BedBed BugBug

Biology Biology

andand

ControlControl

[[ Revised: 1212 / 10 /

2oo8 2oo8 ]]

Taxonomic HierarchyTaxonomic Hierarchy

KingdomKingdom: Animalia

PhylumPhylum: Arthropoda

ClassClass: Insecta ( = Hexapoda )

OrderOrder: Hemiptera ( Sub-Order: Heteroptera )

FamilyFamily: CimicidaeCimicidae

GenusGenus: Cimex

SpeciesSpecies: lectularius

Scientific Name: CimexCimex lectulariuslectularius L.L.

Common Name: thethe Common Bed BugCommon Bed Bug

Adult Male -Adult Male - C. lectulariusC. lectularius ((L.L.))

Adult Female - Engorged Adult Female - Engorged

DescriptionDescription

Small – 3/16 inch long, oval, flat, reddish brown insects

True bugs - w/ 3-seg. beak, 4-seg. antennae

Vestigial wings & a thin coat of fine golden hairs

Give off a distinctive “musty, sweetish” odor

Partly digested blood in feces causes “rusty” spots

Males – pointed abdomen

Females – rounded abdomen

Dorsal View – Dorsal View – Head & ThoraxHead & Thorax

Ventral View - Ventral View - Head & ThoraxHead & Thorax

Pictorial

Key

To

ID

Bed

Bugs

BedBed BugBug ((CommonCommon)) vsvs. . BatBat BugBug ((EasternEastern)) CC. . lectulariuslectularius L. L. vsvs.. CC. . adjunctusadjunctus Barber Barber

BiologyBiologyFeed only on Blood – Mammals or Birds

Attach small (1 mm long ) whitish eggs to surfaces in harborages where the bugs hide in loose clusters

5 Nymphal instars ( Need >1 blood meal each instar )

Life Cycle takes 4-5 weeks (egg-to-egg) in ‘good’ conditions [ 75-80% RH; 83-90o o FF ]

Female may lay 200-500 eggs in her lifetime

Adults can survive >>1 yr. w/o feeding [ Nymphs 3-4 mo.]

Mating – “Traumatic” Insemination

Feeding - Several Instars

Engorging Adults & N - 2Engorging Adults & N - 2

Engorged Engorged Nymphs - 1 & 2 Nymphs - 1 & 2

Eggs and DroppingsEggs and Droppings

Viable Eggs Viable Eggs

““Rusty Spots” on Bedding Rusty Spots” on Bedding

Bed Bugs & Rusty Spots on SheetBed Bugs & Rusty Spots on Sheet

Adult Adult Bed Bed Bugs Bugs

MatingMating

Medical ImportanceMedical Importance

- Found naturally infected w/ >28 human pathogens

- Never proven to transmit any human disease

- Several species feed on humans

(including: Common & Tropical Bed Bugs,

Bat Bugs, & Poultry Bugs

- Salivary proteins cause “sensitivity” to repeated

bites by large numbers of bed bugs - - 5 stages: no reaction; delayed reaction; both immediate

& delayed; immediate reaction only; & finally, no reaction

- - True hypersensitivity can develop (but it is reversible)

- Serious social stigma to “having” an infestation

Feeding a “Rearing Jar”Feeding a “Rearing Jar”

ImmediateImmediate Bite ReactionsBite Reactions

SevereSevere Bed Bug Bite Reactions Bed Bug Bite Reactions ((C. lectulariusC. lectularius))

- on a human arm

- on a leg

DelayedDelayed Reactions (> 24 hrs.)Reactions (> 24 hrs.)

Habits ( Behavior )Habits ( Behavior ) - Nocturnal, harbor in clusters, but NOT ‘social’

- Hide in daytime in cracks, crevices, behind

baseboards, bed frames, mattress seams, etc.

- Take a blood meal to repletion in 3-10 min.

- “Prefer” humans but feed on other hosts, too

- Travel 5-20 ft. (each way) nightly to feed

- Feed every few days if hosts available

- Often void part of previous meal while feeding

- Can remain fully active at <45o F

[ if acclimated for 24 hrs at < 60o F ]

Bed BugsBed Bugs Have Thin, Flat BodiesHave Thin, Flat Bodies

Some Control StrategiesSome Control Strategies-- Thorough survey & accurate ID

- Educate customers ( may take > 1 visit )

- Sanitation will NOT eliminate them

- Initial vacuuming (mattresses, beds, harborages )

- Treat harborages w/ properly labeled residual

- - try to not use highly repellent materials

- Dust electrical boxes, voids (maybe seal them shut )

- Seal harborages shut (pref. silicone-based sealant )

- Consider physical barriers if appropriate

- Sticky monitors ( maymay detect continued presence)

NoteNote: Uncover their bottombottom sticky areas

( this maymay catch bugs crawling underneath these )

Bed Bed BugBug & &

Rusty Rusty Spots Spots

on on a a

Sheet Sheet

Survey Survey Sites: Sites: Bed Bed

Frames, Frames, Night Night StandsStands

MattressMattress (especially seams) (especially seams)

Upholstered ChairsUpholstered Chairs

Upholstered ChairsUpholstered Chairs (3)(3)

Window Window

Curtains Curtains

and and

FramesFrames

WhenWhen TreatingTreating “Think in 3-D” “Think in 3-D”

1.1. If you treat along part of a baseboard –

remember . . the bed bugs maymay alreadyalready bebe (or cancan gogo) into or through wall voids,

along pipes, or through air vent passages

to rooms on either side, above, or below.

