BDS Curriculum (Revised 2018) · that for annual examination though syllabus will be different. The...
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1 1 st Year BDS Curriculum (Revised 2018) National University of Medical Sciences Pakistan
Transcript of BDS Curriculum (Revised 2018) · that for annual examination though syllabus will be different. The...
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1st Year
BDS Curriculum
(Revised 2018)
National University of Medical Sciences
Pakistan
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Contents
Ser Topic Page No
1. Anatomy 06
2. Physiology 32
3. Biochemistry 45
4. Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology
52
Table of Specification
1. Anatomy 72
2. Physiology 74
3. Biochemistry 76
4. Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology
78
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BDS PROGRAMME AT NUMS Vision: To be recognized as a leader in dental education, research, patient care and service.
Mission: To be known for innovative dental education, commitment to cultural diversity, discovery, transfer of scientific knowledge, the superior skills of our graduates and the highest degree of patient care and service, through core values of:
Excellence
Integrity
Collaboration
Courtesy
Compassion
Diversity
Professionalism
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Guidelines: 1st Year BDS Curriculum
Preamble.
This curriculum meets the standards of Pakistan Medical and Dental Council, Higher
Education Commission of Pakistan, and World Federation of Medical Education, so that our
students, on completion of program have required competencies as defined worldwide in a
graduate doctor. The curriculum for 1st year BDS has been reviewed by faculty of
constituent/affiliated colleges in collaboration with Academic Directorate of NUMS
Contact Hours
Total Contact Hours of each subject as per PM&DC is under: -
Subject Contact Hours
Anatomy 400
Physiology 400
Biochemistry 185
Oral Biology and Tooth Morphology 185
Islamiat/ Pak studies 30
Educational strategies:
The educational strategies overarching the curriculum shall be:
Student centered
Integration
Problem based
Structured
With component of community based and electives
Teaching and Learning methods (MIT)
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Multiple learning strategies are used. Interactive lectures are used to provide students
entrance to topic needing much effort by the student to understand subject matter. We have
used Problem based learning to integrate basic and clinical sciences, and give a learning
experience that is contextual, realistic, and relevant. Small group discussions encourage
students to social learning bring their concepts and learning to be discussed and schemas
corrected and refined. Working in labs provides experiential, hand on learning.
Time table / Structured Training Program
The colleges shall make their own structured training program, taking care of recommended
teaching hours in a subject as described by PM&DC.
Internal Assessment.
The weightage of internal assessment shall be 10 % in 1st professional BDS Examination.
Examination.
There will be two mid-term & term examinations followed by a pre-Annual and an annual
examination each year.
The structure of the paper of all the term examinations and pre-annual will be same as
that for annual examination though syllabus will be different.
The structure of Mid-term exam will be exactly half of the term exam. The syllabus
for mid-term & term examinations will be announced by the department at least
02 weeks prior to examination.
Pre-annual examination will be from whole syllabus.
The date sheet for mid-term, term and pre-annual examinations will be published by
Examination branch of college while the examinations will be conducted by respective
department.
The result will be submitted to examination branch for record.
The University shall take the 1st professional Examination as per PM&DC guidelines at the
end of the academic year. Annual Theory & Practical Examination shall be of 100 marks each
in; Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry and Oral Biology and Tooth Morphology. The pass
score shall be 50% in theory and practical separately.
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Islamiat and Pakistan Studies. There will be a 100 marks written paper and students need to
pass this subject securing minimum 33% marks for the award of bachelor degree later on.
The detail marked distribution of 1styear is as under
First Professional BDS Exam (Distribution of Marks)
Theory Practical
Grand
S. No Subject
Int Sub Oral & Int Sub
MCQs PBQs/ SAQs/SEQs
Total
Assess Total Practical Assess Total
1.
25 65
10 100 90 10 100 200
Anatomy
2.
25 65
10 100 90 10 100 200
Physiology
3. Biochemistry 25 65 10 100 90 10 100 200
Oral Biology
4. & Tooth 25 65 10 100 90 10 100 200
Morphology
Total 800
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ANATOMY
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Subject: Anatomy Syllabus for BDS: Year: 2018 COURSE CONTENTS, PROPOSED LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND SUGGESTED MITs (mode of information transfer)
FIRST TERM
GENERAL ANATOMY
Topics Learning objectives Suggested MIT
Introduction to Anatomy
Students should be able to: 1. Define different disciplines of Anatomy 2. Define terms of position in relation to anatomical
position: o Anterior / Posterior o Ventral / Dorsal o Superior / Inferior o Caudal / Rostral / Cranial o Medial / Lateral o Proximal / Distal o Palmar / plantar o Superficial /Deep o Supine / Prone
3. Demonstrate the normal anatomical position 4. Describe the following anatomical planes with the help
of diagrams. o Coronal o Sagittal o Horizontal o Parasagittal
5. Describe the terms of movements with general reference to the axis and planes in which they occur and demonstrate each on subject.
o Flexion / Extension
o Abduction / Adduction
o Lateral rotation / Medial rotation
o Pronation / Supination
o Plantar flexion / Dorsal flexion
o Circumduction
o Eversion / Inversion 6. Discuss the various techniques to study anatomy in the
LGIS (Large group interactive session)
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living such as: o Plain radiographs
Osteology
1. Identify the axial and appendicular parts of a human skeleton.
2. Classify bones according to their development and shape giving examples of each type especially from head and neck (wherever possible).
3. Enumerate parts of a developing bone and their definitive derivatives.
4. Describe the process of both types of ossification 5. Describe blood supply of the long & diploic bones. 6. List the parts of young bone.
LGIS
Arthrology
1. Classify joints according to their structure with examples of each type especially from head and neck (wherever possible)
2. Describe the general structure of a synovial joint 3. Discuss anatomy of joints with reference to dislocation,
sprain and inflammation 4. Describe Hilton’s law
LGIS
Myology
1. Classify muscles into three basic types 2. Classify skeletal muscles according to their shape and
functions with examples of each type 3. Enlist the structures forming a neuromuscular junction 4. Discuss applied anatomy of the muscle with reference
to paralysis, atrophy and regeneration.
LGIS
Circulatory system
1. Discuss general plan of systemic, portal and lymphatic circulatory system.
2. Classify blood vessels according to their sizes and functions with examples of each type.
3. Define anastomosis; describe various types of anastomosis with example and their clinical significance.
LGIS
GENERAL HISTOLOGY
Cell
KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the principles behind eosin and
haematoxylin staining. 2. Differentiate between acidophilia and basophilia. 3. Enumerate different cell organelles and identify
staining reaction of each. 4. Enumerate different components of the
LGIS
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cytoskeleton, explain the structure of each while correlating with clinical applications.
5. Classify intercellular junctions 6. Discuss the structure of each type of intercellular
junction and correlate with their functions. SKILL
7. Focus the prepared slide at different magnifications. 8. Identify the different shapes of cells and their
examples 9. Draw the labelled diagram of cells having various
shapes.
Epithelium
KNOWLEDGE 1. Define epithelium and classify its two basic types
(surface and glandular). 2. Classify surface epithelium with examples of each
type. 3. Explain the role of epithelium in the development of
tumors and regeneration of cells 4. Enumerate the motile and immotile apical
modifications of epithelial cells with examples of each type.
5. Describe ultrastructure of microvilli, stereocilia and cilia and correlate with their roles in various cellular functions
6. Classify glands according to their morphology, secretory products and mode of secretion with examples of each type
SKILL 7. Identify different types of epithelia under light
microscope and enlist at least two identification points for each type.
8. Draw labelled diagrams of each type of epithelium. 9. Compare and contrast between the histological
structure of serous and mucous secreting cells. 10. Draw labelled diagram of mucous and serous acini
LGIS Lab
Connective tissue
KNOWLEDGE 1. Define connective tissue and enlist three basic
components of connective tissue. 2. Enlist different types of cells and fibres in the
connective tissue. 3. Enlist various constituents of the ground substance 4. Classify various types of connective tissue with
example of each type.
LGIS
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5. Give a brief account of histological features of different types of connective tissue.
6. Explain the role of fibroblasts in wound contraction 7. Describe the role of collagen in keloid and
hypertrophic scar SKILL
8. Identify the slides of loose connective tissue, dense regular, dense irregular and adipose connective tissue under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each type.
9. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of loose connective tissue, dense regular, irregular and adipose connective tissue
Lab
Cartilage
KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe histological structure of various types of
cartilages with examples SKILL
2. Identify the slides of hyaline, elastic and fibro cartilage under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each type.
3. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of hyaline, elastic and fibro cartilage.
LGIS Lab
Bone
KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe microscopic structure of compact and
cancellous bone 2. Differentiate between the lamellar and a lamellar
bone. 3. Describe the process of bone remodelling and
correlate it with tooth bracing and adjustment. 4. Describe the histological stages of healing of a
fracture. 5. Define osteoporosis, osteomalacia and osteopenia
SKILL 6. Identify the slides of cancellous and compact bone
under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each type.
7. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of cancellous and compact bones.
LGIS Lab
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Lymphoid system
KNOWLEDGE 1. Enumerate different types of lymphoid cells and
identify their distribution in the body 2. Describe the histological features and cells of the
lymphoid system 3. Describe the histological features of tonsils, thymus,
lymph node and spleen SKILL
1. Identify histological sections of tonsils, thymus, lymph node and spleen under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.
2. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of tonsils, thymus, lymph node and spleen
LGIS Lab
Muscle tissue
KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal,
smooth and cardiac muscle while correlating with their functions.
2. Explain the histological differences of different types of muscles.
3. Correlate the regenerating capacity of each type of muscle with relevant clinical conditions.
SKILL 4. Identify microscopic sections of different types of
muscle under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each type
5. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of different types of muscles.
LGIS Lab
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
KNOWLEDGE:
Gametogenesis & Transport of ovum & Fertilization
1. Describe the events of spermatogenesis 2. Describe the events of spermiogenesis 3. Define azoospermia and oligospermia 4. Describe the relationship of sub-fertility with
production of abnormal sperms 5. Describe the maturation of oocytes before birth 6. Describe the maturation of oocytes at puberty 7. Describe the relation of ovarian cycle with
maturation of follicles. 8. Describe the stages of follicular maturation
Primary
Preantral
Secondary
LGIS
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Preovulatory. 9. Describe the process of ovulation and correlate its
timing with ovarian cycle. 10. Define fertilization 11. State normal site of fertilization 12. Describe the results of fertilization 13. Enlist the factors affecting fertilization 14. Enumerate the changes that occur in spermatozoa
before fertilization 15. Explain the factors affecting penetration of sperm
through the zona pellucida for formation of Pro-nuclei
16. Discuss the formation of zygote
1st week of development
1. Define implantation 2. State its normal site 3. Describe the changes in uterus at time of
implantation. 4. Explain the process of cleavage 5. Explain the formation of morula and blastula 6. Describe the formation of inner and outer cell mass
within the blastocyst cavity 7. Enumerate the abnormal sites for implantation
(ectopic pregnancy) and correlate with clinical significance.
LGIS
2nd week of development
1. Discuss the formation of bilaminar embryonic disc from embryoblast.
2. Describe early differentiation of trophoblast 3. Explain the formation of amniotic cavity 4. Explain the formation of chorion, secondary yolk sac
and chorionic plate. 5. Explain the establishment of uteroplacental
circulation. 6. Justify that 2nd week is also known as week of twos. 7. Correlate the clinical relevance of production of β
HCG by the syncytiotrophoblast and pregnancy test.
LGIS
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3rd week of development
1. Define gastrulation (formation of three germ layers) 2. Discuss the development, significance and fate of
primitive streak and related congenital anomalies (Sacrococcygeal Teratoma)
3. Describe the development of notochordal process, notochord canal, prechordal plate and cloacal membrane
4. Describe the formation of three germ layers 5. Describe topographic arrangement of three
components of intraembryonic Mesoderm (Paraxial, Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm)
6. Describe early development of CVS. 7. Describe differentiation of trophoblast during third
week and formation of primary, secondary and tertiary chorionic villi
8. Describe formation and fate of allantois. 9. Correlate the knowledge of normal development
with anomalies like teratoma and chordoma.
