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Computer Fundamental

Introduction to Computer (Computer Gi f~wgKv): ïay Kw¤úDUvi bq †h †Kvb welq wk¶v MÖnY Kivi Av‡M welqwU m¤ú‡K© fvjfv‡e Rvbv DwPZ, we‡kl

K‡i welqwU wK, †Kb, †Kv_vq †_‡K DrcwË mn wewfbœ welq Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| †Zgwb fv‡e Computer m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Kivi ïiæ‡ZB GB wel‡qi Avw` BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© fv‡jvfv‡e Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| What is Computer?

Ans: A Computer is an Electronic device that has ability to accept data internally store

and automatically execute a program of instruction performs mathematical, logical and

manipulative operation on data and report the result.

What is Computer (Kw¤úDUvi wK?) Ans: Computer GKwU AZ¨vaywbK B‡jKUªwb· ev ˆe y¨wZK hš¿| hv Avf¨šÍixb fv‡e Data ev Z_¨ gRy` ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges e¨enviKvixi wb‡`©kgvjv Abymv‡i ¯^qswµqfv‡e †Kvb MvwbwZK I †hŠw³K fv‡e we‡kølY K‡i GKwU mwVK djvdj cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Or: A Computer is a set of electro-mechanical device, which can sense electrical

signal and logic. It can process this electrical signal according to the logic.

Ans: Computer GKwU ˆe y¨wZK h‡š¿i mgvnvi| hv ‰e y¨wZK cÖev‡ni gva‡g †hŠw³K Kvhv©ejx m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| GwU ˆe y¨wZK Zi½‡K wbR¯^ msK‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i e¨enviKvix KZ…©K cÖ‡qvMK…Z wb‡`©‡ki mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡i _v‡K|

What do you mean by? Computer k‡ãi DrcwË: Ans: Computer GKwU Bs‡iRx kã| Gi A_© Z_¨ cÖwµqv I MYK hš¿| j¨vwUb kã Kw¤úD‡Uqvi (Computare) ‡_‡K Bs‡iRx Kw¤úDUvi k‡ãi DrcwË| Compute k‡ãi A_© MYbv ev wnmve wbKvk Kiv| †m wn‡m‡e Kw¤úDUvi A_© MYbvKvix hš¿| ZvB Bs‡iRx Compute kã †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi k‡ãi DrcwË|

Characteristics of Computer (Computer ‰ewkó¨ mg~n) Ans: Computer GKwU eû ˆewkó¨ m¤úbœ B‡jKUªwb· hš¿| Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvixi wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx 100% KvR wbf~©j Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Ges `ªæZMwZ, K¬vwšÍnxbZv, myÿèZv,¯§„wZkw³,¯^qswµZv,hyw³MZ mwVK wm×všÍ ªæZ w`‡Z cv‡i GQvov A‡bK Z_¨ gRy` ivL‡Z cv‡i, Kw¤úDUvi wek¦¯’ fv‡e KvR K‡i Ges Z_¨ †Mvcb iv‡L|

Importance use of Computer (Kvh©‡¶‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¸iæZ¡) t Ans: eZ©gvb we‡k¦ ivóªxq, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK †h †Kvb Kv‡R Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Kw¤úDUvi KvR

Kivi `ªæZZv, wbf~©jZv, Z_¨ msi¶Y ¶gZv ev †Mvcb ivLv BZ¨vw` cÖavb ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi

w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| wb‡gœ Kw¤úDUv‡ii eûgyLx e¨envi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt

K) ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Kw¤úDUvi|

L) KjKviLvbv, cÖKvkbv I wkí KviLvbvi †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi|

M) †hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î (UªvwdK, wU‡KwUs, B-†gBj, wegvb, b‡fvhvb, w`K wb‡ ©kbv) Kw¤úDUvi|

N) e¨emv evwb‡R¨i †¶‡Î (†`vKvb, e¨vswKs wm‡÷g, BÝy‡iÝ) Kw¤úDUvi|

O) wk¶v †¶‡Î (wk¶v DcKib, DËicÎ evQvB, B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK wek¦we`¨vjq covïbv) Kw¤úDUvi|

P) ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvi †¶‡Î (c`v_©, imvqb, BwÄwbqvwis, cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb) Kw¤úDUvi|

Q) wPwKrmv †¶‡Î (†ivM wbY©q, †ivMxi Jla wbY©q, †iv‡Mi e„ËvšÍ msi¶Y) Kw¤úDUvi|

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R) Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î (B›Uvi‡bU I †bUIqvwK©s,mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM) Kw¤úDUvi|

