BBEC Publication No. 27

Ranger Training Text

Editors:

Dr. Masaaki Yoneda Advisor on Park Management & Conservation Biology

Dr. Jamili Nais Assistant Director, Sabah Parks

Ms. Fatimah Simin Administration Officer (Training), Sabah Parks

Preface:

Datuk Lamri Ali Director of Sabah Parks

Takahisa Kusano Chief Advisor for the BBEC Programme, JICA

Copyright © 2004, Sabah Parks and JICA

ISBN: 983-2770-05-X

Published by:

Park Management Component, BBEC Programme, c/o Sabah Parks, Lot 1 – 3, Block K, 2nd Floor,

Sinsuran Complex, P.O. Box 10626, 88806 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Printed by:

RIKAPADU PRINTING, GRAPHIC & ADVERTISING, Lot 12, 1st Flr & Grd Flr, Block B, Hiong

Tiong Industrial Centre, KM 11.2, Tuaran Road, 88450 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Front Cover by Azami Bongsu, Sabah Parks

CONTENTS

page

Preface by YBhg. Datuk Lamri Ali 1 Director of Sabah Parks

Message by Mr. Takahisa Kusano 2 Chief Advisor JICA/BBEC Programme

Organizing Committee 5Training Objectives 6

PART 1: BIODIVERSITY AND NATURECONSERVATION IN SABAH

1-1: An Overview into Conservation and LegislationRelated to Protected Areas in Sabah 9Dr. Jamili Nais

1-2: Biodiversity at Sabah Parks 13Dr. Jamili Nais

1-3: BBEC Programme 18Dr. Masaaki Yoneda

PART 2: PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT

2-1: Protected Areas and Ecosystem Conservation: WhyWe Need Protected Areas? 29Dr. Masaaki Yoneda

2-2: Parks, Design, Management and Function 40Mr. Paul Basintal

2-3: Planning for Protected Areas Management 47Dr. Masaaki Yoneda

2-4: Tourism; Nature Tourism, Eco-Tourism, 71Carrying CapacityMr. Paul Basintal

PART 3: PARTICIPATORY PARK MANAGER AND SOCIAL STUDY

3-1: Participatory Environmental Management Approach 81Mr. Shigeo Sakai

3-2: Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory 88Rural Appraisal (PRA) ToolsMr. Shigeo Sakai

PART 4: FLORA, FAUNA SYUDY ANDMONITORING

4-1: Introduction to Plant Kingdom; Introduction 108to Medical PlantsMr. Matsain Mohd. Buang

4-2: Introduction to Animal Kingdom 119Mr. Maklarin Lakim

4-3: Introduction to Marine Life 130Mr. Fazrullah Rizally Abdul Razak

4-4: Monitoring to Mammals, 134Dr. Masaaki Yoneda

4-5: Monitoring of Ecosystems (Global, Regional and National Level), 149Dr. Masaaki Yoneda

4-6: Basic Photography, 159Mr. David Sia

PART 5: ENACTMENTS FOR CONSERVATION

5-1: Introduction of Park Enactment, 1984 164Mr. Ludi Apin

5-2: Introduction to the Sabah Environmental 167Conservation Enactment 1996Mr. Gunik Ampungou

5-3: Introduction to The Wildlife in Sabah and The Wildlife 176Enactment 1997Mr. Augustine Tuuga

PART 6: SKILL FOR PROTECTED AREAS PERSONNEL

6-1: Essential Skills for Protected Areas Personnel 187Dr. Jamili Nais

6-2: Lincoln University: Conservation Certificate 197Mr. Ariffin Johari & Mr. Justinus Guntabid

6-3: Making A Winning Presentation and Briefing 213Mr. Taidin Suhaimin

6-4: Teamwork 221Mr. Taidin Suhaimin

PREFACE

I feel honoured to be given this opportunity to put on record some of my thoughts regardingthe Staff Training and the publication of this training manual.

Education and training is a continuous and a lifelong process. Education normally results inbetter knowledge while training improve skills. At Sabah Parks, both education and traininghas always been a very high priority. I am proud to state here that members of the SabahParks staff are recognized as highly trained and motivated. Some members of the staff areexperts in specialized skills. The series of trainings conducted for the Sabah Pars staff underthe Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation (BBEC) programme are aimed togive an overall background of the Sabah Parks system and Protected Area management asa whole. This is done so that every members of the Sabah Parks staff, especially the Rangersand Research Assistant – who are the foundation and skeleton of the whole Sabah Parksorganization structure – have similar understanding of the concept and importance of theparks system. Hence, the staff training and this training manual contain information onbiodiversity and nature conservation, fauna and flora including research and monitoringmethodologies, management of protected area, community involvement in the protected areamanagement, as well as the various laws, rules and regulations that governs protected areamanagement, with emphasis on Sabah.

I would like to take this opportunity to convey my heartiest congratulation to the organizingcommittee for the success in organizing the trainings and publication of this training manual.I would also like to put on record my highest appreciation to JICA for financially supporting thetrainings and the publication of this manual. We shall endeavour to improve this training manualfrom time to time according to current needs of capacity development.