LGIS
The embryonic period; 3rd to 8th week
1. Describe process of formation of neural plate, neural tube and neural crest cells.
2. Enlist derivatives of: a. Surface ectoderm b. Neurectoderm c. Neural crest d. Intraembryonic mesoderm (paraxial,
intermediate, lateral plate) e. Endoderm
3. Describe early differentiation of somites 4. Describe the development of intraembryonic
coelom. 5. Describe the folding of the embryo in the median
plane and correlate it with its consequences 6. Describe the folding of the embryo in the horizontal
plane and correlate it with its consequences 7. Describe relocation of connecting stalk to the
anterior abdominal wall and its differentiation into umbilical cord.
The fetal period
1. Enumerate various methods to estimate fetal age 2. Describe factors affecting fetal growth 3. Enlist the external body landmarks from third month
to birth.
LGIS
Placenta and fetal 1. Enlist types of chorion with fate of each. LGIS
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membranes 2. Enlist types of decidua and fate of each. 3. Enumerate the fetal and maternal components of
placenta. 4. Define stem, anchoring and terminal villi 5. Describe development of the placenta 6. Enumerate functions of the placenta 7. Enlist the features of maternal and fetal surfaces of
placenta. 8. Describe composition, circulation and significance
of the amniotic fluid. 9. Name two basic types of twins. 10. Describe the mechanism behind occurrence of
dizygotic & monozygotic twins. 11. Discuss the possible arrangements of fetal
membranes in case of monozygotic twins. 12. Discuss fetus papyraceus, twin transfusion
syndrome and conjoined twins on basis of knowledge of embryology.
Birth defects
1. Define critical period of organ development. 2. Describe following numerical and structural
chromosomal abnormalities:
◦ Euploidy
◦ Aneuploidy
◦ Nondisjunction
◦ Trisomy
◦ Monosomy
◦ Translocation 3. Co-relate the chromosomal abnormalities with
clinical conditions like Downs’ Syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner syndrome
4. Discuss the role of different factors leading to teratogenesis.
5. Enlist common teratogens and possible congenital defects they can produce in exposed fetus.
LGIS
SKILLS:
General Embryology
Identify the structures related to general development on given models of general embryology
SGD
GROSS ANATOMY
HEAD and NECK
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Skull
1. Identify important bony land marks of norma frontalis, norma occipitalis, norma lateralis, norma verticalis and norma basalis on a skull.
2. Identify important bony land marks of interior of skull on a model or human skull.
3. Identify the attachment of clinically important muscles and ligaments on skull.
4. Enlist the structures passing through important, foramina, fissures and meatuses of skull.
5. Identify the common sites of fracture of skull on radiographs correlating with its predisposition to fracture.
SGD (small group discussion) and dissection
Cervical vertebrae
6. Describe the parts of a typical cervical vertebra. 7. Name the peculiar identification point of any
cervical vertebra. 8. Describe the bony features of atlas, axis and C7, and
how they differ from typical vertebrae.
SGD and dissection
Mandible
9. Identify the parts of mandible on a dry bone. 10. Identify the borders and surfaces of ramus and body
of mandible. 11. Describe the bony features of ramus and body of
mandible. 12. Identify the attachment of muscles and ligaments
on mandible.
SGD and dissection
Scalp
13. Enumerate layers of scalp. 14. Describe gross features of each layer. 15. Describe the course of arteries, veins and nerves
supplying the scalp with the help of model. 16. Describe the danger area of the scalp. 17. Describe the role of occipito-frontalis in preventing
spread of scalp Infections towards neck.
SGD and dissection
Face
18. Name the muscles of facial expressions along with their nerve supply with the help of models.
19. Describe the actions of muscles of face. 20. Describe the course of blood supply, lymphatic
drainage and motor and cutaneous innervation of face with the help of models and prossected specimens.
21. Outline the danger area of face and correlate it with possible consequence of cavernous sinus thrombosis.
SGD and dissection
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22. Describe the clinical presentation of trigeminal neuralgia and herpes zoster of face.
Mandibular and maxillary branches Of Trigeminal Nerve
23. Describe the pathway of mandibular nerve from nucleus to target organs
24. Describe the pathway of maxillary nerve from nucleus to target organs
25. Describe the lesions of nerves with special reference to infections of molar teeth
SGD and dissection
Facial Nerve 26. Describe the course of facial nerve in face 27. Enumerate its branches 28. Discuss the involvement of nuclei of facial nerve in
Bell Palsy.
SGD and dissection
Deep Cervical Fascia
29. Enumerate the modifications of deep cervical fascia. 30. Describe the attachments of investing, pretracheal,
and prevertebral layers of fascia and carotid sheath. 31. Describe the modification of prevertebral layer into
axillary sheath. 32. Describe the spaces within cervical fascia 33. Describe the clinical significance of retropharyngeal
space 34. Describe the relation of layers of fascia and spread
of infection 35. Describe the significance of merging of carotid
sheath with pretracheal layer of fascia to prevent spread of infections.
SGD and dissection
Muscles Of Neck 36. Describe the muscles of neck (sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and infrahyoid muscles) along with their nerve supply with the help of models.
37. Describe the features of Torticollis
SGD and dissection
Triangles Of Neck
38. Enumerate triangles of neck. 39. Identify the boundaries of various triangles of neck. 40. Describe the muscles forming the boundaries of
triangles 41. Describe the contents of triangles. 42. Describe the effects of lesions of the Spinal
Accessory Nerve in posterior triangle
SGD and dissection
Vessels Of Neck
43. Enumerate the main vessels in neck. 44. Describe the course and branches of
◦ External carotid artery
◦ Subclavian artery
◦ External jugular vein
SGD and dissection
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◦ Internal jugular vein 45. Describe the importance of monitoring jugular
venous pulse in the heart diseases.
Nerves Of Neck
46. Enumerate the main nerves in neck 47. Trace the course of glossopharyngeal, vagus,
accessory and hypoglossal nerve on the given model
48. Enumerate branches of each of the above nerve and identify their area of supply.
SGD and dissection
Lymphatic Drainage Of Head And Neck
49. Enumerate the groups of lymph nodes of neck. 50. Describe their location and areas of drainage 51. Describe the formation of jugular lymph trunk 52. Describe the clinical importance of lymphatic
drainage of head and neck
SGD and dissection
Viscera of neck
53. Describe the relations of trachea and esophagus in neck region with the help of dissection
54. Describe the structures involved in cricothyroidotomy and Tracheostomy with the help of dissection.
SGD, dissection and skills lab
Thyroid and parathyroid gland
55. Demonstrate the gross features of thyroid and parathyroid glands on models
56. Describe capsules, parts, relations, location, blood supply and nerve supply of thyroid and parathyroid glands
57. Describe the relations of vessels and nerves supplying the thyroid gland and their significance while performing thyroidectomy
SGD and dissection
Prevertebral region and root of neck
58. Name the prevertebral muscles 59. Describe origin, insertion, action and nerve supply
of prevertebral muscles 60. Identify the boundaries of pyramidal space. 61. Describe the peculiar arrangement of prevertebral
fascia in prevertebral region and justify formation of axillary sheath around axillary artery and brachial plexus but not axillary vein.
62. Describe the relations of key muscle of root of neck (scalenus anterior)
63. Describe the parts and branches of subclavian artery.
SGD and dissection
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Larynx
64. Enumerate the cartilages of larynx and identify their types.
65. Describe the gross features of cartilages and mucosa of larynx.
66. Explain the gross features of Inlet of larynx, piriform fossa, laryngeal folds and cavity of larynx
67. Correlate the Laryngeal anatomy to foreign bodies aspiration and impaction.
68. Enumerate the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of larynx.
69. Explain the attachments, actions and nerve supply of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of larynx with special reference to position of vocal cords.
70. Identify the course of following nerves of larynx
◦ Internal laryngeal nerve
◦ External laryngeal nerve
◦ Recurrent laryngeal nerve 71. Describe the effects of injury to aforementioned
nerves.
SGD and dissection
Parotid region
72. Identify the location of parotid region on a model. 73. Describe the shape, capsule, duct, nerve and blood
supply of parotid gland. 74. Name the structures traversing the parotid gland
and their inter-relationship. 75. Correlate the damage to facial nerve within parotid
gland with resultant effects. 76. Discuss the clinical presentation of mumps.
SGD and dissection
Infratemporal region
77. Identify the location of infratemporal fossa on a given model and skull.
78. Enlist the structures forming various boundaries of infratemporal fossa.
79. Enlist the communications of infratemporal fossa and the structures traversing each.
80. Enumerate the contents of infratemporal fossa. 81. Discuss the relationships of various contents of
infratemporal fossa. 82. Discuss the mandibular nerve with reference to its
course, branches, relations and distribution 83. Discuss the course, branches and distribution of
maxillary artery
SGD and dissection
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84. Discuss the location and relations of otic ganglion. Trace the pathways of different roots of otic ganglion
85. Discuss the formation, tributaries and communications of pterygoid venous plexus. Correlate its communications with danger area of face
86. Discuss the attachments, actions and nerve supply of muscles of mastication.
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
87. Identify the type of TMJ. 88. Identify the articular surfaces of TMJ on a given
model or dry bones. 89. Explain the attachments of capsule. 90. Name the ligaments of TMJ. 91. Describe the attachments and relations of ligaments
of TMJ. 92. Describe the type and shape of articular disc. 93. Justify the presence of two joint cavities and types
of movements occurring in each. 94. Describe the movements of jaw at TMJ with special
reference to axis and muscles producing them. 95. Describe the clinical signs of anterior dislocation of
TMJ and explain the steps of its reduction.
SGD and dissection
Submandibular region
96. Describe the muscles present in the submandibular region and sublingual region with the help of model
97. Enumerate the nerves vessels and ganglion in submandibular and sublingual region and identify them on a given model.
98. Trace various roots of submandibular ganglion 99. Trace the pathway of innervation of the
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
SGD and dissection
Hard and soft palate
100. Discuss the bony framework of hard palate. 101. Identify the gross features of hard palate and soft
palate. 102. Identify muscles of soft palate on the model 103. Describe the attachments, nerve supply and actions
of muscles of soft palate 104. Describe blood supply and nerve supply of soft
palate
SGD and dissection
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105. Identify the main muscles forming the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
Oral cavity
106. Name different boundaries of oral cavity. 107. Describe blood and nerve supply and lymphatic
drainage of oral cavity. 108. Identify the location of inferior alveolar nerve block 109. Describe the salient features of floor of mouth. 110. Discuss the attachments, actions, nerve supply and
relations of suprahyoid muscles 111. Identify parts of tongue 112. Identify the gross features of dorsal and ventral
surfaces of tongue 113. Name the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue. 114. Describe attachments, actions and nerve supply of
muscles of tongue 115. Describe the motor, general and special sensory
innervation of tongue
SGD and dissection
Pharynx
116. Describe the following parts of pharynx and their boundaries on the given model:
◦ Oropharynx
◦ Nasopharynx
◦ Laryngopharynx 117. Enumerate muscles of pharynx 118. Describe attachments, actions and nerve supply
of muscles of pharynx. 119. Describe formation and distribution of
pharyngeal plexus. 120. Enlist the contents of different parts of pharynx. 121. Describe internal features of each part of
pharynx. 122. Describe lymphoid tissue in the pharynx.
(Waldeyer’s ring) 123. Describe the importance of structures passing
through the spaces between muscles of pharynx while performing tonsillectomy
124. Describe spread of infections from nasopharynx to middle ear
SGD and dissection
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Nose and paranasal sinuses
125. Describe the structure of External nose and nasal cavity
126. Describe the conchae and meatuses in the lateral wall
127. Enumerate the sinuses opening in them 128. Discuss anatomical structures involved in nasal
fractures 129. Correlate the anatomical structure of nasal
mucosa with clinical manifestations of rhinitis 130. Describe the gross features of paranasal sinuses 131. Describe the Drainage of mucus in relation to
sinusitis and epistaxis. 132. Enumerate paranasal sinuses. 133. Identify the location and drainage of each
paranasal sinus. 134. Describe the Function of Paranasal Sinuses 135. Discuss the anatomical structures involved in
sinusitis with special reference to clinical consequences of infections of the ethmoidal cells of the ethmoidal sinuses
SGD and dissection
Pterygopalatine fossa
136. Identify the location of pterygopalatine fossa on a skull.
137. Enlist the boundaries of various walls and structures forming them.
138. Enlist the communications of pterygopalatine fossa and structures traversing them.
139. Enlist contents of pterygopalatine fossa. 140. Describe the salient anatomical features of
contents of pterygopalatine fossa. 141. Trace the various roots of pterygopalatine
ganglion.
