Bcon final report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Research Unit

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 [ARC 1523]

Assignment 2:

Construction Activities and Process of

A Three Storey Bungalow

Name: Toh Chee Cheng

Student ID: 0311122

Tutor: Ms. Suja

Week 1

Construction Activity 1: Earthwork

Duration: 6 Days Skilled worker: Land surveyor (1), land surveyor assistant (1), civil engineer (1), civil engineer assistant (1)Technical information: Survey topography for measurement of earthwork quantities.

Week 2

Construction Activity 1: Earthwork Duration: 6 Days Equipment: Backhoe (1), excavator (1), dumper (1)Skilled worker: Backhoe operator (1), dumper operator (1), general worker (1)Technical information: Site is cleared of trees, topsoil, shrubs and rubbish.

Week 3 & 4

Construction Activity 1: Earthwork Duration: 12 Days Equipment: Portable penetrometer (1)Skilled worker: Geotechnical engineer (1), geotechnical engineer assistant (1), civil engineer (1), civil engineer assistant (1)Technical information: Mackintosh Probe (MP) test carried out for testing soft soils and determining suitable materials.

Week 5

Construction Activity 1: Earthwork Duration: 6 Days Equipment: Vibrating plate compactor (1), backhoe (1), excavator (1), paver (1), dumper (1)Skilled worker: Backhoe operator (1), excavator operator (1), paver (1), dumper operator (1), general worker (1)Technical information: Site is excavated to required lengths, depths, breadths, inclinations and curvatures

Week 6

Construction Activity 1: Earthwork Duration: 6 Days Materials: Timber formwork, gravelEquipment: Table saw (2), shovel (2), long tape measurer, steel tape, strong threads, wire nails, theodolite, wooden pegs, drill hammerSkilled worker: Carpenter (2), general worker (1) Technical information: Filling materials to lines, levels and grades required to complete permanent construction.

Construction activity 2: Transporting piles

Duration: 2 days

Materials: piles

Equipment: Lorry (2), Crane (1)

Skilled worker: Lorry driver (4), Crane Operator (1)

Technical information: Transporting piles from factory, lift the piles by using crane from lorry after reaching the site.

Week 7 – 8

Construction activity 1: Pile driving processDuration: 14 days

Materials: piles, pile cushion, bituminous paint

Equipment: Hydraulic drop hammer (1)

Skilled worker: contractor (1), Hydraulic drop hammer operator (1), General worker (3)

Technical information: Mobilize the hydraulic drop hammer to the intended pile position after marking penetration of the piles, set out the position of drop hammer above the pile point, pile driving, weld the joints between the piles, apply bituminous paint around the joints of welded piles to prevent rusting.

Construction activity 2: Cut off process

Duration: During Pilling Process

Material: -

Equipment: Multipurpose excavator (1), Pneumatic hammer (1), Oxy-cutter (1)

Skilled worker: Excavator operator (1), General worker (2)

Technical information: Excavate 1m to 1.5m depth by using Multi-purpose excavator, cut the piles to make sure all are in the same height using Pneumatic hammer, the reinforcement in the pile is cut by oxy-cutter.

Week 9

Construction activity 1: Set up formwork for pile cap

Duration: 2 days

Material: Plywood, nails, reinforcement

Equipment: hammer, measuring tape, drill, handsaw

Skilled worker: general worker (3)

Technical information: Set up formwork for pile cap, insert reinforcement for pile cap, and set up the reinforcement for column stump before pouring the concrete.

Construction activity 2: Pour concrete into the formwork

Duration: 2 days

Material: Concrete

Equipment: Concrete mixer truck, Skip, Concrete vibrator

Skilled worker: Concrete mixer truck operator (1), general worker (3)

Technical information: Pour the concrete into the formwork through skip from concrete mixer truck, vibrate and mix the concrete evenly using concrete vibrator to increase its strength by preventing air pockets.

Week 10

Construction activity 1: Pile cap harden process

Duration: 7 days

Material: -

Equipment: -

Skilled worker: -

Technical information: Let the concrete pile cap harden for 7 days to wait it mature and sufficient strength, open formwork after completed.