Thank you and congratulations again.

March 2004

Datuk Lamri AliDirectorSabah Parks.

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MESSAGE:

Expected Roles of Rangers Today

Rangers in Sabah, Malaysia are increasingly required to adapt to fast changing environment and new

conditions in the conservation of protected areas. Some of the factors make the duties of rangers more

challenging are; increasing pressures on protected areas from a wide array of human activities and the

impacts, international concerns on biodiversity loss and global climate change, the effects of alien invasive

species, forest fire, political uncertainty of local communities and adoption of more effective concepts and

techniques of management introduced from foreign and other domestic experiences.

Rangers traditionally take responsibilities in park management including law enforcement, interpretation

and recreation. Their duties are patrolling assigned areas, providing security and protection for property

and visitors, providing assistance to visitors as needed, assuring compliance with established laws, rules

and regulations, conducting investigations and preparing reports. Rangers need to know first aid, crisis

intervention, and skills to cope with any emergency in the protected areas. However, the rangers’ roles are

increasing.

A range of institutional challenges surrounding a protected area in Sabah today threatens its integrity and

conservation of biodiversity or ecosystems within. Involving the local communities, other government

agencies, business and industrial communities in protected area management is recognized as a must for

conservation. An effective partnership between rangers, local communities and other stakeholders shall be

developed, promoted and ensured.

Hence, rangers play a critical role, which is essential for the successful management of protected areas

today. Rangers face the complexity of assigned duties, the expertise required for various responsibilities

and providing leadership to others.

The primary role of protected areas is biodiversity conservation. However, this does not need to discourage

the rangers from the business aspects of protected area management. Their general lack of capacity in

business-oriented management shall be recognized and attended.

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For example, there are opportunities in creating income from ecotourism for the parks or reserves, as well

as to the local communities near by the protected areas. The definition of ecotourism has changed these

days. However, least impact on biodiversity, environment education and participation of local communities

should not be missed out from ecotourism in relation to the management of a protected area. Protected

areas need to consider the integration of ecotourism and other businesses into conservation management in

a way that protects the resources on which these economic benefits can be attained.

Increasing efficiency through collaborating with other governmental agencies or contracting out to NGOs

is becoming a necessity since budget and other resources are limited against increasing tasks. Non-core

functions such as research, tourism management and services for the local communities can be identified

for outsourcing. However, the rangers are required to understand the functions and implications, and to be

able to supervise the contractors or partners. So much so, adding to the traditional skills, capacity

development of rangers today then requires managing partnerships in the involvement of the private sector

and communities, conservation spatial planning, operational visitor services, business planning skills and

marketing.

Rangers today are confronted by a need for training, mentoring and knowledge to support their efforts to

protect area integrity. Training of rangers must facilitate the skills development of rangers to enable them to

implement best practice.

“Developing effective management options for protected areas” is the purpose of the Park Management

Component of BBEC (Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation) Programme.

BBEC Programme is a joint endeavor among Sabah Parks, Universiti Malaysia Sabah and many federal

and state agencies and 8 district offices with a technical cooperation and financial assistance of the Japanese

Government through JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency). The overall goal of BBEC Programme

is to conserve the endangered and precious biodiversity and ecosystems of Sabah through establishing

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comprehensive and sustainable conservation approaches of biodiversity and ecosystems” in Sabah. BBEC

Programme commenced in February 2002 and will be on until January 2007 for a period of 5 years.

Sabah Parks and JICA have, therefore, conducted several training courses for the rangers of protected

areas in Sabah under the Park Management Component of BBEC Programme. This text is derived from

the results and evaluation of the past training courses with a view that it will be utilized in other following

courses in Sabah or elsewhere. I would like to congratulate the editors and writers for their successful job.

I deeply appreciate all their contributions.

This textbook can be a reference to the rangers for time-to-time management, and for those who would

like to know and understand the works of the rangers in protected areas.

Takahisa Kusano

Chief Advisor for BBEC Programme

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

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ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

ADVISOR : Dr. Jamili Nais (Assistant Director, Research & Educatio Div.) Sabah Parks

: Dr. Masaaki Yoneda JICA Advisor

Coordinator : Ms. Fatimah Simin

Assist. Coordinator : Mr. Matsain Mohd. Buang

Secretary : Ms. Theresa David Sindobon

Transportation : Mr. Aman Lahi Mr. Rusinin Madi Mr. Chrispianus Lidung

Food : Ms. Farida Francis Ms. Manica Madin

Technician : Sezali @ Zaini bin Amin

MC : Mr. Ramlan Miadin

Printing : Mr. Azami Bongsu Mr. AB. Ghaffar Takunai

Sport : Mr. Fred Tuh Mr. Ramlan Miadin

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TRAINING OBJECTIVES

1. Better understanding on meaning of protected area.

2. To learn and understand more about scientific data.

3. To learn social survey method and field training.

4. Training on biological data collection and monitoring

for Park Management.