SGD and dissection
Orbit
142. Describe the bony framework of various walls of orbit on a model.
143. Enlist the structures present in the orbit 144. Describe the gross features of eyelashes 145. Describe gross features of eye lids 146. Describe the attachment of muscles of eyelid 147. Describe the attachment of orbital septum 148. Describe the distribution of Blood Vessels and
Lymph Vessels of the Orbit 149. Describe the anatomical structures involved in
Inflammation of the Palpebral Glands. 150. Name the extraocular muscles.
SGD and dissection
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151. Describe the attachments, actions and nerve supply of extraocular muscles on a model.
152. Describe the distribution of nerves of the Orbit. 153. Describe the clinical manifestations of lesions of
oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves and how the integrity of these nerves can be checked.
154. Describe the coats and parts of eye ball on a given model.
155. Describe the blood supply and nerve supply of eyeball
156. Describe the action of muscles of pupil 157. Describe the appearance of optic disc and macula
lutea on ophthalmoscope.
Lacrimal apparatus
158. Enumerate the structures forming lacrimal apparatus
159. Describe the gross features of each part of lacrimal apparatus
160. Describe the nerve supply of lacrimal apparatus 161. Correlate the anatomical structures of lacrimal
apparatus with the features of blocked Lacrimal duct
SGD and dissection
Ear (external, middle and internal)
162. Describe the gross anatomical features of external ear and its parts.
163. Describe the gross anatomical features of tympanic membrane and epitympanic recess.
164. Describe the blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage of external ear.
165. Correlate the significance of straightening the auditory canal during clinical examination with the anatomical structure of canal.
166. Describe the gross anatomical features of middle ear
167. Describe the features of and structures forming various walls of middle ear cavity on the given model
168. Describe the contents of middle ear cavity. 169. Identify the ear ossicles on the given model. 170. Describe the muscles present in middle ear cavity. 171. Describe the gross features of auditory tube. 172. Describe the nerve supply of auditory tube. 173. Describe the effects of paralysis of the stapedius
and blockage of pharyngotympanic Tube. 174. Identify the parts of bony labyrinth on the given
model
SGD and dissection
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175. Identify the parts of membranous labyrinth on the given model
176. Identify parts of cochlea and semi-circular canal on the given model.
177. Describe the gross features of bony labyrinth. 178. Describe the gross features of membranous
labyrinth 179. Describe the orientation of semi-circular canals
and ducts within the inner ear 180. Describe the gross features of internal acoustic
meatus 181. Explain the possible occurrence of sigmoid sinus
thrombosis as a complication of mastoiditis. 182. Describe the course, relations and distribution of
facial nerve from internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen.
183. Explain the clinical presentation of lesions of facial nerve at different levels.
Joints of neck
184. Name the typical and atypical intervertebral joints of neck.
185. Identify the types of atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints.
186. Describe the movements of these joints with muscles producing them.
SGD and dissection
Back of neck
187. Name the muscles of back of neck. 188. Identify the boundaries and contents of
suboccipital triangle. 189. Describe the course and relations of 3rd and 4th
parts of vertebral arteries.
SGD and dissection
SKILLS:
Gross Anatomy of head and neck
190. Identify muscles, bones, ligaments, nerves, vessels, organs and their parts on given models and dissected specimens.
SGD and dissection
Surface marking
191. Identify the important landmarks of head and neck and mark them on a subject.
192. Mark the parotid duct, thyroid gland, main vessels and nerves of the head and neck on the given subject
SGD and Skills lab
25
Imaging of head and neck
193. Describe the appearance of structures of head, neck and face in radiographs.
SGD and skills lab
REST OF BODY
THORAX
Diaphragm, Heart and Mediastinum
1. Describe the gross anatomy of diaphragm with reference to its parts, origin, insertion, nerve supply, major orifices and structures passing through them.
2. Enumerate the subdivisions of mediastinum with their contents
3. Describe the gross features of heart with its blood supply.
SGD
UPPER LIMB
Gen. outline, vessels, nerves, brachial plexus
1. Identify side and main features of clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna and radius.
2. Discuss main arterial supply and venous drainage of upper limb
3. Explain formation of brachial plexus, enumerate its branches and describe distribution of radial, ulnar and median nerves. Should we include other branches of brachial plexus?
SGD
LOWER LIMB
Gen. outline, vessels, nerves
1. Identify side and main features of femur, tibia, fibula & hip bone.
2. Discuss main arterial supply and venous drainage of lower limb
3. Enumerate the nerves of different compartments of thigh and leg.
SGD
SKILLS:
Upper limb, lower limb and thorax
1. Identify the main bones, muscles, nerves and vessels of upper limb, lower limb and thorax on models and specimens.
2. Identify surfaces and chambers of heart on model or specimen.
SGD
26
2ND TERM
SPECIAL HISTOLOGY
Nervous tissue & system
KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the histological features of nerve tissue,
neurons, nerve and ganglia. 2. Describe the histological changes in nerve in injury,
neuroma and regeneration 3. Describe the histological structure of sensory and
autonomic ganglia, spinal cord, cerebrum and cerebellum.
SKILL 4. Identify the slides of peripheral nerve, sensory &
autonomic ganglia, cerebral cortex, cerebellum & spinal cord under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.
5. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of peripheral nerve, sensory & autonomic ganglia, cerebral cortex, cerebellum & spinal cord.
LGIS Lab
Digestive System (Lip, Tongue, Salivary glands, Esophagus)
KNOWLEDGE 1. Discuss the general organization of wall of digestive
tract 2. Discuss the histological structure of lip. 3. Describe the microscopic structure of tongue, with
special reference to epithelium on its two surfaces, types of lingual papillae and taste buds with their location and structure
4. Describe the histological organization of the wall of oesophagus and variation in types of muscles and glands in its three parts.
5. Describe the Histological features of parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands with reference to their type, parenchyma, stroma and duct system.
SKILL 6. Identify microscopic sections of lip, tongue,
esophagus, submandibular, sublingual and parotid glands under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.
7. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of lip, tongue, esophagus, submandibular, sublingual and parotid glands.
LGIS Lab
Endocrine glands KNOWLEDGE
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(Pituitary, Parathyroid & Thyroid glands)
1. Describe the topographic arrangement of different parts of pituitary gland.
2. Enumerate the cells of pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia and nervosa.
3. Describe the histological structure of parenchyma and stroma of aforementioned parts of pituitary gland while correlating the structure of parenchymal cells with their functions and disorders.
4. Describe the cytoarchitecture of parenchyma and stroma of thyroid and parathyroid gland while correlating the structure of parenchymal cells with their functions and disorders.
SKILL 5. Identify microscopic sections of pituitary, thyroid
and parathyroid glands under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.
6. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of pituitary, parathyroid and thyroid glands.
LGIS Lab
Respiratory system (Nasal cavity Trachea & Larynx)
KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the histological structure of nasal cavity,
trachea & larynx with special reference to:
Type of epithelium
Goblet cells
Glands
Cartilage (shape and type) SKILL
2. Identify microscopic sections of nose, larynx and trachea under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.
3. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure larynx and trachea.
LGIS Lab
Integumentary system
KNOWLEDGE 1. Enumerate the layers of skin. 2. Enumerate the cells of epidermis and describe the
structure and function of each. 3. Describe the histological structure of dermis 4. Describe the topographic arrangement of hair
follicles, erector pilorum muscle, sweat and sebaceous glands in skin.
LGIS
28
5. Give a brief account of histological structure of hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands.
6. Enlist the differences between thick and thin skin. SKILL
7. Identify microscopic sections of thick and thin skin under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.
8. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure thick and thin skin.
Lab
Eye
KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the histological features of lens, cornea &
retina SKILL
2. Identify microscopic sections of lens, cornea and retina under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.
9. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of cornea and retina.
LGIS Lab
Ear
KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the histological structure of external ear. 2. Identify the histological features of semi-circular
canal and cochlea 3. Describe the cells and spaces present in the cochlea
and semi-circular canal. SKILL
4. Identify microscopic sections of external ear, semi-circular canals and cochlea under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points of each.
5. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of external ear, semi-circular canals and cochlea.
LGIS Lab
SPECIAL EMBRYOLOGY
Musculo-Skeletal System (skull)
1. Identify the sources of skull 2. Classify Skull on embryological basis 3. Describe the events in development of cartilaginous
and membranous neurocranium 4. Outline features of a newborn skull 5. Identify the fontanalles with reference to their
location, closing time and clinical significance
LGIS
29
6. Explain the embryological basis of acrania, microcephaly and various types of craniosynostosis.
Respiratory System (till trachea)
1. Discuss the origin of respiratory diverticulum from the foregut.
2. Describe the formation and then separation of tracheoesophageal diverticulum.
3. Correlate clinical presentation of various variants of trachea-esophageal fistula with normal development of trachea.
LGIS
Head & Neck
1. Define pharyngeal arch, pharyngeal groove, pharyngeal cleft and pharyngeal membrane
2. Enlist the derivatives of pharyngeal arches pharyngeal grooves, pharyngeal clefts and pharyngeal membranes.
3. Discuss the development of tongue. 4. Correlate the development of tongue with its nerve
supply and possible lingual anomalies. 5. Discuss the development of face with special
reference to role of neural crest cells. 6. Describe the development of nasal cavities and
paranasal sinuses 7. Justify the association of craniofacial anomalies with
other anomalies caused by improper migration of neural crest cells.
8. Discuss development of palate. 9. Correlate various palatal and facial clefts with your
knowledge of development of palate and face respectively.
10. Discuss development of thyroid gland and correlate it with ectopic thyroid tissue.
11. Discuss development of parathyroid glands. 12. Discuss the descent of thyroid and parathyroid
glands to their definitive positions. 13. Justify the definitive positioning of parathyroid
gland arising from third arch lower than the one arising from fourth arch
LGIS
30
Eye
1. Discuss the origin and formation of optic cup and lens placode.
2. Enlist the sources of origin of different components of eyeball.
3. Relate the differentiation of wall of optic cup and surrounding mesenchyme with the formation of layers of eyeball.
4. Describe the transformation of optic stalk into optic nerve
5. Identify the layers between which the congenital retinal detachment occurs and correlate that with the knowledge of optic cup.
6. Correlate the congenital eye defects with the normal development of eyeball.
LGIS
Ear
1. Discuss the origin and formation of otic vesicle, tubotympanic recess and auricular hillocks.
2. Discuss the development of external, middle and inner ear.
3. Correlate the congenital defects of ear with its normal development.
LGIS
CNS
1. Describe the development of spinal cord. 2. Describe the positional changes of the cord. 3. Explain the causes of neural tube defects 4. Enlist various variants of spina bifida. 5. Explain the process of development of various
variants of spina bifida 6. Name primary and secondary brain vesicles with
their derivatives.
LGIS
GROSS ANATOMY
BRAIN and NEUROANATOMY
Brain & Neuroanatomy
1. Describe the attachments, reflections, nerve supply and blood supply of Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
2. Describe the various subarachnoid cisterns with clinical correlates.
3. Describe the anatomy of Spinal cord and locate it on a cadaver.
4. Discuss Ascending and descending pathways with
SGD & Dissection
31
clinical correlates 5. Describe Gross anatomy of medulla oblongata on a
model. 6. Discuss anatomical organization of structures
present in sections at different levels and draw them.
7. Describe Gross anatomy of pons. Discuss anatomical organization of structures present in transverse section at different levels of pons and draw them
8. Discuss Gross appearance lobes and peduncles of cerebellum and locate them on a cadaver. Discuss course of afferent and efferent cerebellar fibres
9. Describe Gross anatomy of midbrain and anatomical organization of structures present at different levels with clinical correlates.
10. Enumerate the functions of Reticular activating system.
11. Enlist the parts of limbic system and enumerate their functions.
12. Describe Boundaries of 3rd, lateral and the 4th ventricle. Discuss the formation and drainage of CSF
13. Describe and locate subdivisions of cerebrum on a prosected specimen.
14. Describe General appearance of cerebral hemisphere and main sulci and gyri on its superolateral surface, medial and inferior surfaces on a brain.