S) mvgwiK †¶‡Î (mgiv ¿ wbqš¿Y, ivWvi cwiPvjbv, ˆmb¨‡`i cÖwk¶Y) Kw¤úDUvi|

T) wPÎ-we‡bv`‡bi †¶‡Î (Mvbïbv, Qwe †`Lv, wkï †Mgm, gvwëwgwWqv) Kw¤úDUvi|

P) AvBb k„s•Ljvi †ÿ‡Î mš¿vmx‡`i Qwemn WvUv‡eR ˆZix K‡i mš¿vm `g‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Q Kw¤úDUvi|

How to work Computer & Organization of Computer.

(Kw¤úDUvi wK fv‡e KvR K‡i? Ges Gi mvsMVwbK Ask¸‡jv wK wK ?) Ans: Computer n‡jv hš¿ mvgMÖx I †cÖvMÖvg mvgMÖxi mgš‡q MwVZ| Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb ej‡Z †Kej hš¿mvgMÖx ev Hardware (nvW©Iq¨v‡ii) msMVb‡K eySvq| AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡i cvuPwU Ask i‡q‡Q| †hgb: 1. Input Device ev MÖnY gyL Ask

2. Processing Unit/CPU ev wbqš¿b Ask

3. Mathmatical & logical Unit ev MvwbwZK ev hyw³ Ask

4. Memory Unit ev ¯§„wZ fvÛvi

5. Output Device ev wbM©gb gyL Ask|

wPÎt Kw¤úDUvi msMVb|

1. Input Device - MÖnY gyL Ask t Input Device Gi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUvi‡K WvUv wb‡`©k †`qv nq|

2. Processing Unit - wbqš¿b Ask t CPU GB As‡k Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR wbqš¿b K‡i|

3. Mathmatical & logical Unit (MvwbwZK ev hyw³ Ask) t GB As‡k Kw¤úDUv‡ii MvwbwZK I †hŠw³K cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i| 4. Memory Unit ev ¯§„wZ fvÛvi t Kw¤úDUv‡ii `yB ai‡bi (Memory)¯§„wZ wb‡q GB Ask MwVZ|

5. Output Unit ev wbM©gb gyL Ask t Output Unit Gi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii mg¯Í djvdj Rvbv‡bvi

e¨e ’v K‡i †`q|

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History of Computer (Computer Gi BwZnvm)t Ans: Computer hš¿wU GK w`‡b Avwe®‹vi nqwb| bvbv weeZ©b I cwiewZ©Z n‡q AvR‡Ki AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi ev¯Íeiƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| cÖvPxb hy‡M gvbyl bywocv_i, wSbyK, Av½yj Øviv ev cv‡q `vM †K‡U Mbbv Kiv n‡Zv| eZ©gv‡b MYbvi cwie‡Z© AvaywbK Digital ev msL¨v wfwËK MYbv ïiæ n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb Kv‡j A¨vevKvm (Abacus) hš¿wU cÖPzi e¨eüZ n‡jI gvbyl G‡Z m‡šÍvó nqwb| ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi MwbZwe` Rb †bwcqvi (1550-1617) L„t wnmve-wbKv‡ki Rb¨ nvZxi `vu‡Zi †QvU †QvU Ask w`‡h GKwU hš¿ ˆZix K‡ib, hv‡K †bwcqv‡ii Aw ’ (Bone) ejv nq|

wPÎ: Abacus

1786 mv‡j me© cÖ_g Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU cyY©v½ cwiKíbv K‡ib e„wUk bvMwiK Pvj©m e¨‡eR| wZwb

(1792-1871) mv‡j Kw¤úDUvi hš¿wU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| 1822 mv‡j e„wUk miKv‡ii Aby`v‡b "Difference

Engine" ev we‡qvM wfwËK MYbv hš¿ ˆZix K‡ib Cambridge University Gi MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK ew„Uk bvMwiK Charles Babbage. wZwb cÖ_g †h Computer Gi e¨env‡ii KvR ïiæ K‡ib Zv‡Z eZ©gvb AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii A‡bK ¸bB Dcw¯’Z wQj| wKš‘ ZrKvjxb Technical Forwarding Gi Afv‡e wZwb ev¯Íe iƒc w`‡Z cv‡ib bvB| ZeyI Zvi wPšÍvfvebv cieZx©‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q weavq ÒPvjm© e¨‡eRÓ-†K Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq|

wPÎ: Charles Babbage

1833 mv‡j Charles Babbage "Analytical Engine" bv‡g GKwU hvwš¿K Kw¤úDUvi ˆZixi

cwiKíbv K‡ib| wKš‘ mdjZvi mv‡_ ˆZix Ki‡Z wej¤ nIqvq e„wUk miKvi Aby`vb eÜ Kivi Kvi‡Y †mwU PzovšÍ

Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| 1954 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi AvBweGg-701 D™¢ve‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖvwZôvwbK fv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨emv

ïiæ K‡i| cieZx©‡Z 1971 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi B‡›Uj †Kv¤úvbx GgGmwm-4 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ˆZixi ga¨ w`‡q gvB‡µv

Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖPjb ïiæ nq|

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AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK:

Charles Babbage ‡K AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq| Pvj©m e¨v‡eR 1822 mv‡j "Difference Engine" ‰Zixi cwiKíbv K‡ib I cieZx©‡Z 1830-1834 mv‡j ev¯úxq kw³ e¨envi K‡i Analytical Engine ‰Zixi cwiKíbv K‡ib| Zvi cwiKíbv †_‡K me©cÖ_g Input Device, CPU,

Output Device m¤ú‡K© avibv jvf K‡i| ZrKvjxb Technical Forwarding Gi Afv‡e wZwb ev¯Íe iƒc w`‡Z cv‡ib bvB| Charles Babbage Gi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii A‡bKUv wgj i‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡b ÒPvjm© e¨‡eRÓ-†K Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq| cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi (First Computer Programmer): ‡jwW A¨vWv AMvóv j¨vfj¨vm (Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace) wQ‡jb weªwUk Kwe jW© evB‡iv‡bi Kb¨v Ges Pvj©m e¨v‡e‡Ri eÜz| †WwW A¨vWv AMvóv I Pvj©m e¨v‡e‡Ri Analytical Engine ‰Zixi bKkv cªbq‡b Pvj©m e¨v‡eR‡K mnvqZv K‡ib Ges GB †gwk‡bi Rb¨ ‡cÖvMÖvg ˆZixi avibv †`b| ZvB Zv‡K Kw¤úDUvi RM‡Zi cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvgvi ejv nq| ‡jwW A¨vWv AMvóv Gi bvg Abymv‡i Zvi ˆZix ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi bvg ivLv nq Ada.

Z_¨ cÖhyw³ (Information Technology): Z_¨ Rvbv gvby‡li AwaKvi| Z_¨msMÖn, Gi mZ¨Zv I ˆeaZv hvPvB, msiÿY, cÖwµqvKiY, AvaywbKiY,cwienb, weZiY I e¨e ’vcbvi mv‡_ mswkøó cÖhyw³‡K ejv nq Z_¨cÖhyw³ ev Information

Technology. ms‡ÿ‡c GB cÖhyw³‡K ejv nq AvBwU(IT)| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (Information & Communication Technology):

Kw¤úDUvi wKsev †Kvb h‡š¿i gva‡g †WUv‡K GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b ev GK wWfvBm n‡Z Ab¨ wWfvB‡m

¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖwµqv n‡”Q ‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb| Kv‡RB KwgDwb‡Kkb Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hv gvby‡li Rxe‡b mKj

†ÿ‡Î jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b Ggb †Kvb †ÿÎ cvIqv hv‡e bv †hLv‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³i e¨envi bvB|

eZ©gv‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³‡K Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Information & Communication Technology

ev ICT ejv nq| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i †ÿÎ A‡bK eo| Z_¨msMÖn, cÖwµqvKiY, msiÿY I weZiY

e¨e ’vi mv‡_ mswkøó mvaviY †Uwj‡dvb n‡Z ïiæ K‡i AvaywbK ¯§vU© †dvb, AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi, †iwWI

†Uwjwfkbmn mKj ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, B›Uvi‡bU I †bUIqvK© Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i AvIZvf~³|

ICT consists of Hardware, Software, Networks and media of collection, storage,

Processing, transmission, and presentation of Information.