2.2. Consider concurrently treating the same identical “spots” a. On the other side of the common wall

b. Along the wall-ceiling edges of rooms below

Some “Newer” Techniques & ProductsSome “Newer” Techniques & Products

1. GentrolGentrol™ labeled for Bed Bugs

2. HeatHeat Treatments ( Whole-House, Batch, Room )

3. SteamingSteaming – Mattresses, or Beds, etc.

4. PhantomPhantom™ (Chlorfenapyr) labeled to control

ants / roaches; indoor ‘crack-and-crevice’

5. BaygonBaygon™ (propoxur) aerosol is labeled for

‘crack-and-crevice’ treatments

6. EncaseEncase Mattress & Pillows in special covers

7. PermethrinPermethrin repellent, over-the-counter (s-h)

8. Silica gel – Silica gel – powder/ residual (powder/ residual (e.g.e.g., in Tri-Die , in Tri-Die ™))

Heat Heat TreatmentsTreatments

(esp. in (esp. in Batches)Batches)

SteamingSteaming Furniture Furniture

Bedding EncasementsBedding Encasements

A New A New preventivepreventiveSelf-Help Self-Help TreatmentTreatment

for for LuggageLuggage

““Fumigation- type” treatmentsFumigation- type” treatments

11.. “Whole structure” fumigation willwill eliminate bugs present within treated areas, but . . . . . a. This is seldomseldom economicallyeconomically practicalpractical.

b. There is nono residualresidual protection.

2.2. The same things are true for . . . a. “Batch” or “Single-Room” Fumigations,

b. HeatHeat treatments (Whole Bldg. or One - Room), and

c. ColdCold treatments (Whole Bldg. or One - Room).

d. SteamSteam treatments (mattress, box spring, etc.).

A New A New Practical Practical

ReferenceReference

( Dec., 2007 )( Dec., 2007 )

for PMPs & for PMPs & the Publicthe Public

Available for purchase at: www.techletter.com

Currently: $ 67.00 (U.S.)

Bed Bug Detection Dogs Bed Bug Detection Dogs

Multi-Attractant Traps Multi-Attractant Traps (( new technologynew technology, 2-e.g., 2-e.g.))

CCimex DDetection CCaseTM

Nightwatch TM

QuestionsQuestions ??

NoteNote:: The following slides are included for possible use in a presentation, or they may simply be omitted ( or maybe just not shown ).

Evidence of ResurgenceEvidence of ResurgenceSnetsingerSnetsinger: ““. Bed bugs may actually cause slums .

. . (Busvine 1951); today (1997) specimens are

unavailable for classes & few young entomologists

have seen an infestation . .”” [ Mallis 8th ed.; p.399 ]

Kreuger’sKreuger’s: “Don’t get Bitten by the resurgence of Bed Bugs,” Pest Contr. 68 (3): 58-64 ( Mar. 2000 ).

NPMANPMA: 29 infestations confirmed; 18 states & DC

[ Library Update, Sept. 2001 ]

NPMANPMA: >600 infestations confirmed; 49 states, DC ,

4 Provinces CANCAN., & 4 states MEXMEX. ( Aug., 2007 )

OrkinOrkin has treated bed bugs in 49 states ( Jun., 2008 )

Possible Factors In Bed Bug ResurgencePossible Factors In Bed Bug Resurgence

1.1. Greater human mobility

2.2. Less use of any residuals – last 15 + yrs

3.3. Significant switch to baits for roaches & ants (1980s)

4.4. Many PMPs are still not very familiar w/ bed bugs

- inadequate survey, wrong ID, incomplete treatment

5.5. Pyrethroids used in most accounts are repellent - bugs do not get a lethal dose (esp. in deep cracks)

- harborages easy to miss in first survey

- bugs may detect & avoid residual treatments

- bug pop. often “split” or move from such treatments

6.6. People may call any unknown bite - “bed bugs”

A FewA Few SuggestedSuggested ReferencesReferences ((aa.).)

Blow, J., M. Turell, A. Silverman, and E. Walker.Blow, J., M. Turell, A. Silverman, and E. Walker. 20012001. Stercorial shedding and transstadial transmission of Hepatitis B virus by common bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 38(5): 694-700.

