Battle of Singapore.pdf

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Battle of Singapore 1

Battle of Singapore

Battle of Singapore

Part of the Pacific War (World War II)

Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, led by a Japanese officer, walks under a flag of truce to negotiate the capitulation of Allied

forces in Singapore, on 15 February 1942. It was the largest surrender of British-led forces in history

Date 815 February 1942

Location Singapore, Straits Settlements

Coordinates: 122N10349E[1]

Result Decisive Japanese victory

Japanese occupation of Singapore

Belligerents

United Kingdom

India

Malaya

Australia

Empire of Japan

Commanders and leaders

Arthur Percival(POW)

Gordon Bennett

Lewis Heath(POW)

Merton Beckwith-Smith(POW)

Tomoyuki Yamashita

Takuma Nishimura

Takuro Matsui

Renya Mutaguchi

Units involved

Malaya Command

III Corps

8th Division

18th Division

Malay Regiment

Straits Settlements Volunteer Force

Dalforce

No. 232 Squadron

(limited involvement)

25th Army

Imperial Guards

5th Division

18th Division

3rd Air Division

Imperial Japanese Navy

Strength

85,000 36,000
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Casualties and losses

85,000

5,000 killed or wounded

80,000 captured

4,485

1,713 killed

2,772 wounded

The Battle of Singapore, also known as the Fall of Singapore, was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of the

Second World War when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold of Singapore. Singapore was the major

British military base in South-East Asia and nicknamed the "Gibraltar of the East". The fighting in Singapore lasted

from 815 February 1942.

It resulted in the capture of Singapore by the Japanese and the largest surrender of British-led military personnel in

history. About 80,000 British, Indian and Australian troops became prisoners of war, joining 50,000 taken by the

Japanese in the earlier Malayan Campaign. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the ignominious fall of

Singapore to the Japanese the "worst disaster" and "largest capitulation" in British military history.[2]

In just seven

days, Singapore, the "Impregnable Fortress", had fallen.

Background

Outbreak of war

The Allies had imposed a trade embargo on Japan in response to its continued campaigns in China. Seeking

alternative sources of necessary materials for its Pacific War against the Allies, Japan invaded Malaya.[3]

Singapore

to the south was connected to Malaya by the JohorSingapore Causeway. The Japanese saw it as a port which

could be used as a launching pad against other Allied interests in the area, and to consolidate the invaded territory.

Invasion of Malaya

View of the blown up causeway, with the gap

visible in the middle, which delayed the Japanese

conquest for over a week to 8 February

Part of a series on the

History of Singapore

Early history of Singapore (pre-1819)

Founding of modern Singapore (181926)

Straits Settlements (182667)

Crown colony (18671942)

Battle of Singapore (1942)
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements%23Crown_colony_%281867%E2%80%931942%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_modern_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Singapore_%281946-1959%29.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Singapore.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:History_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASingapore_causeway_blown_up.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Malayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embargohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malayan_Campaignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II


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Japanese Occupation (194245)

Sook Ching massacre (1942)

Post-war period (194555)

First Legislative Council (194851)

Maria Hertogh riots (1950)

Second Legislative Council (195155) Anti-National Service Riots (1954)

Internal self-government (195562)

Hock Lee bus riots (1955)

Merger with Malaysia (196265)

Merger referendum (1962)

Operation Coldstore (1963)

Race riots in Singapore (1964)

MacDonald House bombing (1965)

Republic of Singapore (1965present)

1969 race riots of Singapore (1969)

Operation Spectrum (1987)

East Asian financial crisis (1997)

Embassies attack plot (2001)

SARS outbreak (2003)

Timeline

Singapore portal

The Japanese 25th Army invaded Malaya from Indochina, moving into northern Malaya and Thailand by

amphibious assault on 8 December 1941. This was virtually simultaneous with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,

which was meant to deter the US from intervening in Southeast Asia. Japanese troops in Thailand coerced the Thai

government to let the Japanese use their military bases for the invasion of other nations in Southeast Asia and then

proceeded overland across the ThaiMalayan border to attack Malaya. At this time, the Japanese began bombing

strategic sites in Singapore, and air raids were conducted on Singapore from 29 December onwards.

The Japanese 25th Army was resisted in northern Malaya by III Corps of the British Indian Army. Although the 25th

Army was outnumbered by Allied forces in Malaya and Singapore, Japanese commanders concentrated their forces.

The Japanese were superior in close air support, armour, coordination, tactics and experience. Moreover, the British

forces repeatedly allowed themselves to be outflanked, believingdespite repeated flanking attacks by the

Japanesethat the Malayan jungle was impassable. The Imperial Japanese Army Air Force was more numerous, and

better trained than the second-hand assortment of untrained pilots and inferior allied equipment remaining in Malaya,

Borneo and Singapore. Their superior fightersespecially the Nakajima Ki-43helped the Japanese to gain air

supremacy. The Allies had no tanks and few armoured vehicles, which put them at a severe disadvantage.

The battleship HMSPrince of Wales, the battlecruiser HMSRepulse and four destroyers (Force Z) reached Malaya

before the Japanese began their air assaults. This force was thought to be a deterrent to the Japanese. Their aircraft,

however, sank the capital ships, leaving the east coast of the Malayan peninsula exposed and allowing the Japanese

to continue their amphibious landings. Japanese forces quickly isolated, surrounded, and forced the surrender of

Indian units defending the coast. They advanced down the Malayan peninsula overwhelming the defences, despite

their numerical inferiority. The Japanese forces also used bicycle infantry and light tanks, allowing swift movement

through the jungle.