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PART I

BIODIVERSITY AND NATURECONSERVATION

PROGRAMME IN SABAH

An Overview into Convention andLegislations Related to Protected Areas in

Sabah

By

Dr. Jamili NaisAssistant Director

Research and Education Division

SABAH PARKS

9

10

11

Biodiversity at Sabah Parks

By

Dr. Jamili NaisAssistant Director

Research and Education Division

SABAH PARKS

13

14

15

16

BBEC Programme

By

Dr. Masaaki YonedaJICA Advisor

SABAH PARKS

18

19

20

21

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Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation Project (BBEC)

Protected Area Management Training for Sabah Parks Staffs

Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation (BBEC) Programme

Technical Cooperation between The Sabah State Government Agencies and UniversitiMalaysia Sabah (UMS), and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

1. Background

Malaysia biodiversity

Malaysia is one of twelve mega-biodiversity countries in the World in where rich species and ecosystemdiversities are recognised. Over 15,000 known flowering plants, 1,500 terrestrial vertebrates and 150,000invertebrates are distributed in Malaysia. Although total numbers of plants and land vertebrate species ofMalaysia are not the greatest in four countries in East Asia, number of species per sq. km. is the highest(Table 1). These rich species diversity are important resources for development of Malaysia and also forthe world as human common heritage, on the other hand number of threatened plants and higher vertebratesof Malaysia per sq. km. are also the highest in the four countries except for birds. Increase of protectedarea is small in Malaysia but the decrease of forest habitat is large as compared to other Asian countries.

Table 1. Species richness and threatened plans and higher vertebrates of four countries in East Asia

Data source: Malaysian known species = MOSTE (1997), Other counties and threatened species = IUCN (1992)

Problem analysis

The following problems on conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem in Sabah are identified based onthe problem analysis of the participatory planning method,.

1. Coordination among Organisations

2. Research capacity

3. Protected areas management

4. Protection outside the Protected Areas (Habitat expansion)

5. Public Awareness for Environmental Conservation

2. Objectives of the programme

Overall Goal

The overall goal of the Programme is defined as: “The endangered and precious biodiversity andecosystems of Sabah are conserved.”

Programme Purpose

The programme purpose is defined as: “Comprehensive and sustainable conservation approachesof biodiversity and ecosystem are established.”

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Project consists 4 components

- Research and Education Component (Reading organization: UMS)- Park Management Component (Reading organization: Sabah Parks)- Habitat Management Component (Reading organization: Sabah Wildlife Department)- Public Awareness Component (Reading organization: Unit Science and Technology)

Project Purpose of the Park Management Component

The project purpose of the Park Management Component is defined as: “Effective managementoptions for protected areas are developed.”

The accomplishment of the above project purpose for the Park Management Component can bemeasured by number of protected area management options in essential fields, i.e. communication,public relation, fire prevention etc. The “handbook” prepared by the Component can be used forverifying the number of options. Targeted number and quality of these options can not be defined atthis moment yet, because of lack of information.

Programme duration:

5 years (February 2002 – January 2007)

Project sites:

5 protected areas (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Field study sites under BBEC programme

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Outputs and Activities for the Park Management Component

1) Output 1: Relationship between local communities in and around the Crocker Range Park and thepark management is studied and understood.

2) Output 2: Management plan is prepared for Crocker Range Park, taking into account of the relationshipbetween the local communities and the park management.

3) Output 3: Capacities of the implementing organisations in managing Crocker Range Park areincreased.

4) Output 4: Crocker Range park is better managed.5) Output 5: Experience/ lessons learned through the implementation of the management plans of Crocker

Range Park are analysed and compiled.

3. Programme organization

Programme Steering Committee

• Chairman: The State Secretary of Sabah• Secretary: Director, ITBC, UMS

Working Groups

A Working Group for each component is formed. The Working Groups coordinate planning, implementation,monitoring and other necessary matters to bring the best result of each component with maximum effectivenessand efficiency.

Figure 2. Structure of the Programme Steering Committee

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Coordination mechanisms among the implementation organizations- BBEC: Park Management Component -

Chairman: Director of Sabah Parks (Datuk Ramri Ali)Deputy-chairman:Assistant director of Sabah Parks (Dr. Jamili Nais)

JICA Chief Advisor (Mr. Takahisa Kusano)Members: Director of Land and Survey Department (Datuk Mohammad Jafry)

Director of Forestry Department (Mr. Daniel Khiong)Director of Sabah Wildlife Department (Mr. Mahedi Andau)Director of Environmental Conservation Department (Mr. Gric Juin)Director of ITBC-UMS (Datin Dr. Maryati Mohamed)Eight District Officers of Crocker Range Park

RanauTambunanKeningauTenomTuaranPenampangPaparBeaufort

Sabah Parks: Park warden of Crocker Range Park (Mr. Ludi Apin)JICA advisor for park management (Dr. Masaaki Yoneda)JICA advisor for community participation (Mr. Shigeru Sakai)JICA short-term expert(s)Working group secretary

Organization chart of working group of park management component

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