Bed Bug biology and Research by Dr. Susan Jones at COBBTF Summit 2015
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Transcript of Bed Bug biology and Research by Dr. Susan Jones at COBBTF Summit 2015
Cimex lectularius: the bed bug(Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
Only feed on blood Prefer humans Alternate hosts—dogs,
cats, rats, birds, etc. Typically feed at night Cause significant
economic, physical, & mental distress
bedbugfoundation.org
Unfed adults: ~1/4 to 3/8 inch
long
0.2 inch
• Denial of a bed bug problem/stigma• Incorrect identification• Ignorance of bed bugs and
management strategies • Do-it-yourself mentality• Money • Clutter• Mental health problems • Physical incapacity• Etc.
Some of the challenges due to landlords/management and/or residents:
bedbugfoundation.org
Unfed adults: ~1/4 to 3/8 inch
long
0.2 inch
Total developmental time (egg to adult):
21 days @ 86F 120 days @ 65F
The Bed Bug Factor
• Slender profile; hide in many sites from floor to ceiling
• Strong tendency to disperse– Hitchhiking– Walking
• Can feed on multiple warm-blooded animals• Bites cause variable reactions in humans• Can survive starvation for long periods• Insecticide resistance • Etc.
Some of the challenges due to bed bugs:
BED BUG HABITS• Cannot fly• Can walk very fast• Typically hide during the day in dark, protected sites (esp. cracks & crevices)• Prefer fabric, wood, and paper surfaces • Can cling tightly to surfaces
BED BUG HIDING PLACES Mattress, box springs Bed frame Furniture Carpeting Cracks and crevices Carpet tack strips Baseboards Window frames, door frames Electric outlets, switch plates Wall hangings, pictures Drapery pleats, window blinds Smoke detectors Ceiling moldings etc.
PREFERRED
SURFACES:
• Fabric
• Wood
• Paper
Reasons why residents should not dispose of
furniture, mattresses, etc.:
• Bed bugs will fall off the furniture as it is being moved, hence spreading the problem.
• Infested furniture usually can be treated.• Bed bugs can quickly infest replacement
furniture.• Items placed in dumpsters often are picked
up and reused, thereby spreading bed bugs to other households.
How do bed bugs travel?
• Walking• from an infested room to new
territory• from one apartment to another
via pipes, electrical wires, cables, …
• down a hallway after dropping off an item
• Hitchhiking
In multi-family housing, bed bugs readily spread to units that are adjacent, below,
and above the infested unit.
Bed bugs are very good hitchhikers!
• luggage• furniture• bedding• backpacks, purses, briefcases• clothing• …
Bed bugs can be moved from one place to another by hiding in:
• Often closely associated with hosts’ sleeping or resting sites (hide in many places)
• Locate their host using cues such as carbon dioxide, heat, odor
• Typically feed at night
Bed Bug Feeding Habits
Sharp beak-like mouthparts penetrate the skin:
The Mechanics of Biting
Photo: Harvard Univ.
mandibles and maxillae
(at tip of fascicle)
(very flexible; thrust
about into tissues until a
suitable blood
vessel is reached)
styletfascicle
(driven into skin to anchor
the stylet fascicle)
labium
bed-bugs.com
Health Effects from Bed Bugs• Skin reactions (7 of 10 people on avg.)
• Redness• Welts• Itching
• Secondary bacterial infections • Anemia• Asthma• Anaphylactic shock• Psychological effects• Sleeplessness• Agitation• Anxiety• Insecticide exposure • …
August 2010
Bed bugs are a pest of significant
public health importance!
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/Publications/Bed_Bugs_CDC-EPA_Statement.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/pesticides/bedbugs/
CDC & EPA Joint
Statement
urticariaatypical bullous lesions
common distribution of skin lesions
Clinical Manifestations of Bed Bug Bites (Cimicosis)
• Typically on exposed skin • Often in groups or rows
Diagnosis of Bed Bug Bites
• Diagnosis of a bed bug bite is speculative.• Confirmation is based on bed bug evidence.
• Resemble bites from other insects/arthropods• Typically no red puncture spot at the center (such as with fleas and black flies)• Rarely occur on the palms or soles (such as with scabies mites)• …
If you wake up with itchy, red welts that weren’t there when you went to bed,
perhaps its bed bugs.
2009. JAMA 301(13): 1358-1366.
“There are few data to support bed bugs as vectors for transmission of
human disease agents. … transmission of a human disease is
yet to be firmly established.”