Week 11

Construction activity 1: Set up formwork for column stump

Duration: 2 days

Material: Plywood, nails

Equipment: hammer, measuring tape, drill, handsaw

Skilled worker:

Technical information: Set up formwork for column stump before pouring the concrete.

Construction activity 2: Pour concrete into the formwork

Duration: 2 days

Material: Concrete

Equipment: Concrete mixer truck, Skip, Concrete vibrator

Skilled worker:

Technical information: Pour the concrete into the formwork through skip from concrete mixer truck, vibrate the concrete to increase its strength.

Week 12

Construction activity 1: Column stump harden process

Duration: 7 days

Material: -

Equipment: -

Skilled worker: -

Technical information: Let the concrete column stump harden for 7 days to wait it mature and sufficient strength, open formwork after completed

Construction activity 2: Back filling the pile foundation

Duration: 1 day

Material: soil

Equipment: Multipurpose excavator (1)

Skilled worker: Multipurpose excavator Operator

Technical information: After the harden process, fill up the excavated part around the foundation to move on to the next process.

Week 13

Construction activity 1: Plumbing Sub-Slab

Duration: 3 days

Material: -

Equipment: -

Skilled worker: -

Technical information: -

Week 14

Construction Activity 1: Ground beam

Duration: 6 Days

Materials: Concrete Grade 30, reinforcement, timber formwork

Equipment: Concrete vibrator (1) , bar bending machine (1), table saw, machine mix concrete (1)

Skilled worker: Carpenter (4) , bar bender (2), general worker (1)

Technical information: Determine material, mark the number of form panels, amount of falsework, place reinforcement bar, erecting the formwork and falsework, propping and centering, shuttling, provision a camber, brace the wood with stringer and support by struts and cleat, ensure a grout-tight seal, cleaning and surface treatment, slump test for concrete, pour cement concrete

Construction Activity 2: Columns

Duration: 6 Days


Equipment: Concrete vibrator (1) , bar bending machine (1), table saw


Technical information: Erection sequence for a column, place reinforcement bar as instructed, position formwork for the column from predetermined grids, securely support using adjustable steel props, safely secured to the column formwork and the floor, and that adjustment for pushing and pulling is operational, set up and transfer column clamp positions from the storey rod onto column formwork, use nails to support the arms of column clamps while wedging, check the formwork at the top for square

Week 14Construction Activity 1: Ground Floor Slab Duration: 6 Days Materials: Plywood formworkEquipment: Dip-galvanised nails, hammer, measuring tape, table sawSkilled worker: General worker (2), carpenter (1), Technical information: Determine the plan to place slab, constructing slab formwork, propping and centering, fixing plywood to timber frames, side and bottom shutter of RCC members are fixed, give an upward camber in the horizontal member of concrete, surface treatment, fixed the reinforced steel inside.Thickness range of plywood: 7mm - 32mm

Week 15Construction Activity 1: Ground Floor Slab Duration: 6 Days Materials: Reinforced steel, service pipes, concrete Grade 20Equipment: Mixer truck (2), concrete vibrator (1), tipper, wheelbarrowSkilled worker: General worker (2), carpenter (2), bar bender (2)Technical information: Install service pipes, fixed the reinforced steel, slump test for concrete, pour cement concrete, striking and dismantling, remove formwork

Week 16

Construction Activity 1: Ground beam

Duration: 6 Days


Equipment: Concrete vibrator (1) , bar bending machine (1), table saw, machine mix concrete(1)


Technical information: pour cement concrete, striking and dismantling, remove forming vertical faces, remove shuttling forming soffit


Duration: 6 Days




Technical information: Position and wedge the remainder of the column clamps, using a plumb bob suspended from a gauge block plumb the column, securely propped a final check for plumb and column, provision of camber, ensure a grout-

tight seal, cleaning and surface treatment, slump test for concrete, concrete has been poured and vibrated

Week 17


Duration: 6 Days




Technical information: striking and dismantling, remove forming vertical sides of column