Generation of Computer(Kw¤úDUvi cÖRb¥):

Generation of Computer (Kw¤úDUvi cÖRb¥)

Ans: Computer hš¿wUi µgt weeZ©b I weKvk jv‡fi wewfbœ chv©‡qi GK GKwU avc‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖRb¥ ev Computer Generation e‡j| Kw¤úDUvi cÖRb¥‡K cvuPwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| 1) cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (First Generation)

2) wØZxq cÖRb¥ (Second Generation)

3) Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ (Third Generation)

4) PZz_© cÖRb¥ (Fourth Generation)

5) cÂg cÖRb¥ (Fifth Generation)

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1) cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (First Generation) : 1951-1958 GB mgq‡K aiv nq cÖ_g cÖRb¥| GB mg‡q Kw¤úDUv‡i wUDe wewkó ˆe`y¨wZK eZ©bxi e¨envi, Pz¤^Kxq Wªvg, cv Kv‡W©I Dc‡hvMx input,output device signal

Code e¨envi nZ| Vacuum Tubes to store information Memory devices is the Magnetic

Drum. Input Divce Card Reader, Output Divice, Line printer or punched card, ENIAC,

UNIVAC, IBM 704.Mark-1,2,3 BZ¨vw` cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi|

wPÎ: Mark-1 Computer

2) wØZxq cÖRb¥ (Second Generation) : 1958-1965 mvj ch©šÍ GB mgq‡K aiv nq wØZxq cÖRb¥| 1965 mv‡j Jack Cent Clear bvgK GKRb Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx Transistor, Register and Capacitor

wb‡q GKwU mvwK©U ˆZix K‡ib, IC hv‡K bv‡g cwiwPZ| Transistors replaced Vacuum Tubes.

Core Memory was developed, faster than First Generation computers Store one bit

(on/off) of information, IBM 1400, IBM 1620 BZ¨vw`|

wPÎ: IC (Integrated Circuit

3) Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ (Third Generation) : 1965-1970 mvj ch©šÍ GB mgq‡K aiv nq Z…Zxq cÖRb¥| GB cÖR‡b¥ WMjvm G‡Rj evU© 1968 mv‡j Keyboard Gi cvkvcvwk Mouse Gi e¨envi ïiæ K‡ib| Circuits

Boards replaced Transistors, Transistors used in memory constructions Terminal were

introduced, IBM 360,370,PDP8, Honeywell 200 BZ¨vw`|

wPÎ: Keyboard , Mouse

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4) PZz_© cÖRb¥ (Fourth Generation): 1971 †_‡K eZ©gvb mvj ch©šÍ GB mgq‡K aiv nq PZz_© cÖRb¥| G cÖR‡b¥i †ej j¨ve‡iUixi yÕRb Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx KZ„©K UNIX Operating System, ROM,

PROM,EPROM BZ¨vw` Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| American Intel Company 1971 mv‡j Microprocessor

‰Zix K‡ib| d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvK…wZ A‡bKUv †QvU AvKvi avib K‡i‡Q| 1972 mv‡j CRAY- 1 Super

Computer Ges 1975 mv‡j MS-DOS Ges cieZx©‡Z Windows Gi e¨envi ïiæ K‡ib|

LSI & VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)Technology used Development of Portable

Computers RAID Technology of data storage.Used in virtual reality, multimedia,

simulation Computers started in use for Data Communication Different types of

memories with very high accessing speed & storage capacity. BZ¨vw`|

wPÎ: RAM,ROM ,Microprocessor

5) cÂg cÖRb¥ I fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv (Fifth Generation):

1981 mv‡j Rvcv‡b AbywôZ †PŠÏwU †`‡ki Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx‡`i †Nvlbvq 1995 mv‡j ci †_‡K Avwe®K…Z Kw¤úDUvi mg~n‡K cÂg cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| weÁvbx‡`i aviYv G cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi mg~n gvby‡li fvlv‡K wb‡Ri fvlvq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi mg ~n gvby‡li b¨vq wePvi eyw× we‡kølb Ki‡Z cvi‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q| GB cÖR‡b¥ VLSI, SLSI and

Artificial Intelligence, Improve Storage Device (Video Disk) Modern computers

,APPLE, IBM PC Machintosh BZ¨vw`|

Types of Computers(Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kªwY wefvM:

Classification of Computer with Characters: (Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨ mn †kªYx web¨vm): AvK…wZ Z_v ¯§„wZ cwiwa, cÖhyw³MZ w`K, Kv‡Ri ¶gZv, aib Ges Kv‡Ri myweavi †cÖw¶‡Z AvaywbK

Kw¤úDUvi‡K cÖavbZ y'†kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-

1) cÖhyw³MZ w`K †_‡K (According to Technology)

2) ¯§„wZi cwiwa Abymv‡i (According to Memory)

* According to Technology (cÖhyw³MZ w`K †_‡K) Kw¤úDUvi wZb cÖKvit 1. Digital Computer

2. Analog Computer

3. Hybrid Computer

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* According to Technology: Abymv‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kªYx wefv‡Mi eY©bv wbgœiƒct 1.Digital Computer:

‡h Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ MvwYwZK I hyw³MZ KvR Kiv hvq †KejgvÎ evBbvix c×wZ‡Z A_v©r 0 (off)

Ges 1(On) Gi Dcw¯’wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i WvUv wb‡q _v‡K| Digit kã †_‡K Digital k‡ãi DrcwË| Digit n‡”Q msL¨vevPK msL¨v| msL¨vevPK kã Øviv m¤úvw`Z KvR‡K Digital IqvK© e‡j| †hgbt eY©, msL¨v, cÖZxK BZ¨vw` BbcyU wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|

wPÎ: Digital Computer

2. Analog Computer: ‡h Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ `~iZ¡, ms‡KZ, †iva, Pvc,Zvc, we y¨r †fv‡ëR cwigvc BZ¨vw` MYbv Kiv nq

Zv‡K Analog Computer e‡j| Analog Computer BbcyU Dcv‡Ëi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| GwU mvavibZt c`v_© weÁv‡bi bxwZi wfwˇZ ˆZix GKwU cwigvcK hš¿| †gvUiMvoxi †eM wbY©qK hš¿ wnmv‡e Analog Computer e¨envi Kiv nq|

wPÎ: Analog Computer

3. Hybrid Computer: Analog Ges Digital Computer D³ yB †kªYxi Kw¤úDUvi wg‡j †h Kw¤úDUvi ˆZix Kiv nq Zv‡K

Hybrid ev wgkª c×wZi Computer e‡j| we‡kl ai‡bi ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv Kvh©µ‡gi †¶‡Î Analog Ges Digital Computer ms‡KZ c×wZi wgkª Dcw¯’wZ we`¨gvb, †m †¶‡Î Hybrid ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt nvmcvZv‡ji Bb‡Ubwmf †Kqv‡i G ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ nq|

wPÎ: Hybrid Computer

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According to Memory Abymv‡i Kw¤úDUv‡i †kªwY wefv‡Mi eY©bv wbgœiƒct Micro Computer ev Personal Computer mvaviZt Avgiv ‰`bw›`b Kv‡R †h mKj Computer

e¨envi Kwi Zv‡`i‡K Micro Computer ev Personal Computer ev PC ejv nq| Microprocessor

w`‡q ˆZixK…Z Kw¤úDUvi‡K Micro Computer ejv nq| Micro k‡ãi A_© ¶z ª| ZvB Microprocessor w`‡q ˆZix Kw¤úDUvi AvKv‡i †QvU Ges `vg I LiP Kg c‡o| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©µg cwiPvbvi Rb¨ †h AskwU mev©waK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Zv‡K Microprocessor

e‡j| 1971 mv‡j Intel bvgK GKwU cÖwZôvb Microprocessor ‰Zix K‡i| GKRb e¨enviKvix GKvB GKwU gvÎ Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ: First Micro Computer 1971

Micro Computer ‡K Avevi wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_vt 1. Super Micro Computer

2. Desktop Computer

3. Laptop Computer.

Laptop Computer ‡K Avevi wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgbt 1. Pum Top

2. Note Book

3. PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).

Mini Computer: gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q eo AvK…wZi Kw¤úDUvi‡K wgwb Kw¤úDUvi ejv nq| GB Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ 14wUi gZ Uvwg©bvj jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges 14 Rb †jvK GKB mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| e¨vsK A_©jMœxKvix cÖwZôvb I eo ai‡bi evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡b G ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|

Main Frame Computer: Micro Computer I Mini Computer Gi †_‡K eo AvK…wZi Kw¤úDUvi‡K Main Frame Computer e‡j| GB Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖvq 80wUi gZ Uvwg©bvj jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k Avwki `k‡Ki w`‡K cigvby kw³ Kwgk‡b GB Kw¤úDUvi ¯’vcb Kiv nq| †hgb: e¨vsK, exgv, nvmcvZvj BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv‡b ‡hLv‡b Kv‡Ri cwiwa LyeB †ewk †mLv‡b Gi iKg cÖwZôv‡b G Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb: Univac 110/01, IBM 370/167, IBM 4341 BZ¨vw`|

Super Computer: Super Computer n‡”Q c„w_exi me‡P‡q kw³kvjx I ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ| mycvi Kw¤úDUvi D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q hv w`‡q m~¶è ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv, wecyj cwigvb Z_¨ we‡kølY, b‡fvhvb, R½x wegvb Ges †¶cbv¯¿ wbqš¿b, gnvKvk M‡elYv BZ¨vw` KvR Kiv nq, Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq mycvi Kw¤úDUvi| Super