Although more Allied unitsincluding some from the Australian 8th Divisionjoined the campaign, the Japanese

prevented the Allied forces from regrouping, they also overran cities, and advanced toward Singapore. The city was
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an anchor for the operations of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM), the first Allied

joint command of the Second World War. Singapore also controlled the main shipping channel between the Indian

and the Pacific Oceans. On 31 January, the last Allied forces left Malaya and Allied engineers blew up the causeway

linking Johor and Singapore. Japanese infiltratorsmany disguised as Singaporean civilianscrossed the Straits of

Johor in inflatable boats soon afterwards.

Prelude

Singapore in early February 1942; the disposition of Allied ground forces is in red. The

main northsouth transport corridor, formed by Woodlands Road and the railway,

connecting the city centre (in the southeast) and The Causeway (central north), is the

black line running through the centre of the island. Sarimbun is at the north west corner of

the island; Bukit Timah is located close to the centre on the transport corridor; Pasir

Panjang is between the city centre and the southwest corner of the island and the "Jurong

Line" is the bracket-like shape in red, just west of Woodlands Road

During the weeks preceding the

invasion, the Allied force suffered a

number of both subdued and openly

disruptive disagreements amongst its

senior commanders,[4]

as well as

pressure from the Australian Prime

Minister, John Curtin.[5]

Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival,

commander of the garrison, had 85,000

soldiers, the equivalent, on paper at

least, of just over four divisions. There

were about 70,000 front-line troops in

38 infantry battalions13 British, six

Australian, 17 Indian, two

Malayanand three machine-gun

battalions. The newly arrived British

18th Infantry Divisionunder

Major-General Merton

Beckwith-Smithwas at full strength,

but lacked experience and appropriate

training; most of the other units were

under strength, a few having been amalgamated due to heavy casualties, as a result of the mainland campaign. The

local battalions had no experience and in some cases no training.

Percival gave Major-General Gordon Bennett's two brigades from the Australian 8th Division responsibility for the

western side of Singapore, including the prime invasion points in the northwest of the island. This was mostly

mangrove swamp and jungle, broken by rivers and creeks. In the heart of the "Western Area" was RAF Tengah,

Singapore's largest airfield at the time. The Australian 22nd Brigade was assigned a 10 mi (16 km) wide sector in the

west, and the 27th Brigade had responsibility for a 4,000 yd (3,700 m) zone just west of the Causeway. The infantry

positions were reinforced by the recently arrived Australian 2/4th Machine-Gun Battalion. Also under Bennett's

command was the 44th Indian Infantry Brigade.

The Indian III Corps under Lieutenant-General Sir Lewis Heathincluding the Indian 11th Infantry Division,

(Major-General B. W. Key), the British 18th Division and the 15th Indian Infantry Brigadewas assigned the

north-eastern sector, known as the "Northern Area". This included the naval base at Sembawang. The "Southern

Area"including the main urban areas in the south-eastwas commanded by Major-General Frank Keith Simmons.

His forces comprised about 18 battalions, including the Malayan 1st Infantry Brigade, the Straits Settlements

Volunteer Force Brigade and Indian 12th Infantry Brigade.

From aerial reconnaissance, scouts, infiltrators and high ground across the straits, such as at Istana Bukit Serene, the

Sultan of Johor's palace, the Japanese commanderGeneral Tomoyuki Yamashitaand his staff gained excellent
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knowledge of the Allied positions. Yamashita and his officers stationed themselves at Istana Bukit Serene and the

Johor state secretariat buildingthe Sultan Ibrahim Buildingto plan for the invasion of Singapore.[6][7]

Although advised by his top military personnel that Istana Bukit Serene was an easy target, Yamashita was confident

that the British Army would not attack the palace because it was the pride and a possession of the Sultan of Johor.

Yamashita's prediction was correct, as the British Army did not dare attack the palace.

From 3 February, the Allies were shelled by Japanese artillery and air attacks on Singapore intensified over the nextfive days. The artillery and air bombardment strengthened, severely disrupting communications between Allied units

and their commanders and affecting preparations for the defence of the island.

One of Singapore's 15-inch coastal defence guns

elevated for firing

It is a commonly repeated misconception that Singapore's famous

large-calibre coastal guns were ineffective against the Japanese

because they were designed to face south to defend the harbour

against naval attack and could not be turned round to face north. In

fact, most of the guns could be turned, and were indeed fired at the

invaders. However, the guns - which included one battery of three

15 in (380 mm) weapons and one with two 15 in (380 mm) guns

were supplied mostly with armour-piercing (AP) shells and few

high explosive (HE) shells. AP shells were designed to penetrate

the hulls of heavily armoured warships and were virtually

ineffective against personnel. Military analysts later estimated that

if the guns had been well supplied with HE shells the Japanese

attackers would have suffered heavy casualties, but the invasion

would not have been prevented by this means alone.

Yamashita had just over 30,000 men from three divisions: the

Imperial Guards Division under Lieutenant-General Takuma

Nishimura, the 5th Division under Lieutenant-General TakuroMatsui and the 18th Division under Lieutenant-General Renya

Mutaguchi. The elite Imperial Guards units included a light tank

brigade.

Percival incorrectly guessed the Japanese would land forces on the North East side of Singapore. This was

encouraged by the deliberate movement of enemy troops in this sector to deceive the British. Therefore a large

portion of defence equipment and resources was allocated to the North Eastern sector and the Australian sector had

no serious fixed defence works or obstacles. A daring Australian night patrol in the days leading up to the Japanese

attack discovered hidden naval assault boats and a concentration of troops. The Australians requested the immediate

shelling of these positions to disrupt the Japanese preparations but Percival and his senior commanders ignored the

request, believing that the real assault would come in the North Eastern sector, not the North West. Like so many

other times in this campaign, Percival and his commanders' poor leadership and decision making made the job of his

troops almost impossible.
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6/15


Battle

Japanese landings

The Japanese landings on Singapore Island

Blowing up the causeway had delayed the Japanese attack for over a

week. Prior to the main assault the Australians were subjected to a

terrific artillery bombardment that cut telephone lines and effectively

isolated forward units from rear areas. Even at this stage, a counter

artillery barrage as a response could have been mounted by the British

on the coastline opposite the Australians that would have caused

casualties and disruption among the Japanese assault troops. But the

bombardment of the Australians was not seen as a prelude to imminent

attack, despite its ferocity exceeding anything the Allies had

experienced thus far in the campaign.