Week 18

Construction Activity 1: First Floor SlabDuration: 6 Days Materials: Plywood formworkEquipment: Dip-galvanised nails, hammer, measuring tape, table sawSkilled worker: General worker (2), carpenter (1), Technical information: Determine the plan to place slab, constructing slab formwork, propping and centering, fixing plywood to timber frames, side and bottom shutter of RCC members are fixed, give an upward camber in the horizontal member of concrete, surface treatment, fixed the reinforced steel inside.Thickness range of plywood: 7mm - 32mm

Week 19Construction Activity 1: First Floor Slab Duration: 6 Days Materials: Reinforced steel, service pipes, concrete Grade 20Equipment: Mixer truck (2), concrete vibrator (1), tipper, wheelbarromSkilled worker: General worker (2), carpenter (2), bar bender (2)Technical information: Install service pipes, fixed the reinforced steel, slump test for concrete, pour cement concrete, striking and dismantling, remove formwork

Week 20

Construction Activity 1: Beam First floor

Duration: 6 Days





Construction Activity 2: Columns (Grid 11-13)

Duration: 6 Days





Week 21

Construction Activity 1: Beam (Grid 8-10)

Duration: 6 Days






Duration: 6 Days




Technical information: Position and wedge the remainder of the column clamps, using a plumb bob suspended from a gauge block plumb the column, securely propped a final check for plumb and column, provision of camber, ensure a grout-tight seal, cleaning and surface treatment, slump test for concrete, concrete has been poured and vibrated

Week 22


Duration: 6 Days





Week 23

Construction Activity 1: Second Floor SlabDuration: 6 Days Materials: Plywood formworkEquipment: Dip-galvanised nails, hammer, measuring tape, table sawSkilled worker: General worker (2), carpenter (1), Technical information: Determine the plan to place slab, constructing slab formwork, propping and centering, fixing plywood to timber frames, side and bottom shutter of RCC members are fixed, give an upward camber in the horizontal member of concrete, surface treatment, fixed the reinforced steel inside.Thickness range of plywood: 7mm - 32mm

Week 24Construction Activity 1: Second Floor Slab (Grid 7-14)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Reinforced steel, service pipes, concrete Grade 20Equipment: Mixer truck (2), concrete vibrator (1), tipper, wheelbarromSkilled worker: General worker (2), carpenter (2), bar bender (2)Technical information: Install service pipes, fixed the reinforced steel, slump test for concrete, pour cement concrete, striking and dismantling, remove formwork

Week 25

Construction Activity 1: Beam second floor

Duration: 6 Days






Duration: 6 Days





Week 26

Construction Activity 1: Beam (Grid 8-10)

Duration: 6 Days






Duration: 6 Days




Technical information: Position and wedge the remainder of the column clamps, using a plumb bob suspended from a gauge block plumb the column, securely propped a final check for plumb and column, provision of camber, ensure a grout-tight seal, cleaning and surface treatment, slump test for concrete, concrete has been poured and vibrated

Week 27


Duration: 6 Days





WEEK 28

Construction Activity 1: Staircase (Grid 7-14) Ground floorDuration: 3 Days Materials: Ply Woods, Timber Battens Equipment: Measuring Tape, Chalk Line, Drill, Hammer, Hand SawSkilled worker: Carpenter (1), Joinery (1)Technical information: Make a pitch board with the angle of 30°. Hold pitch board on the side to represent the top of the stair slab and mark the riser and tread

Construction Activity 2: Staircase (Grid 7-14)Duration: 3 Days Materials: Timber, Metal or Prefabricated FormworkEquipment: Drill, Hammer, Hand SawSkilled worker: Bar Benders (1), Formwork Carpenters (1)Technical information: Construct formwork by laying out riser heights and tread widths followed by soffit, joist and stringer lines. Then lay out thickness of risers from boards. Cut and nailed cleats to plank, nail riser form boards to the ends of cleats.

