BE BOLD. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu ...€¦ · Forestiera pubescens: NM Olive...

BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu

BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State University

aces.nmsu.edu

College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

The College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community developmentin New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and Extension programs.

Invasive, Exotic, ‘Neurotic’ Arthropod Pests of Trees

Dr. Carol SutherlandExtension Entomologist, NM State University & State Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture


Usually, These Presentations Help You Diagnose the Living…But…

If You’re Removing a Tree…Look at It, Too

• Diagnostician • Coroner


Let’s Begin With Something ‘Exotic’…• Emerald Ash Borer

• What it does to hosts• Life cycle• Latest from

Colorado


January, 2018 Map for Emerald Ash Borer Distribution in US & Canada


CO Dept. Agriculture Eric R. Day, VPI-SU, Bugwood.org

Larvae ‘Mine’ Ash Phloem/CambiumTissues Die, Bark Dries and Peels Off

Larva is flatwith bell-shaped

segments;Tree death?In 3-6 years?

Eggs laid in bark crevicesDebbie Miller, USFS, bugwood.org

David Cappaert, bugwood.org

Adults are difficult to monitor;Can fly 1-3 miles? More?

No good way to detect earlyInfestations--’girdling’ a traptree?


David Cappaert, Bugwood.org

D-shaped Emergence Holes

Woodpecker ActivityTop Die-Back; Water Sprouts

Trees Die in All Settings

MI Dept. Agriculture, bugwood.org

Leah Bauer, bugwood.org

Daniel Herms, bugwood.org

More Evidence of EAB


Toledo, OH neighborhood: ‘Before’ = June, 2006; ‘After’ = August, 2009

Impacts of EABVisual, Property Values, Costs of Treatment, Removal*

Major expense for cities.Add suburbs and $$$.

That’s YOUR tax dollars!


More Impacts From EAB Infestation State & federal quarantines

Costs of surveys, tree marking, treatment or removal on city/county land (tax $$)

Nurseries---no sales of ash trees---production fields worthless

Public Debates---treat or not? $$$, gamble

Loss of shade trees, ash can represent 20% or more of urban forest

Loss of shade, air conditioners work harder

Water consumption increases---$$$

No ash wood tool handles, baseball bats, etc.


White Fringetree, Chionanthus virginicus (Oleaceae)---EAB verified on it in Ohio---

A shrub-tree native to the Southeastern US

Increasingly popular? In Midwest, elsewhere

Delicate blooms = name

Are there members of the Oleaceaenative to NM or the Southwest thatcould be at risk of EAB infestation?


Other Oleaceae in NM: Could These Host EAB?

Fraxinus lowellii, Lowell Ash

Fraxinus velutinaVelvet Ash

Menodora scabra

Forestiera pubescens: NM Olive

*Fraxinus spp. = trees*Forestiera = shrubMenodora = perennial herb___*Possible to Very Likely Hosts?

EAB has targeted green,white & velvet ash in US


Back to Colorado---Where is EAB?Boulder Co., 5 communities since 2013

‘Gunbarrel’?

Fort Collins is NE of here (41mi ascrows fly)

YIKES!!!

Denver is SE of here (27mi fromBoulder)

Flights of 1-3 miles?Riding inside firewood?Adults hitchhiking on ?

16mi


Is EAB a Knock-out Punch for Ash in New Mexico?

Lilac-Ash Borer Cosmetic to Killer? Ash gall mites

Ash twig beetle Ash leaf-curl aphid

Ash whitefly, 1987

Redheaded ash borer

We already havethese ash pests


Ash Whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae

Invasive exotic (‘80s); Mediterranean area

Hosts in NM: ash, pomegranate, lilac, apple, crabapple, pear, Bradford pear, chitalpa, crape myrtle, hawthorne, quince, pyracantha

Copious honeydew, leaf loss; immatures ringed by stalks with waxy exudate; late summer


Ash Borers & Lilac-Ash Borer

Neoclytusacuminatus,Red-headed ash borer

Ash, other hardwoods, some vines & shrubs

Neoclytus caprea, banded ash borer

Ash, oak, pecan

Podosesia syringae, lilac ash borer(Lepidoptera, Sesiidae)

Attacks Oleaceae: Ash, lilac, privet, fringetree


Twig Beetles on Ash TreesColeoptera, Curculionidae, Hylesinus spp.

Twig damage is cumulative; canopy reducedDead twigs ‘cage’ struggling ‘sprouts’

These pests arealready widelydistributed in NM.

3mm

Adults mine buds, twigs; larval ‘breathing & escape holes’


All About Discovery!

D-shaped emergence holes!

Peeling bark; larvaltunnels criss-crossvascular system!

Skinny, shiny beetles stuck died under peeling bark!

Tree dying from top down!Water sprouts at base!

Remember the MG & the Dying Tree Story?His Evidence-Photographs & Samples!


Best Ever Field Trip(Honey Locust)

Graeme Davis, Lynda Garvin---CESConnie Jones, Bill Segura--NMDA


Host tree was a ‘Honey Locust’

Insect WAS Agrilus difficilis(attacks honey locust)

What A. difficilis does to honey locustmirrors what EAB does to ashkills it

Previous record of A. difficilis in NM (Nelson, et al. 2008.)More difficilis found in honey locust since 7/2015 in ABQ, Santa Fe, Farmington & Portales

DSee?