At 20:30 on 8 February, Australian machine gunners opened fire on

vessels carrying the first wave of 4,000 troops from the 5th and 18th

Divisions toward Singapore island. The Japanese assaulted Sarimbun

Beach, in the sector controlled by the Australian 22nd Brigade under Brigadier Harold Taylor. Spotlights had been

sited by a British unit on the beaches to enable the Australians to clearly see any attacking forces on the water in

front of them. But the British commander of this unit could not be contacted when the communication lines were cut,

so the Australians were forced to fire into the darkness at the sound of approaching boats or at their silhouettes from

the few burning vessels that had been hit by lucky mortar fire. What was supposed to be an illuminated killing field

was instead a difficult, dark area that favoured the attackers more than the defenders. Once the Japanese reached the

darkened shorelines, they could easily disperse into the undergrowth and jungle terrain where they would be unseen

by the Australians in their static, fixed positions. This allowed the mobile but hidden Japanese to either surround and

destroy pockets of Australian resistance or simply bypass them to reach other objectives. As was the case throughout

the Malayan and Singapore campaign, the fast moving, mobile Japanese always had the advantage over the static

Allied positions, who because of limited visibility caused by the terrain, could rarely tell if they were being attacked

by small or large numbers of their concealed enemies.

Fierce fighting raged all day,[8]

but eventually the increasing Japanese numbersand the superiority of their

artillery, aircraft and military intelligencebegan to take their toll. In the northwest of the island they exploited gaps

in the thinly spread Allied lines such as rivers and creeks. By midnight, the two Australian brigades had lost

communications with each other, and the 22nd Brigade was forced to retreat. At 01:00, more Japanese troops were

landed in the northwest of the island and the last Australian reserves went in. Near dawn on 9 February, elements of

the 22nd Brigade were overrun or surrounded; the 2/18th Australian Infantry Battalion had lost more than half of its

personnel.

[9]
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7/15


Air war

Brewster F2A Buffalo fighters based at

Sembawang Airfield

Air cover was provided by only ten Hawker Hurricane fighters of RAF

No. 232 Squadron, based at Kallang Airfield. This was because

Tengah, Seletar and Sembawang were in range of Japanese artillery at

Johor Bahru. Kallang Airfield was the only operational airstrip left; the

surviving squadrons and aircraft were withdrawn by January to

reinforce the Dutch East Indies.

At 04:15 on 8 December 1941, Singapore was subjected to aerial

bombing for the first time by long-range Japanese aircraft, such as the

Mitsubishi G3M3 "Nell" and the Mitsubishi G4M1 "Betty", based in

Japanese-occupied Indochina. The bombers struck the city centre as

well as the Sembawang Naval Base and the island's northern airfields. After this first raid, throughout the rest of

December, there were a number of false alerts and several infrequent and sporadic hit-and-run attacks on outlying

military installations such as the Naval Base, but no actual raids on Singapore City. The situation had become so

desperate, it included a British soldier firing a Vickers machine gun from the middle of a road at any aircraft that

passed. He could only say: "The bloody bastards will never think of looking for me in the open, and I want to see a

bloody plane brought down."[10]

The next recorded raid on the city occurred on the night of 29/30 December, and nightly raids ensued for over a

week, only to be accompanied by daylight raids from 12 January 1942 onward. In the days that followed, as the

Japanese army drew ever nearer to Singapore Island, these day and night raids increased in frequency and intensity,

resulting in thousands of civilian casualties, up to the time of the British surrender.

Firefighters battle the results of a Japanese air

raid on 8 February 1942

During December, 51 Hurricane Mk II fighters were sent to Singapore,

with 24 pilots, the nuclei of five squadrons. They arrived on 3 January

1942, by which stage the F2A Buffalo squadrons had been

overwhelmed. No. 232 Squadron was formed and No. 488 Squadron

RNZAF, a Buffalo squadron had converted to Hurricanes. 232

Squadron became operational on 20 January and destroyed three

Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscars" that day,[11]

for the loss of three Hurricanes.

However, like the Buffalos before them, the Hurricanes began to suffer

severe losses in intense dogfights.

During the period 27 January30 January, another 48 Hurricanes (the

Mk IIA variant), arrived with No. 226 Group (four squadrons) on the

aircraft carrier HMSIndomitable, from which they flew to airfields

code-named P1 and P2, near Palembang, Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies. The staggered arrival of the Hurricanes along with inadequate early warning systems meant that Japanese air raids were able to destroy a large

proportion of the Hurricanes on the ground in Sumatra and Singapore.
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8/15


Hawker Hurricane of No. 232 Squadron RAF

shot down on 8 February, along the East Coast

Road

On the morning of 8 February, a number of aerial dogfights took place

over Sarimbun Beach and other western areas. In the first encounter,

the last ten Hurricanes were scrambled from Kallang Airfield to

intercept a Japanese formation of about 84 planes, flying from Johor to

provide air cover for their invasion force. In two sorties, the Hurricanes

shot down six Japanese planes for the loss of one of their own; theyflew back to Kallang halfway through the battle, hurriedly re-fuelled,

then returned to it. Air battles went on for the rest of the day, and by

nightfall it was clear that with the few machines Percival had left,

Kallang could no longer be used as a base. With his assent the

remaining eight flyable Hurricanes were withdrawn to Palembang,

Sumatra, and Kallang merely became an advanced landing ground. No

Allied aircraft were seen again over Singapore, the Japanese had

achieved complete air supremacy.[12]

On the evening of 10 February, General Archibald Wavell ordered the transfer of all remaining Allied air force

personnel to the Dutch East Indies. By this time, Kallang Airfield was so pitted with bomb craters that it was no

longer usable.