WEEK 29

Construction Activity 1: Staircase (Grid 7-14) ground floorDuration: 2 Days Materials: Hook, NLT 25’, VERT RR pins, rebar wire, cast aluminium, Cast in place sleeveEquipment: Measuring Tape, chalk line, drill, hammer, hand sawSkilled worker: Bar Benders (1), Formwork Carpenters (1)Technical information: To create strong grid of rebar, two or more pieces of rebar cross are joined together. Secure riser form board with cleats attached about an inch above the stairs layout to the slide form.

Construction Activity 2: Staircase (Grid 7-14)Duration: 4 Days Materials: Concrete, Long screws, NailsEquipment: Portable Cement Mixer, Concrete Vibrator, Spade, Screed Board

Skilled worker: Carpenters (2)Technical information: Concrete ceiling and stairs pour in the same day to create strong bond between the components. Use long screws and nails to lock together the wooden formwork. After filling the formwork with concrete, mix evenly with concrete vibrator to prevent air pockets. Use straight edge to spread the concrete and circular moves to create even finish. Keep the concrete wet or damp to prevent cracks for up to one week while it cures.

WEEK 30

Construction Activity 1: Staircase (Grid 7-14)first floorDuration: 3 Days Materials: Ply Woods, Timber Battens Equipment: Measuring Tape, Chalk Line, Drill, Hammer, Hand SawSkilled worker: Carpenter (1), Joinery (1)Technical information: Make a pitch board with the angle of 30°. Hold pitch board on the side to represent the top of the stair slab and mark the riser and tread


WEEK 31

Construction Activity 1: Staircase (Grid 7-14)first floorDuration: 2 Days Materials: Hook, NLT 25’, VERT RR pins, rebar wire, cast aluminium, Cast in place sleeveEquipment: Measuring Tape, chalk line, drill, hammer, hand sawSkilled worker: Bar Benders (1), Formwork Carpenters (1)

Technical information: To create strong grid of rebar, two or more pieces of rebar cross are joined together. Secure riser form board with cleats attached about an inch above the stairs layout to the slide form.

Construction Activity 2: Staircase (Grid 7-14)Duration: 4 Days Materials: Concrete, Long screws, NailsEquipment: Portable Cement Mixer, Concrete Vibrator, Spade, Screed BoardSkilled worker: Carpenters (2)Technical information: Concrete ceiling and stairs pour in the same day to create strong bond between the components. Use long screws and nails to lock together the wooden formwork. After filling the formwork with concrete, mix evenly with concrete vibrator to prevent air pockets. Use straight edge to spread the concrete and circular moves to create even finish. Keep the concrete wet or damp to prevent cracks for up to one week while it cures.

Week 32

Construction Activity 1: Brickwork (Grid 7-14) –ground floorDuration: 5 days Materials: Red Burnt Clay Bricks, Cement mixer, reinforce meshEquipment: Rose Brick Trowels, carpenter level, brick jointerSkilled worker: Brick Layers (3), Pointing, cleaning, and caulking workers (1)Technical information:

Brickwork process including bricks, beds and perpends. The bed is made up with mortar

with brick is laid. Perpends is a vertical joint between two bricks filled with mortar.

Bricks of dimensions 215 mm x 102.5 mm × 65 mm;

Mortar beds and perpends of a uniform 10 mm.

Wire are used every 3 layers of bricks laid to control mortar shrinkage and crack control due to temperature and pressure extremes, and bond intersecting walls.

Brickwork needs to be supported over openings the opening are often supporting by reinforcing steel fully embedded in Portland cement grout. The steel angles, can provide all

the support, or be attached to the primary structure such as a reinforced concrete frame, to which the load is transferred. Supporting windows and doors.

Week 33

Construction Activity 1: Brickwork (Grid 7-14) –first floor Duration: 5 days Materials: Red Burnt Clay Bricks, Cement mixer, reinforce meshEquipment: Rose Brick Trowels, carpenter level, brick jointerSkilled worker: Brick Layers (3), Pointing, cleaning, and caulking workers (1)Technical information:

Brickwork process including bricks, beds and perpends. The bed is made up with mortar

with brick is laid. Perpends is a vertical joint between two bricks filled with mortar.




