Bcbc Network Technologies. 2 NETWORK TRAINING (LAN) Contents l Networks: LAN, WAN l Network...

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Network Technologies

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NETWORK TRAINING (LAN)

Contents Networks: LAN, WAN Network Equipment Transmission PC Network Settings Confirmation of Connection

bcNetwork

LAN - WAN

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What is the Network ?Telephone network, TV network

Familiar and well-known network

Computer network Network connects computers and relative

devices One configuration is LAN which is selected

according to a system scale and connection.

Internet is one of the networks connecting over the world.

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What is LAN ?LAN: Local Area Network

It is a computer network in an enclosed zone, for example, a floor in a office, an office, a building, a complex

LAN

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Connection via LANStar Wiring

The most popular LAN is based on Ethernet using star connection. There are also other kinds of LANs based on other standards.

In this training, we just only explain about the star connection based on Ethernet.

LAN

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Ethernet NetworkAdvantages of an Ethernet Network

Ethernet protocol ubiquity Off-the-shelf functionality Standardised Hardware, Software &

Administration Tools Built-in routing features & extras

Filtering: converting data formats to match with media Bridging: connecting LANs Tree Spanning: construction of a virtual tree structure

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WAN (1)

WAN: Wide Area Network Well known: the Internet: public network VPN: Virtual Private Network: using public

communication lines (rented lines)

Connection to the WAN via DSL(Digital Subscriber Line)

Using analogue or ISDN telephone lines= 1 twisted pair

Transmission rate depends on distance to the next node

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WAN (2)

Unsymmetrical DSLs downstream data rate >> upstream data rate

ADSL (Asynchronous DSL) good for PC use (high download rate)

Symmetrical DSLs downstream data rate = upstream data rate

MDSL (Medium bit rate DSL), HDSL (High ..) connects company’s LANs, video conferences

SDSL (Symmetrical DSL) multi-media applications

VDSL (Very high bit rate DSL): new

bcNetwork

Equipment

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Network CableCable and Connector Type

CAT5 UTP cable with RJ-45 connector are used generally on 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX (Ethernet transmission speeds).

A cross cable is used between equipment or between repeater hubs

a straight cable is used between equipment and switching hub.

RJ-45 connectors

Network Technology: Equipment

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Cat5 Cable CAT5 UTP is an inexpensive

unshielded twisted pair data grade cable.

It is similar to telephone cable but the pairs are more tightly twisted.

Other CAT5 cables are the shielded STP or FTP types but

more expensive allow only short distances between

network devices Maximum UTP CAT5 cable length

between devices:100m (at 100MBps = 100Base-TX)


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HUBDifferent HubsHubs connect network devices to each other. So network devices communicate via Hubs. HUB = Repeater HUB SWITCH = Switching HUB


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Causing high data traffic because covering all lines

Repeater Hub Repeater Hub

MAC MACMACMAC

Repeater HubTransmits Data to All Nodes (Devices) on the Network

Only one transmitter can access the media at a given time

Only Half Duplex modepossible, because data collusion appears when transmitting from more than one device data drops

All agents must have the same transmission rate (10 or 100 Mb/s)


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MAC

Ethernet Switch

MAC

MAC

MAC

Transmits data only to the receiver after confirmation of the receiver’s (MAC) address (selected signal path)

Switch (Switching Hub) (1)

Separate Paths

Independent full duplex paths can exist (simultaneous transmission)

Switches allow a virtual and intelligent routing of Ethernet packets

Agents can have different speeds Layer-3-switches analyze transmitter’s and receiver’s IP addresses and try to switch

all following frames


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Switch (2)Spanning Tree (IEEE 802.1D)

Switch

Switch

Switch

before auto-configuration

Switch

Switch

Switch

after auto-configuration

Switch

Switch

Switch

looploop in case of failure

re-activation

The spanning tree function constructs an internal virtual tree structure between switches to

obtain best network properties avoid loops re-activating of de-activated signal paths

deactivated


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Switch (3)

VLAN = Virtual LAN

VLAN 1 Switch

N-8000MI

N-8500

N-8000EX N-8500

N-8000EX

VLAN 2

If several applications shall be used in a LAN, then the virtual LAN feature can separate these applications virtually to provide best performance within each VLAN


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Switch (4)

Unicast/Multicast Transmission to several receivers

Unicast: sending several of the same data packages to every receiver, i.e. sender must have high transmission rate

Multicast: sending the data packages once but with several destination addresses, and the Switch multiplies it to each receiver

Switch Switch

Data package with addresses of 3 receivers


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Recommendations on Hubs for N-8000 Repeater hub must not be used use Switch!

Full duplex operation Support of spanning tree Automatic negotiation of transmission speed and mode

(IEEE802.3u (100BASE-TX) / IEEE802.3 (10BASE-T) standard) Multicast is supported by IGMP

(Internet Group Management Protocol)

Use QoS (Quality of Service = for real-time audio transmission) equipment as much as possible in a route.