Second day

Believing that further landings would occur in the northeast, Percival did not reinforce the 22nd Brigade. On 9

February, the Japanese landings shifted to the southwest, where they encountered the 44th Indian Infantry Brigade.

Allied units were forced to retreat further east. Bennett decided to form a secondary defensive line, known as the

"Jurong Line", around Bulim, east of Tengah Airfield and just north of Jurong.

Brigadier Duncan Maxwell's Australian 27th Brigade, to the north, did not face Japanese assaults until the Imperial

Guards landed at 22:00 on 9 February. This operation went very badly for the Japanese, who suffered severe

casualties from Australian mortars and machine guns, and from burning oil which had been sluiced into the water. A

small number of Guards reached the shore and maintained a tenuous beachhead.

Command and control problems caused further cracks in the Allied defence. Maxwell was aware that the 22nd

Brigade was under increasing pressure, but was unable to contact Taylor and was wary of encirclement. In spite of

his brigade's success, and in contravention of orders from Bennett, Maxwell ordered it to withdraw from Kranji in

the central north. The Allies thereby lost control of the beaches adjoining the west side of the causeway.

Japanese breakthrough

The opening at Kranji made it possible for Imperial Guards armoured units to land there unopposed. Tanks with

buoyancy aids attached were towed across the strait and advanced rapidly south, along Woodlands Road. This

allowed Yamashita to outflank the 22nd Brigade on the Jurong Line, as well as bypassing the 11th Indian Division at

the naval base. However, the Imperial Guards failed to seize an opportunity to advance into the city centre itself.

On the evening of 10 February, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, cabled Wavell, saying:

I think you ought to realise the way we view the situation in Singapore. It was reported to Cabinet by the

C.I.G.S. [Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Alan Brooke] that Percival has over 100,000 [sic] men,

of whom 33,000 are British and 17,000 Australian. It is doubtful whether the Japanese have as many in the

whole Malay Peninsula... In these circumstances the defenders must greatly outnumber Japanese forces who

have crossed the straits, and in a well-contested battle they should destroy them. There must at this stage be no

thought of saving the troops or sparing the population. The battle must be fought to the bitter end at all costs.

The 18th Division has a chance to make its name in history. Commanders and senior officers should die with
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=18th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=18th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malay_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Brooke%2C_1st_Viscount_Alanbrookehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_the_General_Staff_%28United_Kingdom%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winston_Churchillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodlands_Road%2C_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kranjihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beachheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sluicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duncan_Maxwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juronghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=44th_Indian_Infantry_Brigadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Wavell%2C_1st_Earl_Wavellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AHurricane_singapore.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Coast_Park_Service_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Coast_Park_Service_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._232_Squadron_RAFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawker_Hurricane


9/15


their troops. The honour of the British Empire and of the British Army is at stake. I rely on you to show no

mercy to weakness in any form. With the Russians fighting as they are and the Americans so stubborn at

Luzon, the whole reputation of our country and our race is involved. It is expected that every unit will be

brought into close contact with the enemy and fight it out ...[13]

Wavell subsequently told Percival that the ground forces were to fight on to the end, and that there should not be a

general surrender in Singapore.My attack on Singapore was a bluff a bluff that worked. I had 30,000 men and was outnumbered more than three to one. I knew

that if I had to fight for long for Singapore, I would be beaten. That is why the surrender had to be at once. I was very frightened all

the time that the British would discover our numerical weakness and lack of supplies and force me into disastrous street fighting.

Tomoyuki Yamashita[14]

On 11 February, knowing that Japanese supplies were running perilously low, Yamashita decided to bluff and he

called on Percival to "give up this meaningless and desperate resistance". By this stage, the fighting strength of the

22nd Brigadewhich had borne the brunt of the Japanese attackshad been reduced to a few hundred men. The

Japanese had captured the Bukit Timah area, including most of the Allied ammunition and fuel and giving them

control of the main water supplies.

The next day, the Allied lines stabilised around a small area in the southeast of the island and fought off determined

Japanese assaults. Other unitsincluding the 1st Malaya Infantry Brigadehad joined in. A Malayan platoonled

by 2nd Lieutenant Adnan bin Saidiheld the Japanese for two days at the Battle of Pasir Panjang. His unit defended

Bukit Chandu, an area which included a major Allied ammunition store. Adnan was executed by the Japanese after

his unit was overrun.

On 13 February, with the Allies still losing ground, senior officers advised Percival to surrender in the interests of

minimising civilian casualties. Percival refused, but unsuccessfully sought authority to surrender from his superiors.

That same day, military police executed a convicted British traitor, Captain Patrick Heenan, who had been an Air

Liaison Officer with the British Indian Army.[15]

Japanese military intelligence had recruited Heenan before the war,

and he had used a radio to assist them in targeting Allied airfields in northern Malaya. He had been arrested on 10

December and court-martialled in January. Heenan was shot at Keppel Harbour, on the south side of Singapore, his

body was thrown into the sea.