15. Enumerate Cortical areas and their functional significance. Correlate them with clinical applications.
16. Compare the characteristics of upper and lower motor neuron lesions.
17. Discuss Commissural, association and projection fibers.
18. Discuss subdivisions and gross features of Diencephalon on a model/specimen.
19. Discuss Gross appearance of thalamus and enumerate its main nuclei.
20. Discuss Gross appearance of hypothalamus and enumerate its main nuclei.
21. Name various basal ganglia. 22. Discuss the topography and main connections of
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basal ganglia. 23. Correlate the signs and symptoms of parkinsonism
with knowledge of neuroanatomy. 24. Describe the anatomy and clinical application of
Blood vessels supplying the brain. 25. Describe the course and clinical application of
superficial vessels on base of the brain 26. Discuss all Cranial nerves with reference to their
functional components, nuclei, intra and extracranial course, distribution and clinical correlates
SKILLS:
Brain
27. Identify gross features of various parts of brain on its surface as well as in sections on given models and dissected specimens.
28. Identify various vessels of brain, meninges, their sinuses and nerves arising from brain on given models or specimens.
SGD
GENERAL ANATOMY
Nervous system
1. Classify nervous system 2. Identify the parts of the nervous system
contributing in formation of central and peripheral nervous system.
3. Define the grey matter, white matter, ganglion, nucleus and nerve.
4. Describe the formation, course and distribution of a typical spinal nerve
LGIS
Integumentary System
1. Differentiate between thick and thin skin
2. List functions of skin
3. Identify different types of skin creases and lines
4. Define fascia
5. Differentiate between its different modifications of fascia
6. Describe the importance of cleavage lines and wound healing
7. Enlist the structures involved in first, second and third degrees of burns.
LGIS
33
PHYSIOLOGY
34
Learning objectives First Year BDS (Physiology):
Blood Enlist composition and functions of blood
Explain plasma & plasma proteins and types of blood cells
Discuss stages of erythropoiesis and factors required for maturation of RBCs
Discuss formation of hemoglobin, transport and storage of iron
Discuss anemia and its types
Discuss types of polycythemia,
Describe characteristics of leukocytes, Discuss reticulo-endothelial system,
Describe types of leukemias
Discuss function of platelets, formation of platelets plug, and clotting mechanisms Explain types of blood groups, blood typing, blood transfusion reaction, and erythroblastosis fetalis, and hemophilia
Nerve Physiology
. Define the following properties of ion channels: gating, activation, and inactivation.
Differentiate between the properties of electrotonic conduction, conduction of an action potential, and saltatory conduction.
Contrast the cell to cell spread of depolarization at a chemical synapse with that at a gap junction.
At the chemical synapse, contrast the terms temporal summation and spatial summation.
Understand how the activity of voltage-gated Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels generates an action potential and the roles of those channels in each phase (depolarization, overshoot, repolarization, hyperpolarization) of the action potential.
MUSCLE
Draw and label neuromuscular junction, the sequence of events taking place during neuromuscular transmission and factors affecting it.
35
To understand the structure of Actin and myosin molecule and describe the function of their subunits.
Illustrate functional and histological differences in skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
Appreciate the ionic and chemical basis of muscle contraction and explain walk along theory of muscle contraction
List the steps in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle, and describe the roles of the sarcolemma, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, thin filaments, and calcium ions.
Describe the roles of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation.
To explain the concept of summation, treppe, tetanization, rigor mortis & muscle remodeling
Differentiate between slow and fast muscle fibers.
Classify smooth muscles into unitary and multi-unit muscles based on structural and functional differences
Explain the chemical processes involved in smooth muscle contraction and relaxation
Explain latch mechanism and stress relaxation
Biological Membranes, Solutes and Solutions
Understand the general concepts of homeostasis and the principles of positive and negative feedback in physiological systems.
Describe the composition of a cell membrane. Diagram its cross section, and explain how the distribution of phospholipids and proteins influences the membrane permeability of ions, hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds
Contrast the following units used to describe concentration: mM, mEq/l, mg/dl, mg%.
List the typical value and normal range for plasma Na+, K+, H+ (pH), HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, and glucose, and the typical intracellular pH
36
and concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and HCO3
Write Fick’s Law of diffusion, and explain how changes in the concentration gradient, surface area, time, and distance will influence the diffusional movement of a compound.
Define the equilibrium potential, and give internal and external ion concentrations. Be able to calculate an equilibrium potential for that ion using the Nernst equation
Differentiate between: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, secondary active transport, and primary active transport.
Describe how transport rates of certain molecules and ions are accelerated by specific membrane transport proteins (“transporter” and “channel” molecules).
Describe how energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to transport ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and H+ against their electrochemical differences.
Explain how energy from the Na+ and K+ electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane can be used to drive uphill movement of other solutes (e.g., Na+/glucose co-transport; Na+/Ca2+ exchange or counter-transport).
Discuss the functions of mitochondria, lyzosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus and peroxisomes
Heart and Circulation
1. Physiologic anatomy of heart and cardiac action potential
Know the physiologic anatomy of cardiac muscles and difference
between cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscles.
Know the phases of action potential in cardiac muscle and auto-
rhythmic cells
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Appreciate characteristics of spread of cardiac impulse through
conductive system, atrial and ventricular myocardium and its
association with the function of heart.
2. Cardiac cycle To understand various cardiac events in relation to each other
To understand and interpret cardiac cycle diagram
Comprehend preload and afterload, its influence on stroke volume.
The Frank-Starling’s mechanism and role of autonomic regulation of
heart rate and pumping action.
3. ECG Comprehend genesis of ECG
Understand significance of waves, segments and intervals of ECG
recording.
Know general principles of analysis of ECG.
4. Control of Local Blood
To know about acute and chronic control of local blood flow
To know theories of metabolic control of blood flow
To know about active and reactive hyperemia
5. Cardiac output Understand the determinants of cardiac output and factors affecting
cardiac output.
Comprehend the factors affecting stroke volume, heart rate and total
peripheral resistance.
6. Venous return Recognize the role of veins in blood flow, their functions and factors
regulating venous return and significance of venous reservoirs.
To understand factors affecting venous return
7. Arterial blood pressure
Comprehend the determinants of arterial pressure, factors affecting
and mechanisms regulating blood pressure on short and long term
basis.
Comprehend the individual and integrative role of baro receptors,
chemoreceptor and Renin-angiotensin – aldosterone system in
regulation of arterial pressure.
8. Heart sounds / Coronary circulation
To know about origin of heart sounds
To know about murmurs
To know about clinical importance of various heat sounds
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To know the pattern of coronary circulation and its basis
9. Circulatory shock Define shock, its types, stages of development and differences
between compensated and uncompensated shock.
Understand the pathophysiology of compensated and
uncompensated shock.
Comprehend the short term and long term compensatory
mechanisms in circulatory shock.
GIT
1.
Chewing/ swallowing
To know the mechanism of chewing reflex
To be able to describe the process of swallowing
To understand different phases of swallowing reflex
To understand different steps occurring in the involuntary phase of swallowing
2. Stomach Functions & emptying
To be able to categorize different functions of stomach
To understand the process of stomach emptying
To be able to explain the different factors regulating stomach emptying
3.
Small intestine / large intestine To understand functions of small intestine
To be able to categorize different types of movements taking place in small intestine
To be able to categorize different functions of large intestine
To be able to explain different types of movements taking place in colon
4. Defecation reflex / Vomiting reflex
To be able to explain the process of defecation
To understand the pathway of defecation reflex
To know different types of defecation reflex
To understand the factors leading to the process of vomiting
To be able to explain the vomiting reflex
5. Functions of liver To be able to categorize different functions of liver
To understand the role of liver in the metabolism of bilirubin
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To know the synthetic functions of liver
Nervous System
1. Organization of Nervous System To be able to explain the general organization of nervous system
2. Neurotransmitters To be able to explain Types of Neurotransmitters and Synapses
To know the Electrical Events During Neuronal Excitation and Electrical Events During Neuronal Inhibition
To know about the Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools
3. Sensory receptors & sensory Pathways
To understand Types of Sensory Receptors and the Sensory Stimuli
To understand the Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses
To know the Receptor Potentials and Adaptation of Receptors
To know the functional anatomy of dorsal colum medial leminiscal system and anterolateral pathway
To understand the sensations carried by different sensory tracts
4. Pain/ Touch /Temperature To understand the Types of Pain and Their Qualities— Fast Pain and Slow Pain
To understand the Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals into the Central Nervous System
To understand the Referred Pain and Visceral Pain
To know the Pain Suppression (“Analgesia”) System in the Brain and Spinal Cord
To know the physiology of Touch and temperature
sensation
5. Muscle Spindle To understand the Receptor Function of the Muscle Spindle and Muscle Stretch Reflex
To understand the Role of the Muscle Spindle in Voluntary Motor Activity
To know the Clinical Applications of the Stretch Reflex
6. Muscle Tone To understand the maintenance of muscle tone
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7. Cerebellum To know Functional Areas of the Cerebellum
To understand Neuronal Circuit of the Cerebellum
To know the Clinical Abnormalities of the Cerebellum
8. Basal ganglia To understand Function of the Basal Ganglia in Executing Patterns of Motor Activity—The Putamen Circuit
To know the Role of the Basal Ganglia for Cognitive Control of Sequences of Motor Patterns— The Caudate Circuit
To be able to explain the Functions of Specific Neurotransmitter Substances in the Basal Ganglia
9. Speech To know the Functions of Specific Cortical Areas and Association Areas in Speech
To understand the Comprehensive Interpretative Function of the Posterior Superior Temporal Lobe-Wernicke’s Area (a General Interpretative Area)
To understand the abnormalities of speech
10. Hypothalmus / Body temperature regulation
To learn the physiological important functions performed by hypothamlmus
To know the mechanism of temperature regulation in human body and role of hypothalamus in it
11. Autonomic Nervous System To learn the structure and functions of autonomic nervous system
Special Senses
Physiology of olfaction To be able to explain Olfactory Membrane and Stimulation of the Olfactory Cells
To understand the Transmission of Smell Signals into the Central Nervous System
Physiology of middle ear To be able to describe Conduction of Sound from the Tympanic Membrane to the Cochlea
To understand the Transmission of Sound Through Bone
Inner ear To be able to explain Central Auditory Mechanisms and Auditory Nervous Pathways
To understand the Function of the Cerebral Cortex in Hearing and Determination of the Direction from Which Sound Comes
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Refractive errors / light and dark adaptation
To understand the basis of physiology of vision
To be able to explain the light and dark adaptation
To be able to explain Refractive errors
Visual pathways / accommodation reflex
To know the anatomy of Visual Pathways
To know the physiology of accommodation reflex
Discuss physiology of vision, accommodation / light reflex,
refractive errors, light & dark adaptation, visual pathways,
Taste sensations Describe primary sensation of taste, taste buds and their functions, transmission of taste sensation, dysfunctions of sense of taste along with its neurological control from higher centers
2. Respiratory System Discuss muscles of respiration, pleural pressure, alveolar pressure, compliance. Describe surfactant, work of breathing
Explain tidal volume, IRV, ERV, residual volume, inspiratory capacity, FRC, VC, TLC
Discuss molecular basis of gas diffusion, factors affecting gas diffusion
Discuss transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
Describe respiratory center, components of center
Discuss changes in respiratory rate, minute ventilation, rate of breathing during exercise
Discuss effects of hypoxia, circulatory changes during acclimatization
Discuss nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity at high pressures
Describe hypoxia and its types, oxygen therapy
Discuss cause of cyanosis, effects of hypoxia on body systems Discuss briefly asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, atelectasis
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3. Renal Physiology Describe structure of Nephron, blood supply of kidney
Discuss glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, secretion, and factors affecting GFR
Discuss blood supply of urinary bladder, innervation of bladder, details of micturition reflex
Discuss terms such as atonic bladder, automatic bladder, neurogenic bladder
Discuss body fluid compartments, measurement of fluid volumes
Describe strong and weak acids and bases, body buffer systems
4. Endocrine& Reproductive physiology
5. General Principles of hormone action
Explain the principle of negative and positive feedback control of hormone secretion. Contrast the terms endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine, and describe major differences in mechanisms of action of peptides and steroids hormones Contrast membrane bound and intracellular hormone receptors. Compare and contrast hormone actions that are exerted through changes in gene expression with those exerted through changes in protein activity, such as through phosphorylation. Contrast the signal transduction pathways involved in G-protein coupled receptors, receptor enzymes (i.e., tyrosine kinase), and ligand-gated ion channels.
