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TERESA DEL VALLE

Korrika

Basque Ritual for Ethnic Identity

TRANSLATED BY LINDA WHITE

University of Nevada Press Reno Las Vegas London

Index

References to figures and illustrations are printed in boldface type.

Abaurre Gaina, 26, 28abertzale, xxix, 182114abertzale left, 106, 126, 153, 159, 163,

164, 166; Korrika identificationwith, 177, 178. See also politics

Abetxuko, Korrika route through, 113abortion, demands for, 32action: dynamics of, xii, xiii, 117-48;

Korrika as, 43-44. See alsomovement

AEK. See Alfabetatze EuskalduntzeKoordinakundea

Aezcoa, Euskara regression in, 8Aezkoa, 83Affegui, Ricardo, 21Agirre, Jose Antonio, 87agriculture: in Atharratze, 1, 182m;

in Benafarroa Beherea, 119; innorthern Euskalerria, xxiv; inPyrenean valleys, 150-56. See alsoland; livestock

Agurain, xv-xviAire, Fernando [pseud. Xalbador], 86Alameda de Recalde, 97Aldamiz, Teresa, 139Alenson, V., 76Alfabetatze Euskalduntze Koordina-

kundea (AEK): conflicts withHABE, 60, 68, 121, 174; defined,44-46; Korrika responsibilities of,xxi, 38, 39, 40, 49, 50, 60-67;relationship with Basquegovernment, 60

Alsasu, 158

Alza, 25amnesty, 120, 125,134,135, 155;

Pro-Amnesty Movement, 25, 26amulet, 3Amundarain, Dionisio, 60-61Amuritza, Xabier, 57anthropology, relationship to Korrika,

xxii-xxiiiantinuclear committees, 25, 52, 122,

139, 188114Antonana, Xabier, 104Apaolaza, Txemi, i8mi-n3Araba, xxiv, 7, 9, 32, 51, 56, 59, 104,

168; Euskara usage in, 4-5; Korrikain, 129-30, 168-69

Araia, 99, 100Aralar, dolmens in, 17archaeological studies, in Basque

caves, 3, i82n2Ardanza, Jose Antonio, 87Arenal, police confrontations in, xviArenaza, 3Aresti, Gabriel, 9, 47-48, 96, 138-39,

140Aretxaga, Begona, 87, i8im-n2Arkotxa, Astrid, 181mArrasate, 59Arregui, Ricardo, 38, 177Arriondas (Asturias), 4"arrival" celebration, 3Artola, Bittor, 41assassinations, 87, 88, 120,141,

Assembly of Aranzazu, 8, 18204

2 1 1

212 Index

Astigarraga, Luis M., i8m3Atharratze, 23, 70, 129; characteristics

of, 1, 182m; conflicts in, 8-9;population decline in, 118

Atuan, 43Axular, 7Ayuntamiento, 104Azkarate, 111Azkarate, Miren, 22Azkue, Resurrection Ma. de, 8Azurmendi, Maria Jose, 21

Bai Eudkarari campaign, 40-41,bailejaustia, 3. See also dancersBaiona, 23, 112; Treaty of, 83Bakaikoa, celebrations at, 74Blanca, La, festival of, i9on24Banderaia, 3Baraibar, footraces in, 93Barakaldo, 32Barandiaran, Jose Miguel de, 16,18,

102, 143barnategiak, Euskara-instruction in,

182114

Barricada, 51baserriak, 70Basque government, xvi; relationship

with AEK, 59, 60Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), 40,

87; conflicts with AEK, 60, 62-63;Korrika affiliation of, 61-64, 65, 67,68; in Korrika creation, 49

Basterra, Jose Ramon, i8m3Basterrechea, Nestor, 41Batua, 8-9, 42, 46, 171, i82n5batzorde, formation of, 44Baztan: agriculture in, 151; Junta of,

66-67Bearzun, 111Belate, 27Benafarroa Beherea: Korrika route in,

164; population in 20th century,118, 119

berezko, 147

Bergara, 87Bergara, Ramon Onaederra, i88n5Berroeta, 126bertsoak, 57bertsolari, 43, 70, 86; carrying testigo,

143; festivals, 56, 127; resurgenceof, 9,17, i83n9

Bidasoa River, 85, 86Bilbo, ix, xvi, xxiv, xxv, 32, 39, 41, 50;

Euskara schools in, 59; funding forKorrika, 54; Korrika finish line at,107, 127; Korrika participation in,50-51; Korrika route through, 96,112; Old Quarter, 55, 112

Bizkaia, xxiv, 3, 9, 33, 56, 59, 106, 134;boundary markers of, 72; Euskarausage in, 4-5; footraces in, 93;Korrika in, 129-30, 154-55

blusas, 144, i9on24boarding-school programs, 39-40, 44Bonaparte, Luis Luciano, 8Borda, Itxaro, 22, 57border, x, 5, 103; and border towns,