The following day, the remaining Allied units fought on; civilian casualties mounted as one million people crowded

into the area still held by the Allies, bombing and artillery fire increased. Civilian authorities began to fear that the

water supply would give out.
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10/15


Alexandra Hospital massacre

A plaque commemorating the

massacre and expanding on the

hospital's history after the war

At about 13:00 on 14 February, Japanese soldiers advanced towards the

Alexandra Barracks Hospital.[16]

A British lieutenantacting as an envoy with

a white flagapproached the Japanese forces but was killed with a bayonet.[17]

After the Japanese troops entered the hospital, a number of patients, including

those undergoing surgery at the time, were killed along with doctors and

members of nursing staff.[18]

The following day about 200 male staff members

and patients who had been assembled and bound the previous day,[19]

many of

them walking wounded, were ordered to walk about 400 m (440 yd) to an

industrial area. Anyone who fell on the way was bayoneted. The men were

forced into a series of small, badly ventilated rooms where they held overnight

without water. Some died during the night as a result of their treatment.[20]

The

remainder were bayoneted the following morning.

Private Haines of the Wiltshire Regimenta survivorhad been in the hospital

suffering from malaria. He wrote a four-page account of the massacre that wassold by his daughter by private auction in 2008;

[21]Haines described how the

Japanese did not consider those who were weak, wounded or who had surrendered to be worthy of life. After

surrendering, staff were ordered to proceed down a corridor, where Sergeant Rogers was bayoneted twice in the back

and another officer, Captain Parkinson, was bayoneted through the throat. Others killed included Captain Heevers

and Private Lewis. Captain Smiley and Private Sutton were bayoneted but survived by playing dead. Many who had

not been imprisoned in the tiny rooms in the industrial area were systematically taken away in small groups and

bayoneted or macheted to death. This continued for 24 hours, leaving 320 men and one woman dead. Those who lost

their lives included a corporal from the Loyal Regiment, who was impaled on the operating table, and even a

Japanese prisoner who was perhaps mistaken for a Gurkha.[citation needed]

There were only five known survivors, including George Britton (19222009) of the East Surrey Regiment,[22] and

Private Haines. Also Hugo Hughes, who lost his right leg, and George Wort, who lost an arm, both of the Royal

Malay Regiment.[23]

There may have been others. Haines' account came to light only after his death. Survivors were

so traumatised that they rarely spoke of their ordeal.

After three days with no food or drink, those unable to walk were taken to Changi on wheelbarrows and carts, no

motorised vehicles being available.

Fall of Singapore
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Malay_Regimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Malay_Regimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Surrey_Regimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurkhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loyal_Regiment_%28North_Lancashire%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_marchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayonethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAlexandria_Hosp_plaque.jpg


11/15


Lt Gen. Yamashita (seated, centre) thumps the

table with his fist to emphasise his terms

unconditional surrender. Lt Gen. Percival sits

between his officers, his clenched hand to his

mouth

By the morning of 15 February, the Japanese had broken through the

last line of defence; the Allies were running out of food and

ammunition. The anti-aircraft guns had also run out of ammunition and

were unable to repel any further Japanese air attacks which threatened

to cause heavy casualties in the city centre. Looting and desertion by

Allied troops further added to the chaos in this area.At 09:30, Percival held a conference at Fort Canning with his senior

commanders. He proposed two options: either launch an immediate

counter-attack to regain the reservoirs and the military food depots in

the Bukit Timah region and drive the enemy's artillery off its

commanding heights outside the town; or capitulate. All present agreed

that no counterattack was possible. Percival opted for surrender.

A deputation was selected to go to the Japanese headquarters. It consisted of a senior staff officer, the colonial

secretary and an interpreter. They set off in a motor car bearing a Union Jack and a white flag of truce toward theenemy lines to discuss a cessation of hostilities. They returned with orders that Percival himself proceed with staff

officers to the Ford Motor Factory, where Yamashita would lay down the terms of surrender. A further requirement

was that the Japanese Rising Sun Flag be hoisted over the tallest building in Singapore, as soon as possible to

maximise the psychological impact of the official surrender. Percival formally surrendered shortly after 17:15.

Surrendering troops of the Suffolk Regiment are

held at gunpoint by Japanese infantry

The terms of the surrender included:

The unconditional surrender of all military forces (Army, Navy and

Air Force) in Singapore.

Hostilities to cease at 20:30 that evening.

All troops to remain in position until further orders.

All weapons, military equipment, ships, planes and secret

documents to be handed over intact.

To prevent looting, etc., during the temporary withdrawal of all

armed forces in Singapore, a force of 1,000 British armed men to

take over until relieved by the Japanese.

Earlier that day Percival had issued orders to destroy before 16:00, all

secret and technical equipment, ciphers, codes, secret documents and heavy guns. Yamashita accepted his assurance

that no ships or planes remained in Singapore. According to Tokyo's Domei News Agency Yamashita also accepted

full responsibility for the lives of British and Australian troops, as well as British civilians remaining in Singapore.

Bennett caused controversy when he handed command of the 8th Division to a brigadier and

along with some ofhis staff officerscommandeered a small boat.

[24]They eventually made their way back to Australia.
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12/15


Aftermath

Japanese soldiers shooting blindfolded Sikh

prisoners

The Japanese occupation of Singapore started after the British

surrender. Japanese newspapers triumphantly declared the victory as

deciding the general situation of the war.[25]

The city was renamed

Syonan-to (Japanese: Shnan-t; literally: Southern Island

gained in the age of Shwa, or "Light of the South"). The Japanese

sought vengeance against the Chinese and to eliminate anyone who

held any anti-Japanese sentiments. The Japanese authorities were

suspicious of the Chinese because of the Second Sino-Japanese War,

and killed many in the Sook Ching massacre. The other ethnic groups

of Singaporesuch as the Malays and Indianswere not spared

either. The residents would suffer great hardships under Japanese rule

over the following three and a half years.