6. Pituitary Gland – Posterior
List the target organs and functional effects of oxytocin primarily reproductive and lactational. List the target cells for vasopressin and explain why vasopressin is also known as antidiuretic hormone. Identify disease states caused by a) over-secretion, and b) under-secretion of vasopressin and list the principle symptoms of each.
7. Pituitary Gland – Anterior
Describe the 3 major families of the anterior pituitary hormones and their biosynthetic and structural relationships. Identify appropriate hypothalamic factors that control the secretion of each of the anterior pituitary hormones, and describe their route of transport from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
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8. Growth Hormone
Describe the relationship between growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the regulation of growth. Describe the metabolic and growth promoting actions of growth hormone.
9. Thyroid Gland
Identify the steps in the biosynthesis, storage, and secretion of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and their regulation. Explain the importance of thyroid hormone binding in blood on free and total thyroid hormone levels. Describe the physiologic effects and mechanisms of action of thyroid hormones. Differentiate between over-secretion and under-secretion of thyroid hormones both in childhood and in adults. Explain what conditions can cause an enlargement of the thyroid gland.
10. Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate
Identify the normal range of dietary calcium intake, calcium distribution in the body, and routes of calcium excretion. EN 18. Identify the normal range of dietary phosphate intake, phosphate distribution in the body, and routes of phosphate excretion. EN 19. Know the cells of origin for parathyroid hormone and list its target organs and cell types and describe its effects on each. EN 20. Describe the functions of the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts in bone remodeling and the factors that regulate their activities. EN 21. Understand the causes and consequences of a) over-secretion, and b) under-secretion of parathyroid hormone, as well as its therapeutic use. EN 22. Describe the normal function of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) and its role as a marker for some cancers.
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EN 23. Identify the sources of vitamin D and diagram the biosynthetic pathway and the organs involved in modifying it to the biologically active 1, 25(OH2) D3. Identify the target organs and cellular mechanisms of action for vitamin D. Describe the negative feedback relationship between parathyroid hormone and the biologically active form of vitamin D [1, 25(OH2) D3]. Describe the consequences of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D excess. Name the stimuli that can promote secretion of calcitonin, its actions, and identify which (if any) are physiologically important.
11. Adrenal Gland
EN 28. Identify the functional zones of adrenals and the principal hormones secreted from each zone. EN 29. Identify the major physiological actions and therapeutic uses of glucocorticoids EN 30. Identify the causes and consequences of over-secretion and under-secretion of glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens. EN 31. Describe the principal physiological stimuli that cause increased mineralocorticoid secretion. Relate these stimuli to regulation of sodium and potassium excretion. EN 32. Identify the causes and consequences of over-secretion and under-secretion of mineralocorticoids. EN 33. Describe the interactions of adrenal medullary and cortical hormones in response to stress.
Pancreas
Identify the major hormones secreted from the endocrine pancreas, their cells of origin, and their chemical nature. EN 35. List the target organs or cell types for glucagon and describe its principal actions on each. EN 36. List the major target organs or cell types for insulin, the major effects of insulin on each, and the consequent changes in concentration of blood constituents.
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EN 37. Identify disease states caused by over-secretion & under-secretion of insulin, and describe the principal symptoms of each.
12. Reproductive Physiology – Female
Describe the hormonal regulation of estrogen and progesterone biosynthesis and secretion by the ovary. Identify the cells responsible for their biosynthesis. EN 39. List the major target organs and cell types for estrogen action and describe its effects on each. EN 40. Describe the actions and cellular mechanisms of estrogen. EN 41. List the principal physiological actions of progesterone, its major target organs and cell types, and describe its effects on each. EN 42. Explain the changes occurring in female body during pregnancy and their hormonal basis
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BIOCHEMISTRY
47
Learning Outcomes: Subject Name: Biochemistry
S. No Topic Learning Outcome
1. Introduction to Biochemistry
What is Biochemistry?
The scope of biochemistry
Importance of biochemistry
2. Biochemistry of cell
Introduction to cell (biochemical point of view)
Scientific methods to study cell biochemistry
Biochemical composition of cell
3. Biochemistry of body fluids
Ionization of water and weak acids and bases
Concept of pH and pH scale
Dissociation constant & titration curve of weak acids, the concept of pK values
Buffers, their mechanism of action
Henderson-Hesselbalch Equation (No derivation)
Biomedical Importance of - Osmosis, Osmotic pressure, surface tension, viscosity & their importance related to body fluids
4. Biological Membranes
Biochemical composition
Biochemistry of cell membrane-chemical composition, Importance of lipid and proteins in membranes
Biomedical Importance of selectively permeable membranes
Chemistry of signals and receptors
Mechanisms of signal transduction (e.g G Proteins associated pathways)
Biochemistry of membrane transport mechanism -active transport, Passive transport, simple and facilitated diffusion and their biomedical role in human body
5. Biochemistry of GIT
Overview of digestion and absorption of Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins
Introduction, composition, functions, secretion, stimulants and depressants of:
- Saliva - Gastric juice - Bile - Pancreatic juice - Succusentericus
6. Enzymes Introduction, definition
Mechanism of catalysis
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Coenzymes, co-factors and their Biomedical role in human body
Km, Vmax-concept and biomedical importance
Isoenzymes, their clinical importance
Factors affecting enzymes activity in the human body
Michaelis-Menten Equation and its biomedical importance (no derivation of equations)
Enzyme inhibitors and their classification and biomedical importance
Regulation of enzyme activity-overview
Application of enzymes in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic use
7. Vitamins Introduction, classification
Fat soluble vitamins: chemistry, biochemical functions, deficiency manifestations, daily allowances, sources and hypervitaminosis
Water soluble vitamins: chemistry, biochemical functions, deficiency manifestations, daily allowances, sources and hypervitaminosis
8. Carbohydrate Chemistry
• Definition, biochemical functions and classification • The biomedical importance of carbohydrates • Structure and functions of Monosaccharides, and their
derivatives • Disaccharides - their important examples • Oligosaccharides-their combination with other
macromolecules • Polysaccharides- their important examples and biochemical
role
9. Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Overview of major Metabolic pathways (Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis, Gylocogenolysis) their biomedical importance and hormonal regulation (Insulin, Glucagon)
• Glycolysis - Phases and reactions of Glycolysis - Energetics of Aerobic and Anaerobic glycolysis - The fate of Pyruvate • The Citric Acid Cycle - Reactions, energetics of Citric acid cycle • Gluconeogenesis
- Important three by-pass reactions of
Diabetes Mellitus
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10. Protein Chemistry
• Definitions, Biomedical importance and classification of proteins based on:
- Physiochemical properties - Functional properties - Nutritional properties
• Amino acids, their structure, properties and functions • Classification and nutritional significance of amino acids • Structure of proteins and their significance • Separation of proteins e.g. salting out, Electrophoresis,
Chromatography, Centrifugation • Immunoglobulins and their biomedical significance • Plasma proteins& their clinical significance
11. Protein Metabolism
• Amino acid oxidation, transamination, deamination, decarboxylation, deamidation and transamination
• Transport of Ammonia • Ammonia intoxication • Urea cycle
12. Porphyrin and Haemoglobin
• Chemistry and biosynthesis of haemoglobin • Structure, functions and types of hemoglobin • Oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin, factors affecting and
regulating the oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin • Degradation of heme, formation of Bile pigments, its types,
transport and excretion • Hyperbilirubinimea, their biochemical causes and
differentiation • Jaundice and its types • Hemoglobinopathies (HP-S, Thalasemia) and theirbiochemical
causes
13. Lipid Chemistry • Definition, biomedical function, Classification of lipids • Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Sphingolipids and their
biochemical Significance • Fatty acids, chemistry, classification and biochemical function,
Essential fatty acids • Eicosanoids, their classification and functions in health and
disease • Steroids, sterol e.g. cholesterol, their chemistry, functions and
clinical significance
14. Lipid Metabolism
• Mobilization and transport of fatty acids, triacylglycerol, and sterols
• Oxidation of fatty acids - Activation and transport of fatty acid in the
mitochondria - B-oxidation, fate of Acetyl CoA
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• Ketogenesis and Ketolysis. - Mechanism and utilization of Ketone bodies and
significance
Overview of Lipoprotein Metabolism.
Cholesterol Synthesis (rate limiting step)
Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis
15. Nutrition • Balanced Diet, DRIs (EAR, RDA, AI, UL), AMDR • Proteins (Protein turnover, Amino acid Pool, Nitrogen
Balance, Protein Quality, Protein Requirement • Biomedical importance, requirements of dietary
Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids • Glycemic Index • Protein-Energy Malnutrition (Kwashiorkor, Marasmus)
16. Minerals and Trace elements
• Classification and biochemical role of Macro minerals (Na, K , Ca, Cl, PO4)
• Classification and biochemical role of Micro minerals (Fe, Zn, Mg, Se, I,F, Cu, Cr, Cd, Mn)
17. Nucleotides • Nucleic acids, their types, structure and functions • Chemistry and structure of nucleotides and their biochemical
role • Nucleotides, structure, their derivatives and their biochemical
role
18.
Genetics and techniques
• Biotechnology and human disease
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SCHEDULE OF PRACT1CALS FOR 1st YEAR BDS:
Sr.No EXPERIMENTS DATE SIGNATURE INCHARGE
1. Blood sample handling
2. Safety in laboratories
3. Water
4. Preparation of solutions.
5. Molisch s test.
6. Saliwanoff s test and Rapid furfural test.
7. Benedict s qualitative test.
8. Benedict s quantitative test.
9. Barfoed's test.
10. Osazones of monosaccharides.
11. Osazones of disaccharides.
12. Properties of starch & dextrins.
13. Hydrolysis of sucrose
14. Scheme for unknown carbohydrates
15. Hydrolysis of starch by acid & Enzymes
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16. Properties of lipids.
17 Denaturation and heat-coagulation of Proteins
18. Precipitation reaction of proteins.
19. Colour reactions of proteins.
20. Chemical properties of casein.
21. Scheme for unknown proteins
22. Physical characteristics of urine & inorganic constituents of normal urine
23. Normal Organic constituent of urine
24. Abnormal Organic constituent s in urine
25. Abnormal inorganic constituent s in urine
26. Spectrophotometry
27. Blood glucose
28. Glucose Tolerance Test
29. Chromatography
30. ELISA and flame photometry
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Oral Biology and
Tooth Morphology
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Curriculum of Oral Biology and Tooth Morphology for First Year BDS NUMS:
Oral Biology and tooth morphology is a basic science course taught during first year BDS. The
subject deals with the development, gross and histological structure, functions and interactions
of oral and craniofacial tissues. The subject of Oral Biology and Tooth Morphology includes the
following main topics taught in collaboration with Anatomy and Physiology Departments.