Delaunay et al. 2011
Carry 40+ human pathogens (Goddard and deShazo 2009)
Recent studies have targeted specific pathogens
• Hepatitis B, C (Blow et al. 2001, Silverman et al. 2001)
• HIV (Webb et al. 1989)• Bacteria (Lowe and Romney 2011,
Cockburn et al. 2013, Leuimi et al. 2015)
• Trypanosoma cruzi (Blakely et al. 2014, Salazar et al. 2015)
Role in Disease
Known Disease-Transmitting Hemipterans (True Bugs)
Reduviidae: triatomine bugs (kissing bugs) Transmit Chagas disease via feces Defecate on host while feeding Transmission occurs when feces are
rubbed into bite wound or mucous membrane (cdc.gov)
biologyacademie.blogspot.com
Hemotek artificial feeder Warms blood in
reservoirs Parafilm membrane Defibrinated rabbit
blood
Rattus norvegicus (naked rats) Wire mesh tubes w/
snap cap ends
Materials & Methods
— OSU Research—Courtney L. Darrington
MS, OSU Department of Entomology (2015)
Bed bugs defecate in close proximity to their feeding site (avg. 1-2.5 cm [0.4-1 inch]) Artificial feeder Live host (naked rats)
Bed bugs defecate soon after feeding (5-120 sec) Repletion status greatly influences whether bugs defecate Defecation Index (DI) of 2.57 for adult bed bugs suggests a high
potential to infect a host DI of 3.08 in females supports suggestion in triatomines that females are the most epidemiologically important stage
— OSU Research—Courtney L. Darrington
MS, OSU Department of Entomology (2015)
The bacterium was detected in the feces and bodies (digestive tract) of bed bugs at the 3rd day
post-infection, and it persisted for ~2.5 weeks.
Bed Bugs and Trench Fever
BED BUG PREVENTION FOR TRAVELERS
Make it STANDARD PRACTICE to check for bed bugs in hotel/motel rooms! • Pull back the bedding and look for black fecal
spots on mattress & box springs (especially seams)
• Carefully examine the underside of the bed skirt• Look for bb signs along bed frame (especially
head board)• Open nightstand drawers and look for bb signs
along inner and outer edges• Look for bb signs along baseboards DON’T STAY IN A ROOM THAT HAS BB SIGNS
BED BUG PREVENTION FOR TRAVELERS
• Keep clothes in your zipped suitcase• Don’t keep clothes in hotel chest-of-drawers • OK to hang clothes in closet
• Don’t store your suitcase on the bed, floor, or upholstered furniture
• Keep your suitcase on the luggage rack (after first inspecting it for bb signs)
Reduce the chances of getting bed bugs from hotel/motel rooms!
• The bathroom (tub) is the best place to store your items!
Sticky traps typically
are not very useful for
detecting bed bugs.
Sticky Traps
Bed Bug Detector Trap
--Passive Monitoring Devices--
--Passive Monitoring Devices--
Bed Bug Interceptors• Positioned under furniture legs• Furniture must be kept in use—bugs are
attracted to host’s CO2
• Pitfall trap—bed bugs climb in and cannot escape*
– *Inner walls of ClimbUps must be kept lubricated with talcum powder or bugs can escape
• Eliminate alternative ways for bugs to access furniture (don’t let bugs bypass interceptors)
• Keep furniture several inches away from walls• Don’t let bed linens, dust ruffle, & bedding
contact the floor or walls
ClimbUp® Interceptor
LightsOut® Interceptor
bed leg
FMC Verifi™ Bed Bug Detector
http://www.fmcprosolutions.com/BedBugs/PropertyManager/Home.aspx
A- CO2 booster pack
B- lures (pheromone + kairomone)C- pitfall trap areaD- harborage area
E- self-adhesive sticker
--Active Monitoring Device--
Front view (with cut away revealing interior components)
Rear view
No longer manufactured
Rutgers University Field Study
August 2011
‘Detection Tools and
Techniques’
By: Changlu Wang and Richard Cooper
Canine team performance
(7 firms; 24 apts.)Average Range
Inspection time 150 minutes 100-250 min.
Cost $750 $500-1,000
Detection rate 43% 11-83%False positive rate
(signaling bed bugs that weren’t there)
0-38%
Much variability among canine detection firms.
Can be a useful tool in large-scale inspections.
The liners consist of finely woven polyester fabric impregnated with 1.64%
permethrin. The liners are kept in place on mattresses and
box springs beneath bedding.
Bed bugs were not repelled from ActiveGuard™ liners
TreatmentControlB B AG B B = Blank fabricAG = ActiveGuard fabric
— OSU Research—
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
EPMMarciaEarlHarlan
Days
Mea
n (+
/- S
E) p
erce
nt m
orib
und/
dead
—OSU Research—Bed Bug Contact Bioassay
Contact with ActiveGuard fabric caused bed bugs from susceptible
and moderately resistant populations to die within ~1 day; a highly resistant population (Marcia) began dying after ~4 days exposure.