Numerous British and Australian soldiers taken prisoner remained in Singapore's Changi Prison. Many would never

return home. Thousands of others were shipped out on prisoner transports known as "hell ships" to other parts ofAsia, including Japan, to be used as forced labour on projects such as the SiamBurma Death Railway and Sandakan

airfield in North Borneo. Many of those aboard the ships perished.

An Indian revolutionary Rash Behari Bose formed the Indian National Army with the help of the Japanese, who

were highly successful in recruiting Indian soldiers taken prisoner. From a total of about 40,000 Indian personnel in

Singapore in February 1942, about 30,000 joined the pro-independence Indian National Army, which fought Allied

forces in the Burma Campaign as well as in the northeast Indian regions of Kohima and Imphal. Others became

POW camp guards at Changi. An unknown number were taken to Japanese-occupied areas in the South Pacific as

forced labour. Many of them suffered severe hardships and brutality similar to that experienced by other prisoners of

Japan during the war. About 6,000 of them survived until they were liberated by Australian and US forces in

194345.

After the Japanese surrender in 1945, Yamashita was tried by a US military commission for war crimes committed

by Japanese personnel in the Philippines earlier that year, but not for crimes committed by his troops in Malaya or

Singapore. He was convicted and hanged in the Philippines on 23 February 1946.

Victorious Japanese troops marching through

Fullerton Square

Notes

[1] http:/ /tools.wmflabs. org/geohack/geohack.

php?pagename=Battle_of_Singapore&

params=1_22_N_103_49_E_source:nowiki_region:SG_type:event_scale:50000

[2] Churchill, Winston (1986). The Hinge of Fate, Volume 4. Houghton Mifflin

Harcourt, p. 81. ISBN 0-395-41058-4

[3] Thompson, p. 9294.

[4] Thompson, p. 103130.

[5] Thompson, p. 6061.

[6] Lee, Singapore: The Unexpected Nation, pg 37

[7] War for the Empire: Malaya and Singapore, Dec 1941 to Feb 1942 (http://ajrp.

awm.gov. au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/5c2a7f65120f209aca256b6d0020a228/

e2909070f075fdbeca256946001ef8ab?OpenDocument), Richard Reid, Australia-Japan Research Project

[8] Elphick in Singapore the impregnable fortress reports a quite different version.Elphick 1995, p. Wikipedia:Citing sources.

[9] Elphick explains that this is mainly due to the high level of desertion among Australian units.


13/15


class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[[[Wikipedia:Citing

sources|pageneeded]]]">Elphick 1995, p. Wikipedia:Citing sources.

[10][10] Reagan, Geoffrey. Military Anecdotes (1992) p. 189, Guiness Publishing ISBN 0-85112-519-0

[11] Cull, Brian and Sortehaug, Brian and Paul.Hurricanes Over Singapore: RAF, RNZAF and NEI Fighters in Action Against the Japanese

Over the Island and the Netherlands East Indies, 1942. London: Grub Street, 2004. (ISBN 1-904010-80-6), pp. 2729. Note: 64 Sentai lost

three Ki-43s and claimed five Hurricanes.

[12] Percival'sDespatches

[13] The Second World War. Vol. IV. By Winston Churchill.

[14][14] Shores 1992, p. 383.

[15] Peter Elphick, 2001, "Cover-ups and the Singapore Traitor Affair" (http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/specials/noprisoners/viewpoints/

elphick. htm) Access date: 5 March 2007.

[16][16] Thompson, p. 476.

[17][17] Thompson, p. 477.

[18] Thompson, p. 476478.

[19] Thompson, p. 477478.

[20][20] Thompson, p. 478.

[21][21] Daily Express, 14 August 2008

[22][22] George Britton, personal recollection 2009[23][23] Hugo Hughes' war diary, written in Changi

[24] Lieutenant General Henry Gordon Bennett, CB, CMG, DSO (http://www.awm.gov. au/people/110. asp) an Australian War Memorial

article

[25] John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 19361945 p 277 Random House New York 1970

Citations

References

Cull, Brian (2004).Hurricanes Over Singapore: RAF, RNZAF and NEI Fighters in Action Against the Japanese

Over the Island and the Netherlands East Indies, 1942. Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904010-80-7.

Cull, Brian (2008).Buffaloes over Singapore: RAF, RAAF, RNZAF and Dutch Brewster Fighters in Action Over

Malaya and the East Indies 19411942. Grub Street Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904010-32-6.

Dixon, Norman F. On the Psychology of Military Incompetence, London, 1976

Bose, Romen. SECRETS OF THE BATTLEBOX: The History and Role of Britain's Command HQ during the

Malayan Campaign, Marshall Cavendish, Singapore 2005

Bose, Romen.KRANJI:The Commonwealth War Cemetery and the Politics of the Dead, Singapore: Marshall

Cavendish (2006)

Elphick, Peter, Singapore, the pregnable fortress, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1995, ISBN 0-340-64990-9

Kelly, Terence (2008).Hurricanes Versus Zeros: Air Battles over Singapore, Sumatra and Java. Pen and Sword.

ISBN 978-1-84415-622-1. Kinvig, Clifford. Scapegoat: General Percival of Singapore, London (1996) ISBN 0-241-10583-8

Leasor, James. Singapore: The Battle That Changed The World (http://www.jamesleasor.com/

singapore-the-battle-that-changed-the-world/#=true) UK, USA 1968, 2011. ISBN 978-1-908291-18-9

Percival, Lieutenant-General A.E. (1946). Operations of Malaya Command from 5th December 1941 to 15th

February 1942. London: UK Secretary of State for War. (Percival's despatches published in The London Gazette:

(Supplement) no. 38215. pp. 12451346 (http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/38215/supplements/

1245). 20 February 1948. Retrieved 16 August 2012.)