- Oral and Developmental Histology
- Tooth Morphology & Occlusion
- Oral Physiology
- General and Orofacial Embryology
- Oral Anatomy
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Learning Objectives: ORAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL HISTOLOGY: At the end of the session, first year BDS students should be able to:
DEVELOPMENT OF TOOTH
1 Describe sequence of developmental changes occurring in maxillary and mandibular processes in areas of future dental arches during 6th& 7th weeks of intra uterine life
2 Define the following terms/structure: neural crest cells, ectomesenchyme, primary epithelial band, dental lamina, vestibular lamina, tooth bud, lateral lamina, successional lamina, epithelial pearls/Rest cells of Serres, Enamel organ, dental papilla, dental follicle, cervical loop, enamel knot, enamel cord, enamel niche, enamel septum, enamel navel, papillary layer, reduced enamel epithelium, pulp limiting membrane, rest cells of Malassez
3 Identify on a histological picture/slide the following structures: Oral Epithelium, Mesenchyme, Dental lamina, vestibular lamina, tooth bud also draw and label
4 Distinguish, in a table, between dental and vestibular lamina on basis of development, location, histology, function, and fate
5 Explain components/parts of dental lamina on basis of developmental timings & their attachment to primary, permanent and non-succedenous tooth buds
6 Identify components of dental lamina in histological pictures/slides (lateral lamina, successional lamina)
7 Explain the clinical significance of remnants of dental lamina(epithelial pearls) i.e. eruption cysts, odontome, supernumerary tooth
8 Explain histological aspects of bud, cap and bell stages of tooth development with emphasis on cell shapes, types of cell layers and function of each cell layer (outer enamel epithelium, inner enamel epithelium, stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum)
9 Identify draw and label enamel organ, dental papilla and dental follicle along with stages of tooth development in histological pictures (bud, early and late cap stage, early and late bell stage)
10 Describe composition, location, histological appearance (arrangement of fibers, condensation) & fate of dental papilla and dental follicle/sac
11 Describe location, histological appearance (cell shape) & function of enamel knot, enamel cord and enamel niche
12 Identify enamel knot, cord and niche in histological pictures.
13 Discuss importance and process of angiogenesis in relation with the developing tooth germ with reference to location and timings
14 Discuss relation of developing nerve fibers with early tooth germ with reference to location and timings
15 Explain inductive influences of inner enamel epithelial cells of enamel organ and peripheral cells of dental papilla on each other
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16 Describe histodifferentiation, function and movement of enamel and dentin forming cells (ameloblasts and odontoblasts) in relation to each other
17 Explain source of nourishment for ameloblasts and odontoblasts during hard tissue formation
18 Describe the formation, histological structure, role and fate (disintegration and rest cells of Malassez) of Hertwig epithelial root sheath in formation of roots of single and multi-rooted teeth
19 Identify draw and label HERS, Rest cells of Malassez and root formation in histological pictures
20 Describe clinical relevance of Hertwig epithelial root sheath (lateral canals/accessory canals formation, cyst development)
21 Explain relevance of root formation and root completion with tooth eruption in oral cavity with emphasis on time required for primary and permanent teeth
22 Explain the abnormalities expected to occur during tooth development in relation with tooth size and number (microdontia, macrodontia, hypodontia, anodontia, supernumery and supplemental teeth)
23 Explain, identify and illustrate the process of tooth development from initiation till root completion along with all the theories and concepts supported by basic molecular aspects
24 Explain the origin and development of tooth supporting structures
ENAMEL AND AMELOGENESIS
1 Describe physical characteristics of enamel in terms of anatomical location, hardness, thickness, permeability, color, translucency and brittleness
2 Define the following terms/structure: rods, inter-rod, rod sheath, amelogenesis, aprismatic enamel, papillary layer, apoptosis, primary enamel cuticle, reduced enamel epithelium, nasymyth’s membrane, neonatal line, striae of retzius, cross striation, perikymata, hunter schreger bands, dentinoenamel junction, enamel tufts, enamel lamellae, enamel spindles, gnarled enamel, pits, enamel caps, focal holes, enamel brochs, attrition, abrasion, erosion
3 Describe embryological origin (from germ layer) and functions of enamel
4 Enlist chemical composition of enamel including percentage of each content
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5 Describe and identify key-hole/fish scale pattern of enamel as seen in electron microscope (arrangement of rod, inter-rod and rod sheath) also draw and label
6 Describe dimension, shape, function and growth of enamel crystallites (hydroxyapatite)
7 Describe number, course, orientation, dimension, constituents and significance of enamel rods in primary and permanent teeth
8 Enumerate different morphological and functional phases/stages which an ameloblast passes through during amelogenesis
9 Identify, draw and label ameloblast in different stages of amelogenesis
10 Explain morphogenetic, histodifferentiation and secretory phases of amelogenesis in terms of function, presence/absence of basal lamina, shape, size and arrangement of cells, location and shape of nucleus, presence/absence of mitotic activity and location of junctional complexes
11 Explain formation and location of Tome’s process and its role in enamel mineralization during secretory phase of amelogenesis
12 Describe location, formation and function of prismatic and aprismatic enamel
13 Classify enamel proteins according to their function during amelogensis
14 Describe cell shape, size and volume, protein secreting activity, apoptosis, basal lamina formation seen in ameloblasts during Transition phase of amelogenesis
15 Explain the modulation cycle seen during maturation phase of amelogensis in terms of significance, changes in morphology and function of ameloblasts, and permeability of junctional complexes
16 Describe process of hydroxyapatite crystal growth and organic content degradation and removal during maturation proper of amelogenesis
17 Describe morphological changes in ameloblasts, during post maturation phase of amelogenesis
18 Discuss incremental growth lines in enamel in terms of daily/weekly growth in um, significance, direction and causes
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19 Identify in pictures/histological slides Striae of Retzius in longitudinal and cross section of enamel
20 Explain cause of formation, location and significance of neonatal line in primary and permanent teeth
21 Identify neonatal line in pictures/histological slides of ground section of enamel
22 Describe location, cause, course, histological appearance and number (per um occlusally and cervically) of Perikymata in enamel
23 Describe location, cause of formation, course and histological appearance of Hunter Schreger bands in enamel
24 Identify Perikymata and Hunter Schreger bands in images/pictures
25 Describe histological appearance and significance of Dentinoenamel junction in longitudinal and cross section of a tooth
26 Identify dentinoenamel junction in pictures/slides
27 Describe location, cause of formation, course, distance and content of Enamel Tufts.
28 Identify, draw and label Enamel Tufts in histological pictures of ground section of enamel
29 Explain location, appearance, content and clinical significance of Enamel Lamellae
30 Identify, draw and label Enamel Lamellae in pictures/images
31 Discuss location, appearance, cause of formation, dimension, extension of Enamel Spindles
32 Identify, draw and label Enamel Spindles in pictures/images
33 Describe cause of formation, location and significance of Gnarled enamel
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34 Describe size, location and histological appearance, cause of formation of pits, enamel caps, focal holes and enamel brochs
35 Discuss morphological, histological, environmental and functional changes which occur in enamel due to aging
36 Discuss flourosis, congenital syphilis, amelogenesisimperfecta and its types in terms of clinical presentation and affected stages of amelogenesis
37 Explain and interpret the composition, structure and formation of enamel
38 Understand and explain developmental anomalies and other clinical correlations of enamel
39 Explain the concept of repair of enamel especially in reference to dental caries, erosion and cavity preparation.
DENTIN AND DENTINOGENESIS
1 Define dentin, predentin, mantle dentin, circumpulpal dentin, primary dentin, secondary dentin, tertiary dentin, reactive dentin, reactionary dentin, dentinogenesis, osteodentin, von Korff’s fibers, Hyaline layer, dentinal tubules, dead tracts, peritubular dentin, inter tubular dentin, inter globular dentin, granular layer of tomes, sclerotic dentin, contour lines of Owen, Lines of von Ebner
2 Describe composition by weight and volume, physical properties, innervation, vascularity, permeability, functions and age changes of dentin
3 Describe formation, location, structure, thickness and function of predentin, primary, secondary and tertiary dentin. Also draw and label
4 Discuss process of dentinogenesis in terms of odontoblasts formation and differentiation, role of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath, organic matrix deposition and mineralization
5 Draw and label stages of dentinogenesis
6 Describe Globular and Linear Mineralization in terms of matrix vesicle formation and fusion
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Tabulate the differences between coronal and radicular dentin in terms of location, formation and orientation of dentinal tubules
8 Identify in histological slides/pictures pre dentin, primary dentin, secondary dentin, tertiary dentin, dentinal tubule, intertubular dentin, peritubular dentin, interglobular dentin, Incremental lines, granular layer of tomes, sclerotic dentin, dead tracts
9 Discuss the dentinal tubules in terms of extension diameter, content and functions
10 Describe and identify location, appearance, cause and significance of interglobular dentin, sclerotic dentin, Granular layer of Tomes. Draw and label granular layer of Tomes
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11 Describe different theories to explain the process of dentin sensitivity
12 Explain the basic and histological structure, composition, development, physiology of dentine along with its clinical correlates
13 Explain the concept of repair of dentine-pulp especially in reference to dental caries and cavity preparation
DENTAL PULP
1 Describe pulp in terms of location, content, developmental origin and function
2 Describe the names, location, content and function of four histological zones seen in dental pulp under microscope
3 Identify, draw and label four histological zones of dental pulp as seen in images/slides.
4 Enlist constituents of dental pulp in terms of cells and extracellular substances
5 Discuss origin, type, size, orientation, and location of collagen fibers in dental pulp
6 Identify, draw and label functional odontoblastic cell at higher magnification
7 Describe location, shape, number, arrangement, function and histological features of odontoblastic cells in a functional tooth
8 Differentiate active and resting odontoblastic cell in terms of histological features and functionality
9 Describe histological features, shape, location and functions of cells present in pulp (fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes)
10 Describe the orientation, histology, size, type and functions of blood vessels and nerves (myelinated, unmyelinated) in dental pulp
11 Define and identify plexus of Rashkow in terms of histological appearance, location and function
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12 Discuss age related changes seen in dental pulp in terms of volume, content, vascularity, innervation, pathology
13 Describe types, formation, location, arrangement, appearance and clinical significance of pulp stones
14 Identify pulp stones in pictures/images
15 Explain the basic and histological structure and zones, composition, development, physiology of pulp along with its clinical correlates
PERIODONTIUM
1 Define and enumerate the components of periodontium
2 Define cementum, periodontal ligament, gingiva, cementoenamel junction, Sharpey’s fibers, cementoid, cementodentinal junction, hypercementosis, ankylosis, cementicles, lamina dura, bundle bone
3 Describe physical properties of cementum in terms of harness, location, thickness, function, vascularity, innervation, types, formative cells and permeability
4 Identify cementum in images/slides of ground section of tooth
5 Discuss chemical composition of cementum in %age (inorganic and organic including names of cells, types of collagen fibers and non-collagenous proteins)
6 Classify cementum in terms of presence or absence of cells, origin of collagen fibers (extrinsic and intrinsic) and combination of both
7 Identify in histological pictures/slides also draw and label the different types of cementum
8 Describe the four cementum types (primary, secondary, mixed and acellular) in terms of cells, origin of fibers, location, function, formation/development and mineralization
9 Differentiate intrinsic and extrinsic collagen fibers in terms of formation, location, histology and dimension
10 Classify cementoenamel junction in terms of enamel and cementum overlapping also discuss clinical significance
11 Describe histological appearance and significance of cementodentinal junction
12 Discuss age related changes occurring in cementum in terms of appearance, thickness, cementicles and repair process
13 Describe periodontal ligament development, location, average width, content ( names of cells, types of collagen fibers, elastic and reticular fibers, ground substance) function, remodeling and age changes
14 Enumerate the five principal fiber bundles of periodontal ligament
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15 Identify in images/histological slides, draw and label, and also describe the location, direction/orientation, origin, insertion and function of principal fibers of periodontal ligament
16 Describe blood supply of periodontal ligament in terms of names of blood vessels, branching pattern, routes, plexus location, diameter, difference in vascularity of anterior vs posterior teeth, mandible vs maxillary teeth.