—OSU Research Results—
Bed Bug Feeding Bioassay
ActiveGuard
Proportion (mean ± SEM) of feeding attempts and successful feedings by adult female bed bugs following brief exposure to
permethrin-impregnated or untreated fabric:
ActiveGuard
Exposure to ActiveGuard fabric for 1 or 10 min
significantly decreased the likelihood that a bed bug
attempted to feed.
Exposure to ActiveGuard fabric for 10 min significantly
decreased the likelihood that a bed bug successfully fed.
Statistically similar responses among 5 bed bug populations ranging from highly susceptible to extremely resistant
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) :
Correctly identify the pest +
Conduct a thorough inspection+
Use sanitation measures+
Use non-chemical measures +
Apply insecticides to targeted sites
Some Basics of Bed Bug Management Using
Insecticides• There is no single “magic bullet”.• Bed bug control typically takes
several treatments.• It is important to use several different
formulations, and often, several different insecticides.
• A residual insecticide is necessary.• Don’t keep using the same
insecticide (rotate insecticide use)
March 14, 2013
http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130314/srep01456/pdf/srep01456.pdf
Resistance genes were very active in the bed bug exoskeleton (skin).
Pyrethroid Resistance Categorization of Bed Bug Populations
— OSU Research—
Highly pyrethroid resistant bed bugs do not show adverse effects, even when exposed to very high concentrations of
dry deposits of technical deltamethrin.
Active Ingredient(insecticide class) Product Name(s)
Imidacloprid + ß-cyfluthrin(neonicotinoid + pyrethroid) Temprid® SC
Chlorfenapyr(halogenated pyrrole)
Phantom® SCPhantom® PI
Acetamiprid + bifenthrin(neonicotinoid + pyrethroid)
Transport® MikronTransport® GHP
Thiamethoxam + λ-cyhalothrin(neonicotinoid + pyrethroid) Tandem®
Dinotefuran + diatomaceous earth
(neonicotinoid + silica dioxide)
Prescription Treatment Alpine® Dust
Alpine® PI
Amorphous silica gel CimeXa™
Neem seed oil(azadirachtin)
Cirkil™ CXCirkil™ RTU
Some pyrethroid alternatives for use against bed bugs:
Initial 30 m 1 h 2 h 4 h 8 h0
102030405060708090
100
Mea
n pe
rcen
t mor
ibun
d/de
ad
Initial 30 m 1 h 2 h 4 h 8 h0
102030405060708090
100
Mea
n pe
rcen
t mor
ibun
d/de
ad
� Results �Direct Spray
Pyrethroid susceptible bugs
Rapid bed bug mortality is achieved
through directly spraying bed bugs.
Pyrethroid resistant bugs
Even with highly resistant bed bugs the bugs quickly died after being sprayed with any of the 3 insecticides. Evidence of contact toxicity.
Ply
woo
dFa
bric
Efficacy of Temprid SC Residues on Plywood and Fabric Aged for 6 mo (182 d)
highly resistant
moderately resistant
susceptible
Brief exposure (hours) to a residual insecticide caused rapid death of pyrethroid-susceptible bed bugs, but not highly pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs.
Resistant bugs had to spend days in direct contact with the dry residues. Temprid had long lasting residual.
Words of caution regarding over-the-counter ‘natural
products’ for bed bug control:
• Exempt from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registration
• EPA requires no efficacy data• Claims often based on “satisfied
customers”—be sure to ask for their research data and evaluate it carefully
• Botanical (plant based) products often have a strong odor
• Botanical products often have limited, if any, residual activity
25(b) Exempt Minimum Risk Natural Products
Condition 4: The label cannot include any false or misleading statements, and claims that minimum risk pesticides protect human or public health are prohibited.
Must meet five conditions, including:
25(b) Natural Products (exempt from EPA registration)
FTC takes actionThe FTC complaint charges that the Cedarcide defendants make:• false claims that scientific studies prove Best Yet! is effective at
stopping and preventing bed bug infestations, and that it is more effective than synthetic pesticides at doing so;
• a false claim that the Environmental Protection Agency has warned consumers to avoid all synthetic pesticides for treating bed bug infestations;
• …• false claims that Best Yet! was invented for the U.S. Army at the
request of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and that the USDA has acknowledged the product as the number one choice of bio-based pesticides
The FTC complaint charges that the RMB Group defendants make unsupported claims that Rest Easy kills and repels bed bugs, and that a consumer can create a barrier against them by spraying the product around a bed.
http://ftc.gov/opa/2012/09/cedarcidermb.shtm
Acknowledgments
• Central Ohio Bed Bug Task Force • Joint Bed Bug Task Force • Camille Jones• Greg Kesterman• Courtney Darrington• Josh Bryant• Nina Bogart• Kara Baker