Brickwork needs to be supported over openings the opening are often supporting by reinforcing steel fully embedded in Portland cement grout. The steel angles, can provide all the support, or be attached to the primary structure such as a reinforced concrete frame, to which the load is transferred. Supporting windows and doors.

Week 34Construction Activity 2: Brickwork (Grid 7-14) –second floor Duration: 3 days Materials: Red Burnt Clay Bricks, Cement mixer, reinforce meshEquipment: Rose Brick Trowels, carpenter level, brick jointerSkilled worker: Brick Layers (3), Pointing, cleaning, and caulking workers (1)Technical information:

Brickwork process including brick laying, reinforcement of the wall and reinforcement of

openings. The bed is made up with mortar with brick is laid. Perpends is a vertical joint

between two bricks filled with mortar.




Brickwork needs to be supported over openings the opening are often supporting by reinforcing steel fully embedded in Portland cement grout. The steel angles, can provide all the support, or be attached to the primary structure such as a reinforced concrete frame, to which the load is transferred. Supporting windows and doors.

WEEK 35

Construction Activity 1: Staircase (Grid 7-14)Duration: 3 Days Materials: Ply Woods, Timber Battens Equipment: Measuring Tape, Chalk Line, Drill, Hammer, Hand SawSkilled worker: Carpenter (1), Joinery (1)

Technical information: Make a pitch board with the angle of 30°. Hold pitch board on the side to represent the top of the stair slab and mark the riser and tread


WEEK 36

Construction Activity 1: Staircase (Grid 7-14)Duration: 2 Days Materials: Hook, NLT 25’, VERT RR pins, rebar wire, cast aluminium, Cast in place sleeveEquipment: Measuring Tape, chalk line, drill, hammer, hand sawSkilled worker: Bar Benders (1), Formwork Carpenters (1)Technical information: To create strong grid of rebar, two or more pieces of rebar cross are joined together. Secure riser form board with cleats attached about an inch above the stairs layout to the slide form.

Construction Activity 2: Staircase (Grid 7-14)Duration: 4 Days Materials: Concrete, Long screws, NailsEquipment: Portable Cement Mixer, Concrete Vibrator, Spade, Screed BoardSkilled worker: Carpenters (2)Technical information: Concrete ceiling and stairs pour in the same day to create strong bond between the components. Use long screws and nails to lock together the wooden formwork. After filling the formwork with concrete, mix evenly with concrete vibrator to prevent air pockets. Use straight edge to spread the concrete and circular moves to create even finish. Keep the concrete wet or damp to prevent cracks for up to one week while it cures.

Week 37Construction Activity 1: Roof (Grid 7-14)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Metal trusses Equipment: Crane (1), Driller, screw driver, spiral screw, measuring tapeSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1), truss erector (1), crane operator (1)Technical information: Install permanent lateral bracing to truss.

Construction Activity 2: Roof (Grid 1-7)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Ridge metal (aluminium), ridge bracket, ridge vent Equipment: Driller, screw driver, spiral screw, measuring tape, metal benderSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1), bar bender (1)

Construction Activity 3: Brickwork – Rendering (Grid 7-14)—ground floorDuration: 3 Days Materials: Red Burnt Clay Bricks, Mixed Portland Composite Cement, Mixed Blended White CementEquipment: Masonry Brushes, Sled Runners, Skilled worker: Pointing, cleaning, and caulking workers (2) and plasterer (2)Technical information: Cement render on the surface of brick wall after cleaning with masonry brush. Then, scratch first coat of render before it set to provide key for second layer. Skim coat mixed blended white cement on it.

Construction Activity 4: Brickwork – Rendering (Grid 7-14)—first floor Duration: 3 Days Materials: Red Burnt Clay Bricks, Mixed Portland Composite Cement, Mixed Blended White CementEquipment: Masonry Brushes, Sled Runners, Skilled worker: Pointing, cleaning, and caulking workers (2) and plasterer (2)Technical information: Cement render on the surface of brick wall after cleaning with masonry brush. Then, scratch first coat of render before it set to provide key for second layer. Skim coat mixed blended white cement on it.