17 Discuss nerve supply of periodontal ligament in terms of names of nerves, types of nerve fibers, location and branching
18 Discuss names, location, histological appearance and function of nerve endings present in periodontal ligament
19 Discuss histological changes seen in supporting system of tooth in increased or decreased function load
20 Define Attached gingiva, free gingiva, gingival sulcus,junctional epithelium, sulcular epithelium, dentogingival junction, Col
21 Identify in images/ patients gingiva, free gingiva, attached gingiva, col, interdental gingiva
22 Identify in images/histological slides, draw and label, and also describe the location, direction/orientation, origin, insertion and function of principal fibers of gingival ligament
23 Explain the basic and histological structure, composition, development, physiology of periodontium along with its clinical correlates and latest trends
24 Explain the basic concepts and modalities of repair and regeneration of this structure
SALIVARY GLANDS
1 Define saliva, acini, myoepithelial cell, pellicle, major salivary glands, minor salivary glands
2 Describe development, histological structure (of acini and ductal system e.g. staining, shape of acini, number of secretory cells per acini, shape of secretory cells, shape location and size of nucleus, location of cell organelles, lumen size, granules, serous demilunesetc ) and gross anatomy of major and minor salivary glands (location, size, number, name and opening of ducts, nerve supply and blood supply)
3 Identify, on histological slides/images, serious, mucous and mixed salivary glands
4 Describe myoepithelial cells in terms of location, histological appearance (shape, processes) and function
5 Classify ductal system of salivary glands
6 Define sialolith, mucocele, sialadentits, Sjorgen syndrome, primary saliva, secondary saliva
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7 Describe process of ductal modification and regulation of primary and secondary saliva in terms of secretion/reabsorption of electrolytes at different flow rates
8 Describe histological and functional changes in salivary glands due to aging
9 Enlist local and systemic diseases effecting salivary glands anatomy and function (ductal blockage, autoimmune diseases, bacterial and viral infections, trauma, diabetes, cysts, fibrosis, dry mouth)
10 Draw and label purely serous and mixed glands
11 Explain the basic and histological structure, composition, development, physiology of salivary glands along with its clinical correlates
ORAL MUCOSA
1 Define oral mucosa ,vermillion border, vermillion zone, vestibule, mucogingival junction, mucocutaneous junction, submucosa
2 Describe boundaries, appearance, texture, histology, functions, age changes, blood supply and nerve supply of oral mucosa
3 Classify and identify (in images/pictures/slides) oral mucosa according to location and function (masticatory mucosa, lining mucosa, specialized mucosa)
4 Describe histological features of lamina propria (papillary layer, reticular layers, cells, fibers, ground substance, blood vessels, nerves)
5 Tabulate histological differences between keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelium in terms of name of cell layers, cell shapes, nucleus size and location
6 Identify in histological pictures/images keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium
7 Discuss location, shape, covering epithelium and function of tongue papillae (fungiform, filliform, circumvallate papillae)
8 Identify tongue papillae in histological slides/images
9 Discuss and identify histological features (shape, size, type of cells), location and function of taste bud
10 Define Fordyce spot, linea alba, odland body, keratohyaline granules, orthokeratinization, parakeratinization, acanthosis, acantholysis, hyperkeratosis, keratinocytes, non-keratinocyte, melanosomes, melanophage
11 Identify fordyce’s granules in pictures/images
12 Describe location, shape, size and significance of Odland bodies/membrane coating granules/lamellar bodies in keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium
13 Describe location, shape, size of keratohyaline granules in keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium
14 Describe and identify histological features and functions of non-keratinocyte in oral epithelium (melanocytes, langerhans , merkel , inflammatory cells) in terms of shape of cell, origin and location
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15 Describe exogenous and endogenous pigmentation in oral cavity with examples (Amalgam tattoo, Burton line)
16 Identify on patients/images junctions in oral cavity (mucogingival, dentogingival, mucocutaneous)
17 Draw and label histology of taste bud
18 Explain the basic and histological structure, composition, development, physiology of oral mucosa along with its clinical correlates
19 Explain concepts of Repair and regeneration of oral mucosa specially in relevance to wound healing of oral mucosa and dentogingival junction
BONE
1 Define bone , alveolar bone, alveolar process, lamina dura, sharpey’sfibres, bundle bone, Supporting bone, cortical bone, spongy bone, interdental bone, inter radicular bone, periosteum, endosteum, osteon, haversian canal, volkman’s canal, circumferential lamellae, concentric lamellae, interstitial lamellae
2 Classify bone according to gross appearance and development
3 Discuss histology of compact and spongy bone in terms of formative and resorptive cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts), lamellae, Haversian and volkman’s canals
4 Describe histology and function of osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclasts
5 Identify in histological slides/images compact and spongy bone.
6 Identify in images/pictures bone cells
7 Describe and identify histological changes and features of intramembranous and intracartilaginous ossification
8 Describe composition, function, regulation, remodeling (phases, normal turn over rate in cortical and trabecular bone, turn over rate in children /adults/old age) and age changes and repair and regeneration of bone
9 Draw and label compact bone histology
10 Explain the basic and histological structure, composition, development, physiology of bone along with its clinical correlates
11 Explain the repair following tooth extraction
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
1 Classify joints (Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) according to their morphology
2 Define temporomandibular joint, bilaminar zone, synovial membrane, capsule
3 Describe TMJ in terms of its gross anatomy, components, biomechanics (also including origin, insertion and action of muscles of mastication), blood supply, innervation
4 Describe temporomandibular joint in terms of its development, histology of its components, nerve endings (location and function) and clinical significance (dislocation, ankylosis, arthritis, articular disk displacement, TMJ Dysfunction)
5 Describe articular disk in terms of its shape, location, histology (fiber types and their orientation/arrangement, types of ground substance and cells) location, function,
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vascularity, innervation, anterior and posterior bands/laminae along with their attachment
6 Describe histology, attachment, appearance, vascularity, innervation and function of joint capsule
7 Describe location, extent, function, appearance, histology of synovial membrane (cellular intima and sub intima)
8 Identify, draw and label cellular intima and subintima of synovial membrane
9 Describe formation, appearance, consistency, composition and function of synovial fluid
10 Identify, draw and label Temporomandibular joint showing its different components
Explain the basic and histological structure, development, physiology of TMJ along with its clinical correlates
TOOTH ERUPTION AND SHEDDING
1 Define eruption, shedding, pre eruptive tooth movement, eruptive tooth movement, post eruptive tooth movement, active eruption, passive eruption, Gaubernacular cord, Gaubernacular canal, natal teeth, neo natal teeth
2 Differentiate the three types of physiological tooth movements (pre eruptive, eruptive and post eruptive) in terms of direction of movement, movement in µm, need and significance
3 Discuss mechanism and factors responsible for eruptive tooth movement
4 Describe the three types of movement a tooth makes post eruption to maintain its functional position in the jaw in terms of mechanism and significance
5 Discuss histology and causes of tooth shedding
6 Enlist local and systemic causes of premature and delayed eruption of teeth
7 Identify in images/slides also draw and label Gaubernacular cord
8 Identify in images/slides histological section showing union of oral epithelium and reduced enamel epithelium during tooth eruption through soft tissue
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TOOTH MORPHOLOGY AND OCCLUSION:
Introduction to Tooth Morphology/ Nomenclature
1 Classify dentition according to shape (homodont, heterodont), sets of teeth (monophyodont, diphyodont, polyphyodont), time period (deciduous, permanent)
2 Discuss time frame and significance of dentition periods (primary, mixed and permanent)
3 Describe dental formulae, sequence of eruption and age of emergence of permanent and deciduous teeth.
4 Discuss commonly used numbering systems (universal, palmer notation and FDI) used in dentistry with examples from primary and permanent teeth
5 Define, identify and differentiate, on tooth specimen/models/images, anatomical crown, clinical crown, anatomical root, clinical root, enamel, dentin, cementum, cervical line, pulp cavity, cusps, tubercles, cingulum, ridges (marginal, triangular, transverse, oblique and cusp ridges), inclined plane, mamelons, fossa, developmental (primary) groove, supplemental (secondary) groove, fissure, embrasures, sulcus, pit, contact point, contact area, lobe, line angles, point angles, tooth surfaces (mesial, distal, lingual/palatal, buccal/labial, incisal/occlusal), height of contour
6 Enumerate line and point angles of anterior and posterior teeth.
7 Describe number and significance of lobes in permanent and primary teeth
8 Describe shape, location and function of interproximal spaces, embrasures and contact areas
PERMANENT INCISORS
1 Tabulate initiation of calcification, completion of enamel and root in terms of months/years
2 Discuss and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, the general considerations including tooth surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, labial, lingual and incisal outlines, mesiodistal dimensions and contours, inclination of incisal margin, shape of mesioincisal and distoincisal line angles, shape and curvature of cervical margin, number and location of developmental depressions, location and boundaries of lingual fossa, location, shape and inclination of cingulum, location of imbrications lines, marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area
3 Describe number, shape and inclination of root
4 Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals and pulp horns
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5 Differentiate, on morphological basis, central and lateral incisor of the same and/or different arch
6 Draw and label incisors from labial, lingual, mesial, distal and incisal aspect
7 Carving of Maxillary central incisor according to natural tooth dimensions on wax block/soap
PERMANENT CANINES
1 Tabulate initiation of calcification, completion of enamel and root in terms of months/years
2 Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, the general considerations including tooth surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, labial, lingual and incisal outlines, mesiodistal dimensions and contours, length and inclination of mesioincisal and distoincisal slope, shape and curvature of cervical margin, location, and extent of lingual and buccal ridges, number and location of developmental depressions, location and boundaries of lingual fossae, location shape and inclination of cingulum, marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area
3 Describe number, shape, inclination and variation of root
4 Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals and pulp horns
5 Differentiate, on morphological basis, mandibular and maxillary canine, canine and incisors
6 Draw and label canines from labial, lingual, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect
PREMOLARS
1 Tabulate initiation of calcification, completion of enamel and root in terms of months/years
2 Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, tooth surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, buccal, lingual/palatal and occlusal outlines, mesiodistal dimensions and contours, shape and curvature of cervical margin, boundaries of occlusal table; number, location, size, variation (U, H and Y type occlusal morphology in case of mandibular 2nd premolar) of cusps, name, number and location of pits, grooves and fossae, boundaries of fossae, location, size, variations of marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area, mesial concavity, developmental depressions, location and formation of transverse ridge, location and names of cusp ridges and inclined planes,
3 Describe number, shape, inclination and variations of root/roots
4 Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals and pulp horns
5 Differentiate, on morphological basis, mandibular and maxillary premolars
6 Draw and label premolars from buccal, lingual/palatal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect
7 Carving of Maxillary first premolar according to natural tooth dimensions on wax block/soap
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MOLARS
1 Tabulate initiation of calcification, completion of enamel and root in terms of months/years
2 Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, tooth surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, buccal, lingual/palatal and occlusal outlines, mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions and contours, shape and curvature of cervical margin; boundaries of occlusal table, number, location, size, variation of cusps; name, number and location of pits, grooves and fossae, boundaries of fossae, location, size, location of marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area, mesial concavity, developmental depressions, location and formation of transverse ridge, location and formation of oblique ridge in case of maxillary molars, location and names of cusp ridges and inclined planes
3 Describe number, shape, inclination and variations of root/roots
4 Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals and pulp horns
5 Differentiate, on morphological basis, mandibular and maxillary molars, first and second molars of the same arch, molars and other permanent teeth
6 Draw and label first, second and third molars from buccal, lingual/palatal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect
7 Carving of maxillary and mandibular first permanent molars according to normal tooth dimension on wax block/soap
DECIDUOUS TEETH
1 Describe general morphological differences between permanent and deciduous teeth
2 Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, tooth surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, buccal, lingual/palatal and occlusal outlines, mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions and contours, boundaries of occlusal table, number, location, size, variation of cusps; name, number and location of pits, grooves and fossae, boundaries of fossae, location, size, location of marginal ridges, height of contour, developmental depressions, location and formation of transverse and oblique ridge.
