Bc Surabhi Prakash

8/8/2019 Bc Surabhi Prakash

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INTRODUCTION

Growing needs of mankind-RapidDevelopment.

Rapid advancement in computertechnology will lose its momentum whensilicon chip reaches its full capacity &miniaturization.



Solving complex problems which today's

supercomputers are unable to perform instipulated period of time

WHAT COULD BE A REMEDY TOTHIS CONCERN?????



Answer to this question is :



CONTENTS

WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL COMPUTER ?

COMPONENTS

CONCEPT OF BIOLOGICAL COMPUTER

APPLICATIONS

HOW IT WORKS ?

CONVENTIONAL VS. BIOLOGICAL COMPUTERS

ADVANTAGES

LIMITATIONS

THE FUTURE



What is Biological Computer?

Biological Computers arecomputers which use synthesized

biological components to store andmanipulate data analogous toprocesses in the human body.

The result is small yet fastercomputer that operates with greataccuracy.



A BIOLOGIC A L COMPUTER



COMPONENTS

Main biological component used in a

Biological Computer is :

RN A DN A Protiens



RN A :

Ribonucleic A cid ² an importantpart in the synthesis of protein

from amino acids,



DN A :Deoxyribonucleic A cid -

nucleic acid molecule thatcontains the important

genetic information that is

used by the body for theconstruction of cells; it's the

blue print for all living

organisms



A hereditary material foundin almost all livingorganisms.

Located inside the nucleus of a cell.



Helps in long termstorage of information.

Information in DN A isstored as a

code made of fourchemical bases( A TG&C).



How BiologicalComputers Are

Introduced?????



Combinations Of DN A Strand

Formation Of

DNA Strands

Precipitation

Of DNA

Spooling Of

DNA With Metal

Hook Or Similar

Device



APPLIC A TIONS

Can be a general purpose tool for a varietyof problems.

Many possible applications:

Pattern recognition

Cryptography

Evaluating gene sequence



Medical A pplication: ¶developing

disease· treatments such as cancer.

Taiwan introduced the world's first

DN A authentication chip & was used

for national identification cards inorder to crack down on frauds using

fake ID cards



Selective cell treatment is made

possible.

The biological computer can also

perform simple mathematical

calculations.



It is especially useful in monitoring

intercellular activity including mutation

of genes.

Biological machines can be implanted or

even built within a patient's

own cells that will act as biosensors,

watching out for diseasemarkers.



HO W IT W ORKS ??

Biological computers are made inside a

patient's body. The researchers or

doctors merely provide the patient's

body with all of the necessary

information or a "blueprint" along

which lines the biological computerwould be "manufactured.



" Once the "computer's" genetic blueprint

has been provided, the human body will

start to build it on its own using the

body's natural biological processes and

the cells found in the body.



A s of today, reading signals produced by

cell activity is not yet possible due to

technological limitations. However,

through the use of a tiny implantable

biological computer, these cellular signals

could easily be detected, translated and

understood using existing medicaland laboratory equipment.



HOW IT WORKS WITH

CONVENTION A L COMPUTERS??

A s with conventional computers, the

biological computer also works with

an output and an input signal. The main

inputs of the biological computer are the

body's proteins, RN A , and other specific

chemicals that are found in the human

cytoplasm. The output on the other handcould be detected using laboratoryequipment.



CONVENTION A L VS. BIOLOGIC A L

COMPUTERS

Properties CONVENTIONALCOMPUTERS

BIOLOGICAL COMPUTERS

Component

Material

Inorganic e.g. SILICON Biological e.g. DNA

Processing Skill Sequential & limitedmassively parallel.

Massively parallel.

Current Max.

Operation

10 to the power(12)

ops/sec.

10 to the power (14)

ops / sec.

Quantum Effects aProblem ?

Yes No

Toxic Components ? Yes No

Energy Efficient ? No Yes



AD V A NT A GES

Parallel Computing- Biologicalcomputers are massively parallel.

Incredibly light weight- With only 1 LBof DN A have more computing powerthan all the computers ever made.

Low power- The only power needed is tokeep DN A from denaturing.



Solves Complex Problems quickly- A DN A

computer can solve hardest of problems in

a matter of weeks

Perform millions of operations

simultaneously.

Generate a complete set of potential

solutions.



Cheap, clean, readily available

materials.

A mazing ability to store information

Efficiently handle massive amounts of working memory.



This not only makes the healing process

easier. It also allows the doctors to focus

only on the damaged, diseased or

cancerous cells found in the patient's

body without causing stress to other

healthy and normal cells.



LIMIT A TIONS

Error: Molecular operations are notperfect.

Efficiency: How many moleculescontribute?

Encoding problem in molecules is

difficult

DN A computing involves a relativelylarge amount of error.



A s size of problem grows, probability of

receiving incorrect answer eventually

becomes greater than probability of

receiving correct answer

Reliability- There is sometime errors in

the pairing of DN A strands.

DN A in vitro decays through time, so

lab procedures should not take too long.



THE FUTURE

A lgorithm used by A dleman for the

traveling salesman problem was simple.

A s technology becomes more refined,

more efficient algorithms may bediscovered.

DN A

Manipulation technology hasrapidly improved in recent years, and

future advances may make DN A

computers more efficient.



The University of Wisconsin is

experimenting with chip-based DN A

computers.

Currently researchers at Harvard

University and Princeton University are

working on developing biologicalcomputers.



Biological computer born

Living computer:

interconnected leech

neurons can add up

A computer made of

neurons taken from

leeches has been

created by US scientists



THANK YOU!!!

It will take years to develop a practical,

workable Biological Computer.

But«Let·s all hope that this DREAM comes

true!!!

Bc Surabhi Prakash

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