Cabrera, B., and C. K. Heinsohn. 20062006. Instant Symposium : Not letting the bed bugs bite. American Entomologist. 52 (2): 98-121. [[ Includes title article plus nine (9) more short articles as presented by other authors at the E.S.A. National Meetings in Ft. Lauderdale, FL; Dec., 2005. ]]

Cooper, R. and H. Harlan.Cooper, R. and H. Harlan. 20042004. Chap. 8. Ectoparasites, Part three: Bed Bugs & Kissing Bugs. pp. 494-529, In 9th ed. Mallis’ Handbook of Pest Control. S. Hedges (ed. dir.). GIE Publ, Inc., Cleveland, OH.

Doggett, S.Doggett, S. 20062006. A Code of Practice for the Control of Bed Bug Infestations in Australia. Australian Environmental Pest Managers Assn., Ltd., NSW, Australia. 54 pp.

See: www.aepma.com.au

A FewA Few SuggestedSuggested ReferencesReferences ((bb.).)

Doggett, S., M. Geary, and R. Russell.Doggett, S., M. Geary, and R. Russell. 20042004. The resurgence of bed bugs in Australia: With notes on their ecology and control. Environ. Health, 4(2): 30-38.

Harlan, H., M. Faulde, and G. Baumann. 20082008. Chap. 4. Bed . Chap. 4. Bed Bugs, pp.131-151 [Bugs, pp.131-151 [InIn ] Public Health Significance of Urban ] Public Health Significance of Urban Pests. [Bonnefoy, X., H. Kampen, & K. Sweeney, (Pests. [Bonnefoy, X., H. Kampen, & K. Sweeney, (edseds.)]. .)]. WHO Europe, Copenhagen, DenmarkWHO Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Hwang, S., T. Svoboda, I. DeJong, K. Kabasele, and E. Hwang, S., T. Svoboda, I. DeJong, K. Kabasele, and E. Gogosis.Gogosis. 20052005. Bed Bug infestation in an urban . Bed Bug infestation in an urban environment. environment. Emerg. Inf. DisEmerg. Inf. Dis., 11(4): 533-538 (Apr.) ., 11(4): 533-538 (Apr.)

Jupp, P., R. Purcell, M. Shapiro, and J. Gerin.Jupp, P., R. Purcell, M. Shapiro, and J. Gerin. 19911991. Attempts to transmit Hepatitis B virus to chimpanzees by arthropods. S. Afr. Med. J., 79: 320-322.

Potter, M.Potter, M. 20042004. Your Guide to bed bugs. PCT Mag. Vol. 32(8). [A special 6-page “pull out” section between pages 12 and 13 of the Aug., 2004 issue].

A Few Suggested ReferencesA Few Suggested References ((cc.).)

Snetsinger, R.Snetsinger, R. 19971997. Chap. 9. Bed Bugs & Other Bugs.

pp. 392-424, In 8th ed. Mallis’ Handbook of Pest Control. S. Hedges (ed.). GIE Publ, Inc., Cleveland, OH.

Technical Guide (TG) # 44Technical Guide (TG) # 44. 20072007. Bed Bugs – Importance, Biology, and Control Strategies. AFPMB, www.afpmb.org .

Usinger, R.Usinger, R. 19661966. Monograph of Cimicidae. Thos. Say Foundation, Vol. VII, Entomol. Soc. Amer., Lanham, MD.

WHO.WHO. 19821982. Vector Control Series. VI. Bed Bugs. World Health Organization. WHO/VBC/82.857. 9 pp.

A FewA Few SuggestedSuggested Web SitesWeb Sites

These sites can be “searched” for more details, images, etc. about Bed Bugs.

AArmed rmed FForces orces PPest est MMgt. gt. BBoard:oard: www.afpmb.org NNational ational PPest est MManagement anagement AAssn.: ssn.: www.pestworld.org

PCT MagazinePCT Magazine web site. web site. www.pctonline.com

Pest Management ProfessionalPest Management Professional web site. web site. www.pestcontrolmag.com (( formerly = Pest Control ))

The The UUniv. niv. ofof KKY Extension Entomology web site.Y Extension Entomology web site. www.uky.edu/Entomology/entfacts/struct/ef636.htm

Coopers’ Pest Solutions www.cooperpest.com

Or, Search for “bed bugs” on www.Google.com [ Note - some “facts” on some websites are wrongwrong !! ]

Male “Paramere”Male “Paramere”

Female ‘Para-genital Sinus’Female ‘Para-genital Sinus’

Adult Male - C. lectularius (L.)

Adult Female – Lateral ViewAdult Female – Lateral View

Dorsal View - Front HalfDorsal View - Front Half

Swallow BugSwallow Bug

Engorged 1Engorged 1stst Instar Nymph “Micturating” Instar Nymph “Micturating”

Adult Female Adult Female

ImmediateImmediate Bite ReactionsBite Reactions

thethe EasternEastern BatBat BugBug C. adjunctusC. adjunctus Barber Barber

Monitors Monitors MayMay HelpHelp DetectDetect BedBed BugsBugs

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