3 Describe number, shape, inclination of root/roots
4 Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals
5 Differentiate, on morphological basis, deciduous incisors vs permanent incisors, mandibular vs maxillary deciduous molars, first vs second molars of the same arch, deciduous vs permanent molars
6 Draw and label deciduous teeth from labial/buccal, lingual/palatal, mesial, distal and incisal/occlusal aspect
OCCLUSION
1 Define occlusion, articulation, freeway space (normal value in mm), leeway space (normal value in mm), normal class 1 occlusion (incisal, canine and molar relation), malocclusion (I, II and III), centric occlusion, centric relation, primate space, ugly duckling stage, diastema
2 Describe features of ideal occlusion in terms of spacing, vertical inclination, overjet, overbite, and generalized spacing between the teeth in primary dentition
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3 Describe features of ideal occlusion in mixed and permanent dentition
4 Define over jet (along with normal value in mm), increased, decreased, edge-to-edge and reverse overjet
5 Define overbite (along with normal value in mm), deep bite, open bite and closed bite
6 Define three types of molar relations in primary dentition (mesial step, distal step, flush terminal plane)
7 Describe occlusal curvatures (curve of Spee, Wilson and Monsoon) along with formation, direction, shape and significance
DEVELOPMENTAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL ANOMALIES
1 Define and discuss developmental causes and morphological appearance of effected teeth in anodontia, hypodontia, mesiodens, distodens, macrodontia, microdontia, taurodontium, dilacerations, flexion, germination, fusion, concrescence, segmented roots, dwarfed roots, hypercementosis, accessory cusps, accessory roots, enamel pearls, peg laterals, Talon’s cusp, Hutchinson’s incisors, Mulberry molars, dens in dente, complex odontoma, compound odontoma, enamel dysplasia, dentin dysplasia, enamel hypoplasia, enamel hypocalcification, enamel hypomaturation, amelogenesisimperfect, mottled enamel, dentinogenesis imperfect, tetracycline staining, Turner’s tooth
2 Enlist common anomalies effecting development, size, number and shape of teeth
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY
1 Describe basic events of speech production (initiation, phonation , articulation) and its neurological control by higher centers
2 Describe mastication in terms of structural apparatus, muscles involved, chewing cycle (opening ,closing and occlusal phase) and neurological pathway controlling mastication
3 Enumerate stages of mastication (pull back process of tongue, squeeze back mechanism), and reflexes of mastication (jaw jerk reflex, jaw unloading reflex, jaw open reflex)
4 Discuss stages of swallowing (oral, pharyngeal and esophageal phases), names of higher centers along with neurological pathway controlling it
5 Describe physiology of pain
6 Describe physiology of propioception
7 Describe composition, pH, volume, function (in terms of effects and components responsible for those effects), formation and secretion of saliva
8 Describe taste pathway along with its neurological control from higher centers
GENERAL AND OROFACIAL EMBRYOLOGY
General and Orofacial Embryology
1 Define fertilization, zygote, embryo, germ layer, notochord, morula, blastocyst, trophoblast, neural crest cells
2 Describe germ layer formation and fate
70
3 Describe neural crest cells in terms of formation, migration, role in orofacial development and associated anomalies (Treacher Collins syndrome)
4 Enumerate derivatives of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm, neural crest cells, pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts
5 Describe and identify development of face in terms of processes involved and their role in formation of lips, nose, forehead, cheeks and jaws
6 Discuss and identify in pictures/images developmental anomalies associated with incomplete fusion of facial processes (unilateral, bilateral and median cleft lip, oblique facial cleft, median cleft/frontonasal dysplasia, lateral facial cleft, mandibular cleft)
7 Describe and identify development of primary and secondary palate in terms of time frame, processes involved, fusion of shelves and associated anomalies (cleft palate and its types)
8 Discuss etiological factors responsible for congenital defects effecting facial development
9 Describe the development of tongue
10 Describe development of thyroid gland
11 Describe the developmental of mandible in terms of growth cartilages (names, period of activity, role and fate of primary and secondary growth cartilages), ossification centers, spread of ossification, post natal growth
12 Describe the formation of different components of mandible condyle, ramus, coronoid process and body of mandible
13 Describe the prenatal growth of maxilla in terms of time frame, processes involved, location of ossification center, spread of ossification, name, location, role and fate of growth cartilages
14 Describe post natal growth of maxilla in terms of theories associated with growth (functional matrix, cartilage growth, sutural growth), bone remodeling and its impact on growth and position of maxilla
15 Draw and label and identify in images/models both developing and mature mandible bone
ORAL ANATOMY
Oral Anatomy
1 Tabulate muscles of facial expressions (corrugator supercilii, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, platysma, buccinators,mentalis, risorius, zygomaticusmajorandminor,depressorangulioris, depressor labiiinferioris, levatorlabii superior alaequaenasii, procerus, compressor naris, dilator nariis, depressor septi) with their origin, insertion, action and nerve supply
2 Tabulate muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid) with their origin, insertion, action and nerve supply
3 Tabulate intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue with their origin, insertion, action and nerve supply
4 Discuss clinical significance of muscles of facial expressions, muscles of mastication, muscles of tongue
71
5 Describe and identify course and relations of cranial nerves, associated ganglia, functional components (SVE,GVE, GVA, SVA, GSA), surface marking, nuclei, branches and clinical significance
6 Describe and identify bones of face in terms of shape, attachments, boundaries, foramina and their content
7 Describe and identify blood supply of face (surface marking, course, branches and anastomosis) and lymphatic drainage of face along with clinical considerations
8 Identify in models/images muscles of facial expressions, muscles of tongue, muscles of mastication, land marks on skull and mandible
Note: 25% of the questions will be problem based ones (PBQs) Lab Exercises/ Practical of Oral Biology and Tooth Morphology Journals of Oral Histology and Tooth Morphology with Draw and label exercises of relevant topics
Recommended Books: 1. Ten Cate’s Oral Histology, 8th Edition.
2. Concise Dental Anatomy and Morphology. James L. Fuller. 4th Edition.
3. Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology and occlusion 9th Edition.
4. Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology. B. K. B. Berkovitz. 4th Edition.
72
Table of Specifications
Professional/Pre-Annual/Annual/Supply
BDS Examination
73
First Professional BDS Examination
ANATOMY
Table of specifications for First Annual Professional Examination: Theory Marks of Written Paper = 90 Total Time Allowed = 03 hrs
Marks of Int. Asses = 10 (Including MCQs)
Max Marks = 100 Date: _____________
Pass Marks = 50
25 x MCQs (on separate sheet) (25 Marks) (Time = 30 min) 07 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2) = 07 marks each 02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2) = 08 marks each (65 Marks) (Time = 2hrs 30 min)
Table of Specifications (TOS) for Written Exam
S.No Topic NUMBER OF MCQs (25)
(C1=15, C2=10) 1 mark each
NUMBER OF SAQs/SEQs (09)
07 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2)
= 07 marks each
02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2)
= 08 marks each
1 General Anatomy 04 01
2. General anatomy
3. General histology 04 01
4. Special histology 02
5. General embryology 04 01
6. Special embryology 02
7. Head and neck
05 03
8. Head and neck
9. Head and neck
10. Brain and neuroanatomy 04 02
11. Brain and neuroanatomy
12. Rest of the body 01
Total 25 (25 Marks) 09 (65 Marks)
74
Internal Assessment Calculation (Theory)
Table of Specifications (TOS) for Practical Exam:
VIVA 50 marks
OSPE 40 marks
Total Marks (Viva + practical)
Internal Assessment
Grand Total
Internal External 25 Marks 25 Marks 40 Marks 90 Marks 10 Marks 100 Marks
OSPE (40 Marks)
Stations Topic No. of Stations Marks per
station Total Marks
Station 1-10 Histology 10 01 10
Station 11-24 Gross Anatomy and Embryology 14 02 28
Station 25-26 Radiology 02 01 02
Total 26 Stations 40 Marks Internal Assessment Calculation (Practical)
A B C D
Roll No. Name OSPE /Practical Class tests throughout the year/Pre annual Practical Exams or any other exam
Total Marks of internal assessment Out of 10
Total Marks Sum of Marks obtained x 10 / sum of total marks in all exams
A B C D
Roll No. Name All Modules/ Pre annual Exams or any other exam
Total Marks of internal Assessment out of 10
Total Marks Sum of Marks obtained x 10 / sum of total marks in all exams
75
First Professional BDS Examination
PHYSIOLOGY
Table of specifications for First Annual Professional Examination: Theory Marks of Written Paper = 90 Total Time Allowed = 03 hrs Marks of Int. Asses = 10 (Including MCQs) Max Marks = 100 Date: _____________ Pass Marks = 50
25 x MCQs (on separate sheet) (25 Marks) (Time = 30 min) 07 x SAQs/SEQs (C1 & C2) = 07 marks each 02 x SAQs/SEQs (C1 & C2) = 08 marks each (65 Marks) (Time = 2hrs 30 min)
S. No
Topic
NUMBER OF MCQs (25) (C1=15, C2=10)
1 mark each
NUMBER OF SAQs/SEQs (09)
07 x SAQs/SEQs (C1 & C2) = 07 marks each
02 x SAQs/SEQs (C1 & C2) = 08 marks each
1. Cell / Gen Physiology Nerve and Muscle
05 01
2. Blood 04 01
3. GIT 04 01
4. Renal 02 01
5. CVS 03 01
6. Respiration 02 01
7. CNS / Special senses 03 02
8. Endocrinology & reproduction 02 01
Total 25 (25 Marks) 09 (65 Marks)
76
Internal Assessment Calculation (Theory Annual)
Table of Specifications for Annual Professional Exam: Practical
Viva (Theory) 50 marks Practical
40 marks Total
Internal Examiner
External Examiner OSPE (20) Experimental
Physiology + Table Viva
Practical Procedure
Practical Journal
Observed Unobserved
25 25 10 10 12 5 3 90
Internal Assessment Calculation (Practical)
A B C D
Roll No. Name OSPE/ PTT/ Class tests though out the year/ Pre annual Exams or any other exam
Total Marks of internal assessment Out of 10
Total Marks Sum of Marks obtained x 10 / sum of total marks in all exams
A B C D
Roll No. Name All Modules/ Pre annual Exams or any other exam
Total Marks of internal Assessment out of 10
Total Marks Sum of Marks obtained x 10 / sum of total marks in all exams
77
First Professional BDS Examination
BIOCHEMISTRY
Table of specifications for First Annual Professional Examination: Theory
Marks of Written Paper = 90 Total Time Allowed = 03 hrs
Marks of Int. Asses = 10 (Including MCQs)
Max Marks = 100 Date: _____________
Pass Marks = 50
25 x MCQs (on separate sheet) (25 Marks) (Time = 30 min) 07 x SAQs/SEQs (C1 & C2) = 07 marks each 02 x SAQs/SEQs (C1 & C2) = 08 marks each (65 Marks) (Time = 2hrs 30 min)
S. No Topic
NUMBER OF MCQs (25)
(C1=15, C2=10)
1 mark each
NUMBER OF SAQs/SEQs (09)
07 x SAQs/SEQs (C1 & C2)
= 07 marks each
02 x SAQs/SEQs (C1 & C2)
= 08 marks each
1. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acid , GIT 02 01
2. Lipids Chemistry &Metabolism 02 01
3. Chemistry of CHO & Metabolism 04 01
4. Minerals and Trace elements 02 01
5. Porphyrins & Hemoglobin 02 01
6. Protein & Amino Acids Chemistry of Metabolism
03 01
7. Enzymes 03 01
8. Biochemistry of cell &Body Fluids+ Biological membrane
03 01
9. Vitamins 04 01
Total 25 (25 Marks) 09 (65 Marks)
78
Internal Assessment Calculation (Theory Annual)
Table of Specifications for Annual Professional Exam: Practical
VIVA Practical (Principle writing + Practical viva +
50 marks Practical notebook)
40 marks
Total
Examiner 1 Examiner 2 Principle Practical Practical
writing viva Notebook
25 Marks 25 Marks 10 Marks 25 Marks 05 Marks 90 Marks
Internal Assessment Calculation (Practical)
A B C D
Roll No. Name OSPE/ Practical Class tests though out the year/ Pre annual Practical Exams or any other exam
Total Marks of internal assessment Out of 10
Total Marks Sum of Marks obtained x 10 / sum of total marks in all exams
A B C D
Roll No. Name All Modules/ Pre annual Exams or any other exam
Total Marks of internal Assessment out of 10
Total Marks Sum of Marks obtained x 10 / sum of total marks in all exams
79
First Professional BDS Examination
ORAL BIOLOGY & TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
Table of specifications for First Annual Professional Examination: Theory Marks of Written Paper = 90 Time Allowed = 03 hrs
Marks of Int. Asses = 10 (Including MCQs)
Max Marks = 100 Date:____________
Pass Marks = 50
25 x MCQs (on separate sheet) (25 Marks) (Time = 30 min)
07 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2) = 07 marks each
02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2) = 08 marks each (65 Marks) (Time = 2hrs 30 min)
S. No Topic NUMBER OF MCQs (25)
(C1=15, C2=10) 1 mark each
NUMBER OF SAQs/SEQs (09)
(07 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2)
= 07 marks each
02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2)
= 08 marks each
1. Oral Anatomy
02 01
2. Oral Embryology
02 01
3. Oral Histology
13 04
4. Oral Physiology
02 01
5. Tooth Morphology 06 02
Total 25 (25 Marks) 09 (65 Marks)
80
Internal Assessment Calculation (Theory Annual)
Table of Specifications for Annual Professional Exam: Practical
Internal Assessment Calculation (Practical)
A B C D
Roll No. Name OSPE/ PTT/ Class tests though out the year/ Pre annual Exams or any other exam
Total Marks of internal assessment Out of 10
Total Marks Sum of Marks obtained x 10 / sum of total marks in all exams
A B C D
Roll No. Name All Modules/ Pre annual Exams or any other exam
Total Marks of internal Assessment out of 10
Total Marks Sum of Marks obtained x 10 / sum of total marks in all exams
VIVA 50 marks
Practical (OSPE + Draw and label Task) 40 marks
Total Examiner 1 Examiner 2 OSPE
10 Stations=Oral Histology 7 Stations= Tooth Morphology
Total = 17 Stations
Draw and Label
Task
25 Marks 25 Marks 34 Marks
06 Marks 90 Marks
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