79, 86-87; contemporary, 85-88;dialectical, 160; establishment of,78-84; French-Spanish, 79, 82, 88;Korrika crossing of, 23-24; Korrikaemphasizing, 90; natural landmarksfor, 75; relation to spoken word,75-78; transcending, 174; v. muga,103, 174

boundaries: of Korrika, 92; territorial,70-89. See also border; muga

Boundaries: The Making of France andSpain in the Pyrenees, x

boundary markers, 72, 74-75, JJ, 78,95

Brouard, Santi, 96, 123, 138-39, 140,177, i89n6

bulls, running of, 14bumper stickers, 55Burunda, 74businesses: Euskara practice at, 46;

funding for Korrika, 53-55

Index 213

cabezudos, 128-29, 13°-posters

Camino de Santiago, 151Carlist party, 66Carniceria land, 72carnival rituals, 110-11, 165,Carreras, Monserrat, i8m3cartoons, 137cartoon videos, 58Castanares, Jon, 142Castro-Urdiales, 106Catalan: culture, 107; people, xiCataluna, 126, 189^cave man, as dance character, 3, 33caves, prehistoric, 3, i82n2Celedon, 144Central Nacional de Trabajadores

(CNT), 66CG V. See Consejo General Vascochants, 114children: in carnival ritual, 111;

carrying testigo, 113, 123,125, 127,131, 164, 168; role of in Korrika, 10-14,16, 19, 36, 124, 168, 179. See alsofamily

Christianity, influence on Basquepopulation, 6

Cize, 83clergy, literary production of, 22closure, 112, 116clothing, 161, 162; enhancing

festivities, 12-13, 2$' 55; gerriko, 14CNT. See Central Nacional de

Trabajadorescoastline: economy of, 118-19; Korrika

route along, 98, 154comedy, 4, 129, 137Communidad Autonoma Vasca, 116, 163,

171, i82n3communitas, ideological, xxviicommunities: competition between,

94; language immersion in, 45-46competition: in footraces, 92-93;

between towns, 100; traditional, 106

conflict, producing ritual, xxixCongil, Txus, 25conscientious objectors, carrying

testigo, 121Consejo General Vasco (CGV), 59continuity, 1-37; as dominant cultural

element, 33; of Korrika celebration,176; of language, 46; life cyclesreflecting, 10-33; linguistic, 82

contradictions: about women, 30;resolution of, 33-36

Coral Iradier, 143Corella, 98Correo, El, 64cuadrilla, 42cuisine, New Basque, ^y, i85n22cultural activities, promoting Korrika,

57-58cultural objectives, 53cultural processes, xi, xxii, xxix

dancers, 1-3, 2, 128, 130, 157Debray, Regis, xiDechepare, Mosen Bernart, 7Deia, 64, 67, 87del Estal, Gladys, 25, 30, 122, 138,

139, 178, i88n4del Valle, Teresa, i8m3Deusto, xvi-xvii, 30Diario Vasco, xvii

Diccionario Vasco-Espaiiol-Frances, 8Diez, Mari Carmen, i8m3discontinuities: fighting, 172;

resolution of, 33-36diversity: ritualization of, 117; within

Euskalerria, 161dolmens, 17domesticity, 35Donibane, 23, 165Donostia, xxiv, xxv, 24, 25, 57, 104;

Euskara schools in, 59; funding forKorrika, 53, 54; Korrika finish lineat, 107; Old Quarter, 57

Douglass, William A., xxi, 78-79, 83

214 Index

drug culture, xviDundes, Alan, xxiDuvant, Jose Luis, 58

EAB. See Emakume Abertzale Batzeecology, 125, 154economic concerns, affecting Basque

people, 146-47economic support, 46, 53-56; early

concerns about, 41-42education: AEK coordinating, 39. See

also ikastolaEgin, ix, xvii, 55, 57, 61, 67, 88, 104Ekain, 3ekintza, Korrika as, 43El Baztan, 33elders, role of in Korrika, 16-19, 36,

126, 157, 166, 168. See also familyelections, xivElicegui, Catalina de, 22Elizondo, 109, 130; agriculture in, 151;

Korrika in, 157Emakume Abertzale Batze (EAB), 20Emakumea idasle, 22emigration, 117, 188m; forced, of

women, 23. See also immigrationEnbeita, Balentin, 16,17, 19, 48-49encierro txiki: children's involvement

in, 14, i83n7; compared to korrikatxiki, 14

energy: exhibiting indarra, 92; inKorrika, 117, 147. See also indarra;power

Ermua, Euskara schools in, 59Errasti, Urtsa, 57Erribera, 33; geography of, 151;

Korrika experience in, 99, 169Errigoiti, Euskara courses in, 56eskualde, coordination of, 44Esnal, Karmele, i83moEstella, 7ETA. See Euskadi ta Askatasunaethnic identity, formation of, xxi

ethnicity: relationship withnationalism, xi; territorial divisiondisrupting, 74

ethnic relationships, xiiiEtniker research groups, 17Etxaide, Maider, 181mEtxarri-Aranaz, xv, 96; Euskara

courses in, 56Etxeberria, Feli, 21Etxeberri, Jone, 57Europe, x, xi, xxiii. See also France;