Computer Gi g‡a¨ 200 Uvwg©bvj jvMv‡bv hvq|

wPÎ: Super Computer

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Desktop Computer: Desktop Computer mn‡R Desk ev Table Gi Dci †i‡L KvR Kiv hvq e‡j Desktop Computer G‡K e‡j| †hgbt IBM, PC, APPLE, Macintosh etc.

wPÎ: Desktop Computer

Laptop Computer: Laptop Computer n‡”Q mn‡R enb †hvM¨ G ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi ¸‡jvi evwn¨K MVb A‡bKUv weªd‡K‡mi b¨vq| j¨vc A_v©r †Kv‡j †i‡L †h Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv hvq Zv‡K Laptop

Computer e‡j|

wPÎ: Laptop Computer

Note Book Computer: ‡QvU Wv‡qix ev Note Book AvK…wZi Laptop Computer ¸‡jv‡K Note Book Computer e‡j| Z‡e Bnvi e¨envi Lye Kg|

wPÎ: Notebook Computer

Micro Computer ‡K Avevi wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_vt 1. Super Micro Computer

2. Desk Top Computer

3. Laptop Computer.

Laptop Computer ‡K Avevi wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgbt 1. Pulm Top

2. Note Book

3. PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).

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Diagram of Micro Computer (WvqvMÖvg Abyhvqx gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kªYx wefvM): Micro Computer

Apple Computer IBM Computer

Brand Computer Clone Computer

Copmuter Hardware :

What do you understand by Hardware (nvW©Iq¨vi ej‡Z wK eySvq)? Hard k‡ãi A_© k³ Ges Ware k‡ãi A_© m~¶è KvwiMix hš¿vsk| A_v©r Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h mKj hš¿vsk

aiv hvq ev †Qvuqv hvq †m ¸‡jv‡K Hardware e‡j| GK K_vq Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj hš¿vsk‡K nvW©Iq¨vi e‡j| †hgbt Computer CPU, Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Hard Disk, Motherboard, RAM,

Printer, Scanner etc.

Classification of Hardware with Diagram (WvqvMÖvg Abyhvqx Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kªYx wefvM): Hardware

1. Input Device 2. System Unit CPU 3. Output Device

a. Keyboard a. Processor a. Monitor

b. Mouse, b. Motherboard, b. Printer

c. Scanner, c. HDD, FDD c. Film Recorder

d. CD/DVD, d. Sound Card d. Floppy

e. Pen Drive, e. VGA Card ROM, e. Modem

f. Joystick etc. f. RAM CD Drive, f. CD/DVD.

g. Modem, g. Power supply,

Classification of Hardware: Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q- h_v- 1. Input Device

2. System Unit

3. Output Device

1. Input Device: The Input Device is used to enter information is to the computer.

A_v©r †h mg¯Í Device ev hš¿vsk mg~‡ni gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Kvb Z_¨ †cÖib Kiv nq Zv‡K Input Device

e‡j| †hgb- Keyboard, Mouse Scanner, CD/DVD,Pen Drive, Joystick etc.

wPÎ: Keyboard , Mouse

11

2. CPU (Central processing unit): CPU is the main part of Computer. It is called the

Brain of Computer. A_v©r Central processing unit n‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| Input Device Gi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨ mg~n‡K †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ cÖwµqvKib Kiv nq Zv‡K System Unit ev CPU ejv nq| wm‡÷g BDwbU yB ai‡bi| †hgb- 1. Tower Top

2. Desk Top

Central Processing Unit Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K Motherboard, Processor, HDD, FDD, Sound Card,

VGA/AGP Card, ROM, RAM, CDROM Drive, Power Supply etc.

wPÎ: Desktop Computer

3.Output Device: Output Device are use to output the result. A_v©r Input Device Gi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨ System Unit- G cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ci †h Device Gi gva¨‡g djvdj †`L‡Z cvB Zv‡K Output Device e‡j| †hgb- Monitor, Printer, Film Recorder etc.