Technical information: Install ridge block.

Week 38Construction Activity 1: Roof (Grid 7-14)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Ridge metal (aluminium), ridge bracket, ridge vent Equipment: Driller, screw driver, spiral screw, measuring tape, metal benderSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1), bar bender (1)Technical information: Install ridge block.

Construction Activity 2: Roof (Grid 1-7)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Fascia board ribbon, fascia board bracketEquipment: Driller, screw driver, spiral screw, measuring tape, metal benderSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1), bar bender (1)Technical information: Install fascia board.

Construction Activity 3: Brickwork – Rendering (Grid 7-14)—second floorDuration: 3 Days Materials: Red Burnt Clay Bricks, Mixed Portland Composite Cement, Mixed Blended White CementEquipment: Masonry Brushes, Sled Runners, Skilled worker: Pointing, cleaning, and caulking workers(2) and plasterer (2)Technical information: Cement render on the surface of brick wall after cleaning with masonry brush. Then, scratch first coat of render before it set to provide key for second layer. Skim coat mixed blended white cement on it.

Week 39Construction Activity 1: Roof (Grid 7-14)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Fascia board ribbon, fascia board bracketEquipment: Driller, screw driver, spiral screw, measuring tape, metal benderSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1), bar bender (1)Technical information: Install fascia board.

Construction Activity 2: Roof (Grid 1-14)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Metal anchor sling, roof anchor bracketEquipment: Driller, screw driver, spiral screw, measuring tape, metal benderSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1), bar bender (1)Technical information: Install anchor slings.

Week 40Construction Activity 1: Roof (Grid 1-7)Duration: 3 Days Materials: Chicken nettingEquipment: Measuring tape, metal bender, dip-galvanised nails, hammer, metal cutterSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1)Technical information: Install chicken netting.

Week 41Construction Activity 1: Roof (Grid 7-14)Duration: 3 Days

Materials: Chicken nettingEquipment: Measuring tape, metal bender, dip-galvanised nails, hammer, metal cutterSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1)Technical information: Install chicken netting.

Construction Activity 2: Roof (Grid 1-7)Duration: 3 Days Materials: Aluminium sheetEquipment: Measuring tape, metal bender, dip-galvanised nails, hammer, metal cutterSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1)Technical information: Install aluminium flashing.

Week 42Construction Activity 1: Roof (Grid 7-14)Duration: 3 Days Materials: Chicken nettingEquipment: Measuring tape, metal bender, dip-galvanised nails, hammer, metal cutterSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1)Technical information: Install aluminium flashing.

Week 43Construction Activity 1: Roof (Grid 1-7)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Metal batten strips (aluminium)Equipment: Measuring tape, metal bender, dip-galvanised nails, hammer, metal cutterSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1)Technical information: Install batten.

Construction Activity 2: Roof (Grid 7-14)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Metal batten strips (aluminium)Equipment: Measuring tape, metal bender, dip-galvanised nails, hammer, metal cutterSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1)Technical information: Install batten.

Week 44Construction Activity 1: Roof (Grid 1-7)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Cement tilesEquipment: Measuring tape, metal bender, dip-galvanised nails, hammer, metal cutterSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1)Technical information: Install batten.

Construction Activity 2: Roof (Grid 7-14)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Metal batten strips (aluminium)Equipment: Measuring tape, metal bender, dip-galvanised nails, hammer, metal cutterSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1)Technical information: Install batten.

Week 45 Construction Activity 1: Roof (Grid 1-7)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Cement tilesEquipment: Measuring tape, dip-galvanised nails, hammerSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1), roof tiler (1)Technical information: Place cement tiles and nail every third row.

Construction Activity 2: Roof (Grid 7-14)Duration: 6 Days Materials: Cement tilesEquipment: Measuring tape, dip-galvanised nails, hammerSkilled worker: Roofer (1), general worker (1), roof tiler (1)Technical information: Place cement tiles and nail every third row.

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