co-habitation, little interbreeding d. burials/rituals
![Page 13: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
II. Paleolithic Society cont’d.
2. The Creativity of Homo Sapiens
a. Intellectual success in communication of complex ideas.
b. Venus Figurine c. Cave Paintings
![Page 14: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to
Agriculture A. The Origins of Agriculture 1. Neolithic Era
a. New Stone Age b. Polished stone tools c. Early Stages of agricultural society 2. Global Climate Change
a. After ice age came warming. b. People began GROWING plants and domestication
![Page 15: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture
cont’d. 3. Gender Relations and Agriculture
a. Female familiarity w/plant cycles, nurturing. 4 . Independent Inventions of Agriculture
a. Cultivation & Domestication emerges in various parts of the world. 5. The Early Spread of Agriculture
a. Agriculture spreads rapidly; slash & burn (east & west hemispheres) b. Food spreads through out the world w/merchants, migrants & travelers (ex. Wheat)
![Page 16: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture
cont’d c. Agriculture was very tedious, but made abundant food. B. Early Agricultural Society- social and cultural changes,
pop. explosion 1. Emergence of Villages and Towns
a. Permanent Villages; Jericho (present day Israel) 2. Specialization of Labor
a. More food = more specialized labor b. pots, basins, textiles, leather, stone/metal tools, jewelry etc.
![Page 17: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture
cont’d. 3. Pottery
a. store food b. artistic expression c. practical utensils 4. Metalworking
a. Earliest metal: copper b. jewelry c. simple tools
![Page 18: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture
cont’d. d. smelting created tools (knives, axes, hoes &
weapons). 5. Textile Production
a. Selective breedingplants/ animalsexcellent fibers
b. Women wove fibers 6. Social Distinctions & Social Inequality
a. Settlements = people to gain wealthb. Private property
![Page 19: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture
cont’d. C. Neolithic Culture- experience of Earth and its
rhythms (seasons) 1. Religious Values
a. Interest in Fertility b. Rhythms of agriculture D. The Origins of Urban Life- agriculture transformed
the lives of humans 1. Emergence of Cities
a. cities/complex societies around urban centers
![Page 20: Before History](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062814/568166dc550346895ddb0327/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
III. The Neolithic Era and the Transition to Agriculture
cont’d. b. Specialized workers c. Complex institutions (gov’t, schools) d. religion e. record keeping