Select VLAN feature when using same LAN for Packet Intercom and PCs

IP stations can be powered by Switches with PoE (power over Ethernet) feature


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Networks with Switches

N-8000EX

N-8500

Switch

N-8500 N-8500

Switch

N-8000EX

N-8000EX

N-8000EX

N-8000MISwitch

N-8000EX

N-8000MIN-8000EX

N-8500

Switch

2nd line is spare line

within 100m

within 100m

within 100mwithin 100m

severalN-8000EX

Switch

in rack

severalN-8000EX

Switch

in rack

max

. 100

m

max. 100m

max. 100m

max. 100m

max. 100m

max. 100mhigh data traffic: 2 lines


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WAN Router with NAT/NAPTGeneral

Shares the Internet connection into several devices

Shares a global IP address for several devices

NAT: Network Address Translation Translates a global IP address into a

private IP address but: only 1 user can access the Internet at

a time

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WAN Router with NAPT (1)

NAPT: Network Address Port Translation Translates a global IP address and port no. into a

private IP address and port no. (IP masquerade) Several users can access the Internet simultaneously

(session; max. no. of sessions!) Usually it uses a dynamic routing table but this is not

suitable for the N-8000 system N-8000 communicates with acknowledge signals. When

using a dynamic routing table, then the acknowledge signal may not be sent back to the correct receiver

Therefore it is necessary to use fixed private port no. which can be set by the N-8000 software

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WAN Router with NAPT (2)

Function of NAPT

Router213.191.74.18 3000

213.191.74.18 3001

3000 :192.168.0.1 23543001 :192.168.0.2 5832

::

192.168.0.1 2354

192.168.0.2 5832

Sender


Receiver

192.168.0.1 2354

192.168.0.2 5832

Router213.191.74.18 3000

213.191.74.18 3001

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Data Rate (Throughput)Official Data Rate

Means the capacity of how many data can be transmitted per second.

The data rate is mentioned as bps (bit per second).

Sometimes it is called forward speed or line capacity.

Effective Data Rate Means the actual capacity of which the data is transmitted.

In the LAN, the real transmission rate is 60-80% less. (Besides, around half of the rate in case of half duplex)

Network Technology: Transmission

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Ethernet Protocol

• Assumes a given transfer media:

the standardized Ethernet network

• Ethernet Packet Structure:

Dest. Addr. Source Addr. P FCSPayload

6 6 2 46-1500 4

EthernetLAN

EthernetLAN

ProtocolsEthernet Protocol vs Internet Protocol


Internet Protocol• Makes no assumption on the transfer media

• Allows transfers across any media & jumps from one media to the other (via bridges)

EthernetLAN

EthernetLAN

ATMATM

EthernetLAN

EthernetLAN

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IP AddressWhat is an IP Address?

IP address means just the address of the node (device):

An IP address of a LAN (such as in an office) is assigned by a network administrator.

An IP address of the Internet, so called “Global IP Address”, is assigned by an Internet provider


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Composition of the IP AddressThe IP address consists of 4 Bytes, divided into

Host address Subnet address

Example: 192.168.1. 3/24

Example:

A slash after the IP address indicates how many bits belong to the subnet address. The remaining bits belong to the host address.

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1bits (binary)

192 168 1 3Bytes

192.168.1. 3written


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　　　 Example: IP address ”192.168.1. 3“ but…

Subnet mask Network address(Subnet) Host address 255.255.255. 0 192.168. 1 3 255.255. 0. 0 192.168 1.3 255. 0. 0. 0 192 168.1.3

The above three setting mean: All nodes belong to a different subnet. *Examples 192.168.1.3/24, 192.168.1.3/16, 192.168.1.3/8

Subnet MaskA subnet mask is a parameter that divides the IP address into

the subnet (local network) to which the node belongs to

the host address of the node in the subnet.


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Default GatewayTransmitting Data to other Network

When the data shall be transmitted to a node of an other subnet, then it will be forwarded to the node called Gateway in the network.

When the data is not send to a known node in the subnet, then the data is transmitted to the node called Default gateway.

The default gateway (in almost all cases it is a router) can route the data to communicate properly, if the default gateway is set in every nodes.


bcSettings

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Windows2000Windows XP

Network setting on PC (1)

Select Properties in My Network Places

Network Technology: Settings

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Windows XP

Windows2000


Select Properties in Local Area Connection


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Select Properties in Internet Protocol(TCP/IP)



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Change the setting after note the current setting.



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Proxy server setting (1)Select Properties of Internet Explorer

Click the tagfor Connections


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* CautionDon’t change other topics.Reset after use.

Proxy server setting (2)Select the LAN Setting

Uncheck after note the number of Address and Port


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of Connection

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Echo requirement

Echo response

Please respond

Hello

Confirmation of Connection Link LED (normal: green) Ping (confirmation of IP communication)

When a ping is activated on a PC, then the data called echo requirement is transmitted to the other nodes.

When the activation of ping was successful, then it was confirmed that the PC and the node can communicate with IP packets.

The node who received the echo requirement transmits the echo response to the PC

Network Technology: Confirmation

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