Seki, Eiji.Mrs. Ferguson's Tea-Set, Japan and the Second World War: The Global Consequences Following

Germany's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940.(http://books.google.com/books?id=u5KgAAAACAAJ)

London: Global Oriental (2006) ISBN 1-905246-28-5; (cloth) [reprinted by University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu, 2007 previously announced as Sinking of the SS Automedon and the Role of the Japanese Navy: A
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Hawaii_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Orientalhttp://books.google.com/books?id=u5KgAAAACAAJhttp://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/38215/supplements/1245http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/38215/supplements/1245http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_London_Gazettehttp://www.jamesleasor.com/singapore-the-battle-that-changed-the-world/#=truehttp://www.jamesleasor.com/singapore-the-battle-that-changed-the-world/#=truehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-622-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-1-904010-32-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-1-904010-80-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rising_Sun:_The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Japanese_Empire_1936%E2%80%931945http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Toland_%28author%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_War_Memorialhttp://www.awm.gov.au/people/110.asphttp://www.abc.net.au/4corners/specials/noprisoners/viewpoints/elphick.htmhttp://www.abc.net.au/4corners/specials/noprisoners/viewpoints/elphick.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citing_sources


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New Interpretation(http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/cart/shopcore/?db_name=uhpress&page=shop/

flypage&product_id=4475&PHPSESSID=75b7d372eb6f6c4d747ec0a150c42ead).]

Shores, Christopher F; Cull, Brian; Izawa, Yasuho.Bloody Shambles: The First Comprehensive Account of the

Air Operations over South-East Asia December 1941 April 1942, London: Grub Street (2007)

Shores, Christopher F; Cull, Brian; Izawa, Yasuho.Bloody Shambles, The First Comprehensive Account of the

Air Operations over South-East Asia December 1941 April 1942 Volume One:Drift to War to the Fall of

Singapore. London: Grub Street Press. (1992) ISBN 0-948817-50-X

Smith, Colin. Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II Penguin (2005) ISBN 0-670-91341-3

Smyth, John George,Percival and the Tragedy of Singapore, MacDonald and Company, 1971

Thompson, P. The Battle for Singapore, The True Story of the Greatest Catastrophe of World War II, London

(2006) ISBN 0-7499-5099-4

External links

Library resources

About Battle of Singapore

Resources in your library(http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Singapore+ --+ History+--+Siege,+1942)

Resources in other libraries(http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Singapore+ --+History+--+ Siege,+1942&

library=0CHOOSE0)

National Heritage Board, Battlefield Singapore (http://www.s1942.org.sg/S1942:)

Bicycle Blitzkrieg The Japanese Conquest of Malaya and Singapore 19411942 (http://www.

militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/singapore.aspx)

Royal Engineers Museum (http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm#far) Royal

Engineers and the Second World War the Far East

The diary of one British POW, Frederick George Pye of the Royal Engineers (http:/

/

www.

david-pye.

com/index.php?page=pow). Fred Pye was a POW for 3 years, including time spent building the Burma Railway. He

managed to save, write on and bury scraps of paper, and after the war compiled them into a readable form.

Animated History of the Fall of Malaya and Singapore (http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Malaysia.html)
http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Malaysia.htmlhttp://www.david-pye.com/index.php?page=powhttp://www.david-pye.com/index.php?page=powhttp://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm#farhttp://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/singapore.aspxhttp://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/singapore.aspxhttp://www.s1942.org.sg/S1942:http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Singapore+--+History+--+Siege%2C+1942&library=0CHOOSE0http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Singapore+--+History+--+Siege%2C+1942&library=0CHOOSE0http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Singapore+--+History+--+Siege%2C+1942http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/cart/shopcore/?db_name=uhpress&page=shop/flypage&product_id=4475&PHPSESSID=75b7d372eb6f6c4d747ec0a150c42eadhttp://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/cart/shopcore/?db_name=uhpress&page=shop/flypage&product_id=4475&PHPSESSID=75b7d372eb6f6c4d747ec0a150c42ead


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Article Sources and Contributors 15

Article Sources and ContributorsBattle of Singapore Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=580903957 Contributors: Aarontay, AgadaUrbanit, Ahuja91, Akhil Bakshi, Akradecki, Albrecht, Aldwinteo,

Alphasinus, Althena, Andropod, Angr, Anotherclown, Antarctica moon, Arabani, Ardfern, Arnhem, Arsonal, Arvand, Arwel Parry, Asmaybe, AustralianRupert, Az81964444, Azkar, Azobe,

Banedon, Before My Ken, Belleiseult, Benea, BenjaminMarine9037, Berek, Bethbs, Bigboy555434, Billthegeek, Binksternet, Black Falcon, Bloodshedder, BlueCaper, Brat32, Brian Crawford,

Bunnyhop11, Callanecc, CapitalR, Captain Seafort, Carre, Ceecookie, Central Data Bank, Charlisized, ChristiaandeWet, Cjrother, Cla68, Collingwood26, CommonsDelinker, CrniBombarder!!!,

D6, DPdH, DagosNavy, Danrok, Dapi89, Darren Wickham, [email protected], Dekimasu, Demonkoi, Dimadick, Dl2000, DragonFury, Drilnoth, Earth, Eltomzo, EnigmaMcmxc,

Enkyo2, Erik-the-red, Ernio48, EscapingLife, Estianstr, Estianstr1, EuroHistoryTeacher, Everyking, Fernvale, GJeffery, Gaius Cornelius, Gdr, General Grievous, Get It, GoldDragon, Goldfritha,