Jennifer Shaughney, NMSU Arthropod Museum

RESULTS!

Sutherland’s ID confirmed by USDA-APHIS,PPQ-James Zablotny

Congrats from USDA, APHIS, PPQ- Washington DC_


Best Ever Field TripEAB: bell-shaped segments Honey Locust: rounded segments

VS


My Challenge to YOU!!!Find, Document & Report Other

Honey Locustswith Agrilus difficilis

Probably travels in/on trees innursery trade; possible movementin infested honey locust firewood

It’s likely where you work, too!

Look AGAIN at dead honey locustWhen you’re removing one…..


Oak Trees & Kermesid Scale Insects in NM

Euclemensia schwarziella (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterygidae), AZ & TX. Larvae are internal parasitoids of Allokermes scales! Are they in NM?

Damage is cumulative.Twigs, then branchesdie---whole tree!

Female & eggsMature females Adult male


Bagworms! Thyridopteryxephemeraeformis (Psychidae)---

Northern NM, 2016Now

Larvae in their bags

Pupae in bags

Male

Female

Mating PairEggs laid in female’spupa case


Native ‘Bagworms” (Psychidae)e.g. Oiketicus townsendi(W. TX into AZ)

hosts: mesquite, Robinia (NM locust)


Sycamore Scale, Stomacoccus plataniHemiptera, Steingellidae

Attack native & introduced sycamoresOverwinter in bark crevices, under bark scales

-Crawlers emerge & infest leaves at bud break-Several generations/year; leaves w/yellow spots-Crawlers move to bark in fall…..

Where they can be intercepted by Chilocorus sp.Lady beetles (aka ‘twice stabbed lady beetles’)

Adult Chilocorus Larva Pupa

Crawler


Life Cycle forSycamore Leaf ScaleEgg masses under sycamore bark scales


Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola

Multiple generations/yrLarvae skeletonize/chew foliageDamage cumulative; leaves dry, shrivel &

turn brownAdults overwinter indoors or in protected

areas

Widespread, long established pest,especially of Siberian/Chinese elms

26


Banded Elm Bark Beetle, 10/1998New U.S. Record?

“Dutch elm” in Clovis??October, 1998Nope, bark beetles!

Apparently replacedLesser European elm barkbeetle in NM & CO

In CO, BEBB is THEVector of Dutch Elm Diseasel

NM STILL has not confirmedDutch Elm Disease!

Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov

Repeated attacks byBEBB destroys innerBark of Chinese/Siberian elm


European Elm Flea Weevil, Orchestes alni

Coleoptera, Curculionidae, 2011Northern NM to I-40 plus Valencia Co.

Adults tiny, jump, mimic damage of elm leaf beetles; reproduce early spring; larvae are leaf miners

28


• Native to NM---suspect pinyon is usual host• Discovered during survey for exotic Mediterranean pine bark

beetle• Potential to kill hosts? Kill limbs? Transmit blue stain fungi?

‘’New’ Bark Beetle---New Host is Afghan PineColeoptera, Curculionidae, Ips latidens

3mm long


Forgotten Afghan Pine Pest? Eurytoma tumoris(Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae)

Eggs laid in thin branch bark

Each bump under bark has 1 grub

Affected branches die

Trees removed eventually

Oscar Maestas, TX Forestry, 2008, retired


Eurytoma tumorisMystery Wasp---abt 3-4mm long

I suggested Eurytoma tumoris---this orsomething similar mentioned in WesternForest Insects (Furniss & Carolin)

So far, no alternative ID

Other tiny wasps in this family areparasitoids

This one is a plant pest?

No insecticides labeled specifically for it


NPS, Dinosaur NatMon 2009 NMSU News NatParkServ-DinosaurNatMon

3 larval instars, 12-14 days of feeding

Pupae may be ‘bare’ or inside a litter-covered ‘cocoon’Adult: lives 2-4 weeksDisperses, reproduces

Life Cycle in Summer abt. 4 weeks5-7 generations/year in NM?

Basic Diorhabda Life Cycle on Saltcedar

10-20 eggs/day; 300-500/female

Beneficial---only host is Tamarix


2007-2017 Distribution of Diorhabda spp.in New Mexico

--- Otero, Tularosa Creek, ‘16, ’17--- Hidalgo Co., Exits 24, 29 on I-10, ‘16, ’17--- Grant Co., Bayard, ’17, San Juan, ’17--- Las Cruces, NMSU campus, ‘17

The Latest Diorhabda Map

2007-2017


Conservation Stewardship Program (NRCS)Biological suppression/non-chemical techniques to manage brush, herbaceous weeds &

invasive species? $$$

New Mexico State University

Saltcedar BEFORE & AFTER Diorhabda


Thank You! • Dr. Carol Sutherland

ACES, Extension Plant Sciences DepartmentBox 30003 MSC 3AENew Mexico State UniversityLas Cruces, NM 88003-8003

[email protected] (preferred)Ph. 575-646-1132; FAX 575-646-8085

The College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community development in New Mexico,Improving the lives of New Mexicans thru academic, research & Extension programs.

New Mexico State University is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer & educator. New Mexico State University & the US Department of Agriculture cooperating.

mailto:[email protected]

BE BOLD. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu ...€¦ · Forestiera pubescens: NM Olive...

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Transcript of BE BOLD. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu ...€¦ · Forestiera pubescens: NM Olive...