Keyboard cwiwPwZt Keyboard Gi Key mg~n‡K mvavibZ Qq fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q †hgb:-

1. Alphabetic Key (A ‡_‡K Z ch©šÍ)

2. Numeric Key ( 0 ‡_‡K 9 ch©šÍ)

3. Function Key (F1 ‡_‡K F12 ch©šÍ)

4. Arrow Key (Left Arrow , Right , Up , Down )

5. Command Key (Ctrl, Alt, Shift)

6. Special Key (Dc‡iv³ Key Qvov evKx me Special Key).

7. GKwU Standerd Keyboard- G 101wU Key _v‡K|

wPÎ: Keyboard

12

Mouse Gi e¨envit Mouse Gi mvavibZ `yBwU evUb _v‡K| Z‡e Optical ev Scroll Mouse n‡j wZbwU evUb _v‡K| †hgb- 1. Left Button

2. Right Button

3. Scroll Button.

* e¨env‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i gvDm I Kx‡evW© †cvU© wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbt

1. PS/2 -Keyboard & Mouse

2. USB- Keyboard & Mouse

3. Wareless- Keyboard & Mouse

4. Multimedia- Keyboard & Mouse

wPÎ: Mouse

Local Disk or Other Disk.

wPÎ: Local Disk or Other Disk.

Printer: Printer GKwU AvDUcyU wWfvBm| evRv‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi Printe cvIqv hvq| †hgb-

1. Canon

2. Hp

3. Laxmark

4. Samsung

5. Brother

6. Epson etc.

13

PC Configruation Different Parts of Computer (Kw¤úDUvi Gi wewfbœ hš¿vs‡ki bvg):

Ans: There are element parts of computer. Those ares-

Sl. No: Products Item Name Model No

1. Processor 5th Generation Intel Core i7 3.60GHz

2. Motherboard Gigabyte GA-Z87-HD3

3. RAM 8GB DDR3

4. HDD(Hard Disk Drive) WD16Terabyte Sata

5. Monitor Dell 21.5 LED

6. Casing with Power Supply Cooler Master Casing

7. Keyboard A4 Tech USB

8. Mouse A4 Tech USB

9. CDROM/DVDROM(R) Samsung DVD Writer

10. Speaker Microlab

11. Printer Samsung/Canon-3300/Hp

12. Scanner Canon

13. UPS/Stabilizer Micro

14. Modem Grammenphone

15. Pen Drive Towinmos,ADATA

16. Other’s Card Need

17. TV Card Avermdia

18. Microphone/ Headphone Need

19. Latest Software Need

20. Display/AGP/VGA Card Need

21. Sound/Audio Card Need

22. LAN Card Need

23. USB Card Need

24. Web Camb Need

Figure: Devices & Desktop computer system

14

Laptop/Notebook PC Detail Specifications:

Sl. No: Product Name Product Model No

1. Processor 5th Generation Intel Core i7 2.50GHz

2. Motherboard Intel Core i74712

3. RAM 16GB DDR3 L-RS 1600Mhz (On Board)

4. Hard Drive 16TB, Solid State Drive (SSD).

5. Display

15.4 inch Ultra Sharp LED Backlit Touch Display

with Truelife and QHD resolution (2560 X 1440)

6. Clock Speed 2.9 GHz

7. L3 Cache 3 MB

8. Turbo Boost Technology 3.9 GHz

9. Graphics Intel HD Graphics 4200.

10. Audio

Integrated Dell 2.0 Speakers with Waves

MaxxAudio(R) 5

11 Operating System Windows(R) 8.1 Single Language (64Bit) English

12 BlueTooth Bluetooth 4.0

13 Networking Intel(R) Dual Band Wireless-N 7260 @ 5 GHz

14 Wireless Intel(R) Wireless Display (WiDi) 3.0 Ready*

15 Webcam Integrated 1.3MP Widescreen HD Webcam

16 AC Adapter 45W AC Adapter

17 Battery & Power 9 hours Backup

18 Weight 2.5lbs (1.13 Kg)

19 Country of Origin USA

20 Country of Mfg. China

21

Others

9-pin USB 3.0 port (1); 9-pin USB 3.0 port with

PowerShare and Windows debugging (1); 20-pin

mini DisplayPort (1); headphone/microphone

combo port (1)

Figure: Devices & Laptop/Notebook computer system

15

What do you understand by Software? (Software ej‡Z wK eySvq)? Ans: Software n‡jv aiv hvq bv, †Qvuqv hvq bv Ggb GKwU e ‘| A_v©r GKvwaK wb‡ ©kbvi mgš^q gvÎ, hvi gva¨‡g Hardware ¸‡jv‡K e¨envi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j| GK K_vq- Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z †h mg Í †cÖvMÖvg cÖ‡qvRb, †m ¸‡jv‡K Software e‡j| †hgb: Hardware n‡jv, Computer, Software n‡jv Zvi cÖvY|