Graeme374, GrahamBould, Grant65, Green Giant, HJ Mitchell, HS3350, Hajenso, HanzoHattori, Harland1, Hcubbs, Hibernian, Hilighter555, Himasaram, Historian932, Howcheng,Howsthatfordamage25, Huaiwei, Hugo999, Ihsuss, Illegitimate Barrister, Illuminatiscott, Inkypaws, Intrutina Mentis Dubia, Ivirivi00, JYolkowski, Jack Upland, Jakelovescindii, Jcagney,

Jean-Jacques Georges, Jhoveson, Jim Sweeney, Jj137, Jockosaurus, John, John Riemann Soong, John254, Johnny&toby, Jon C., Joshbaumgartner, Jpatokal, Jtwang, KConWiki, Kablammo,

Kbdank71, Keeper Garrett, Keith-264, Kennyboy94, Killer3000ad, Kipperx, Kirill Lokshin, Kirrages, Kransky, Kungfuadam, La goutte de pluie, Lacrimosus, Laddiebuck, Larklight, Lassiter,

Lds, LeadSongDog, Leandrod, Leithp, Liamwillco, Lightmouse, Ligulem, LilHelpa, Loopy, Magus732, Manxruler, Marek2, Materialscientist, Melromero, Meong124, Michael Johnson, Mifter,

Mimihitam, Modest Genius, Moon2908, Mozzini66, Murphy11, Mywork, NMChico24, NSD Student, NapoleonQuang, NayhanAmor, Nev1, Nick-D, NickBush24, Nickhk, Nickm57,

NightmareXD, Nikhilmn2002, Nn123645, Nohomers48, Notreallydavid, Oberiko, Ohconfucius, Oktuck, Olivier, PBS, PFHLai, Pe-Jo, Penguin3694, Peter.C, Philip Trueman, Pichpich,

Pobox327, Pol098, Poppy, Quercus basaseachicensis, R'n'B, R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine), RASAM, RDD44, Ran, Raptorrob, Raul654, RaymondHng, Rcbutcher, Richardcrasta, Riction,

Rifleman 82, Rjwilmsi, Ronhjones, RottweilerCS, Rueben lys, SGGH, Sam Hocevar, Sengkang, Sheehan, Simon D M, SingawikiBubbles, Skier Dude, Skizzik, Slb nsk, Snchduer, Squids and

Chips, Srothen84, Stephenjh, Supertask, The Red Hat of Pat Ferrick, The Thing That Should Not Be, Theelf29, Thingg, Tide rolls, Tikiwont, Tobby72, Tony1, Trip Johnson, Triplight, Tristan

benedict, Trusilver, Ulflarsen, Utcursch, Uzdzislaw, Volker89, Volland, Vsion, Wavelength, Weiwensg, WhyNotFreedom, Wiz9999, Wolcott, WolfmanSF, Wonx2150, Woohookitty,

Xaiver0510, Yaush, Yintan, Yosri, Z10x, Zscout370, , , 273 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Surrender Singapore.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Surrender_Singapore.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Photographer not identified. "Official

photograph". Post-Work: User:W.wolny

File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Good

Olfactory, Mifter

File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: Barryob

File:Flag of the Federated Malay States (1895 - 1946).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Federated_Malay_States_(1895_-_1946).svgLicense: Public

domain Contributors: Bukhrin, Cycn, Kaiser Torikka, Ludger1961, Mattes, 1 anonymous edits

File:Flag of the British Straits Settlements (1874-1942).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_(1874-1942).svgLicense: Public

Domain Contributors: Himasaram

File:Flag of Australia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter

File:Flag of Japan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie

File:White flag icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:White_flag_icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ash Crow, Captaincollect1970, Cycn, Ludger1961,

Rocket000, Sarang, SiBr4, W!B:, Xiengyod, 1 anonymous edits

File:Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merchant_flag_of_Japan_(1870).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: kahusi - (Talk)

File:Ensign of the Royal Air Force.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ensign_of_the_Royal_Air_Force.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User: David

Newton

File:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svgLicense: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: David Newton,

uploader was Denelson83

File:Singapore causeway blown up.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Singapore_causeway_blown_up.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: Cave cattum, FSII

Image:Flag of Singapore.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various

Image:Flag of Singapore (1946-1959).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Singapore_(1946-1959).svgLicense: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike

Contributors: User:Zscout370 (Return Fire)

File:Flag of Singapore.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various

File:Singapore map 1942.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Singapore_map_1942.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Original uploader was Grant65 at en.wikipedia

File:Coastal defence gun at Singapore.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coastal_defence_gun_at_Singapore.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: not stated.

Post-Work: User:W.wolny

File:Sarimbun battle.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarimbun_battle.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown; original uploader was at en.wikipedia.

File:BrewsterBuffalosMkIRAAFSingaporeOctober1941.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BrewsterBuffalosMkIRAAFSingaporeOctober1941.jpgLicense: Public

Domain Contributors: British Government

File:Japanese air raid on singapore - February 8 1942.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Japanese_air_raid_on_singapore_-_February_8_1942.jpgLicense: Public

Domain Contributors: Fotografa Histrica

File:Hurricane singapore.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hurricane_singapore.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: IJAAF

File:Alexandria Hosp plaque.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alexandria_Hosp_plaque.jpgLicense: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Originaluploader was VK35 at en.wikipedia

File:BritishSurrender.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BritishSurrender.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Vsion at en.wikipedia.

Later version(s) were uploaded by Iain at en.wikipedia.

File:Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bosbritsurrendergroup.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Wolcott at

en.wikipedia

File:Japanese shooting blindfolded Sikh prisoners.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Japanese_shooting_blindfolded_Sikh_prisoners.jpgLicense: Public Domain

Contributors: Imperial War Museum

File:JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: BrokenSphere, Docu, F, Jacklee,

Morio, Mr Tan, OppositeLock, Smat, Soerfm, Two hundred percent, Wolcott, Worldantiques

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