Classification of Software: Software ‡K mvavbZ y&B fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| a. System Software

b. Application Software

a. System Software : Kw¤úDUvi‡K e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx Ki‡Z †h md&UIq¨vi e¨envi Kiv nq, Zv‡K System Software e‡j| †hgb- DOS, Windows- 95/98/2000, Widows Millennium,

Windows XP, Linux, Unix, Novel & Windows7, Windows Vista, Windows 8,

Windows10 etc.

b Application Software: ‡h mg Í md&UIq¨vi Gi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix Zvi wewfbœ Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K Application Software e‡j| Application Software ¸‡jv‡K Avevi c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg I ejv hvq|

What is Operating System? Discuss the use of Operating System. (Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wK? Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi KvR): Ans: Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ Avf¨šÍixb Kvh©cÖYvjxi wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ Software ‡K Operating System e‡j| Operating System n‡”Q GK¸”Q Software ev Program hv Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi wewfbœ hš¿vsk ¸‡jv‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx mwµq K‡i †Zv‡j| †hgb- DOS, Windows-

95/98/2000, Widows Millennium, Windows XP, Linux, Unix, Novel & Windows7,

Windows Vista, Windows 8, Windows10 etc.

Operating System Gi KvR t Kw¤úDUv‡ii Power Switch On Ki‡j me©cÖ_g Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mg Í

Electronics Device mg~‡ni g‡a¨ ms‡hvM †`‡L †bq|

RAM Gi g‡a¨ KZUzKz RvqMv Lvjx Av‡Q Zv wm‡j± K‡i| hw` RvqMv Kg _v‡K Operating

System Message w`‡e|

¸iæZ¡c~Y© dvBj mg~n Operating System c‡o cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k K‡i †bq|

Operating System Øviv Kw¤úDUvi Ges Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvixi g‡a¨ m¤úK© m„wó K‡i|

Operating System Qvov †Kvb c¨v‡KR ev †cÖvMÖvg e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx Kiv hvq bv|

Operating System Øviv Kw¤úDUv‡ii Input & Output Device mg~‡ni g‡a¨ m¤úK© m„wó K‡i †bq|

Operating System ‡bUIqvwK©s mvwf©m cÖ`vb K‡i|

GK K_vq Operating System Qvov Kw¤úDUvi m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c APj|

16

Microsoft Office Package Program? Discuss the name of Office Package

Program.

Ans: hy³iv‡óªi Microsoft K‡cv©‡ikb KZ…©K evRviRvZK…Z KZ¸‡jv c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg‡K Office

Package e‡j| A‡bK¸‡jv †cªvMÖv‡gi mgwóMZ GKwU †cªvMÖvg ev c¨v‡KR-Gi bvg| hv‡K Avgiv Avgv‡`i

Kg©‡¶‡Îi c~Y©v½ Awd‡mi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv ev Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvwi| Avgiv GKwU Awd‡m KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j †h

ai‡bi KvR Kwi †hgb - wPwV, d¨v·, wi‡cvU© ivBwUs, wnmve-wbKvk Kiv, wewfbœ wWRvB‡bi Qwe AvuKv, †eZb

wkU ˆZix mn Ab¨vb¨| GB mKj KvR¸wj †h mg¯Í †cªvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g Kiv nq †mB mKj †cªvMÖvg‡K GK‡Î GKwU

c¨v‡KR-G AšÍf©~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q hvi bvg †`Iqv n‡q‡Q MS-Office Package Program|

wb‡gœ Office Package mg~‡ni bvg †`Iqv n‡jvt

1. Microsoft Word 97/2000/XP/2003/2007/2010/2013 etc.

2. Microsoft Excel 97/2000/XP/2003/2007/2010/2013 etc.

3. Microsoft Access 97/2000/XP/2003/2007/2010/2013 etc.

4. Microsoft PowerPoint 97/2000/XP/2003/2007/2010/2013 etc.

5. Microsoft Photo Editor 97/2000/XP/2003/2007/2010/2013 etc.

6. Microsoft Outlook 97/2000/XP/2003/2007/2010/2013 etc.

7. Microsoft Publisher 97/2000/XP/2003/2007/2010/2013 etc.

8. Microsoft Fontpage 97/2000/XP/2003/2007/2010/2013 etc.

9. Microsoft InfoPath 97/2000/XP/2003/2007/2010/2013 etc.

10. Microsoft OneNote97/2000/XP/2003/2007/2010/2013 etc.

Figure: Microsoft Office Package Program Logo.

Bangla Unicode: evsjv UvBc Ki‡Z n‡j weRq Software e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|