SpainEuskadi, i82n3Euskadi Bum Batzar (EBB), 61,

1851133Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA), 43, 70,

87, 186meuskaldun, 105euskaldunizacion, objectives of,

38-39, 41Euskal-Erria, 8Euskalerria, viii, xxiii-xxv, 90; dialects

distinguished in, 156; diversity andcontrasts in, 149-72; "historicalterritories" in, xxiv; territorialintegrity of, 115

Euskal Herria, 145Euskal Herrian Euskaraz, 25euskal rock, 9euskaltegi, activities within, 44-46euskaltegi, Euskara instruction in,

Euskaltzaindia, 8, 20, 61, i82n3;under Franco, 38

Euskal Udako Unibertsitatea, 9Euskara: book production in, 58;

contemporary development, 3-9,58, 182114; dialects of, 7, 8, 43, 156,i82n5; Korrika objectives for, xxi,46, 144; origins of, 33-34, 36;regression of, xxvii, 6-9, 19;relationship to Korrika, 159; revivalof, 39-40, 163; teaching institutions,61; usage in Iparralde, 6

Index 215

Eusko Ikaskuntza-Sociedad deEstudios Vascos, 8

Exeberri, Xabier, 96, 138, 140, 177Ezkurra, 26

faceria, 73, 80-83Falassi, Alessandro, xxifamily: presence of in Korrika, 13,

16, 70, 114; role of in languagetransmission, 8, 10. See alsochildren; fathers; mothers

fathers, presence of in Korrika, 13, 14.See also family

Felipe, Natxo de, 57feminism, 32-33Feria de Muestras, fiesta in, ix, xiii,

127-28, 138Fernandez, James W., xii, xxi, xxii, 4festivity, surrounding Korrika, 127-31fireworks, 101, 124, 127First Congress of Bascologists, 21fishing industry, xvii, 119, 154, 171fixed teams, methodology of,

xvii-xviiiFontan, Amaia, 23food: at carnival ritual, 110; donations

of, 57; New Basque cuisine, 57,

football games,footraces, competition in, 92-93France: border with Spain, x—xi;

deportment of political prisoners,114, i87n24; "historical territories"within, xxiv. See also Europe; Spain

Franco era, xxv, 9, 38, 67, 84, 107,i89n2i; ikastolak in, 20-21

fueros, xxiv, 82Fuika, Jose Luis, i8m3funding. See economic support

Gagika, Alberto, 41Galdeano, Xabier, 88, 123, 138Garian, Maria,

Gandarias, Ana Isabel, i8m3Ganuza, Maria Josefa, 57, 143Garcia, Asun, 23, 70Garmendia, Carmen, 22Gasteiz, xvi, 7; Euskara schools in, 59;

funding for Korrika, 54; hungerstrikers of, 64-65; Korrika routethrough, 113-14; Old Quarter, 65

Gastronomic Society, 57Gatuzaina (dancer), 2, 3gau eskolas, family collaboration

with, 10gaulana, 83Geertz, Clifford, xxiGellner, Ernest, xiGereno, Xabier, 58Gestoras pro Amnistia, 122, 160, 165Getaria, 98Gipuzkoa, xxiv, xxv, 3, 9, 28, 59;

boundary stones of, 73; Euskarausage in, 4-5; footraces in, 93;Korrika festivities in, 129-30;nationalism in, xv

Goizueta, border rituals of, 74Gonzalez, Julio, i8m3government support: for Euskara

schools, 61; lack of, affectingEuskara, 35

Gros, 25group experience, 15Guardia Civil, 104, 151, 152, 157. See

also policeGuillen, Victor Fairen, 81Gurrutxaga, Ander, 42

HB. See Herri BatasunaH ABE. See Helduen Alfabetatzen eta

Berreuskalduntzen Erakundehandicapped persons, 134-35, ^7HASI. See Herriko Alder; Sozialista

IraultzaleaHasparren, 119Hegoalde, 107; Korrika observations

in, xv, 120

216 Index

Helduen Alfabetatzen eta Berreu-skalduntzen Erakunde (HABE),xxvii, 59; conflicts with AEK, 60, 68,120, 174; in creation of Korrika, 49

Hendaia, 23, 102, 142herders, 74, 93, 119, 145. See also

livestock; pasturesHernani, xv, 32; Korrika route

through, 112, 165-66;• unemployment in, 28

herrialde, coordination of, 44Herri Batasuna, 49, 122, 124, i86n2Herriko Alder Sozialista Iraultzalea

(HASI), 123historical moment, xiii; Korrika

presenting, 176historical territories: AEK

involvement in, 44; Euskara usagein, 4-5. See also border; boundaries

history: cultural reference to, 174;dancers representing, 3; unificationof, 33

Hobsbawm, Eric, xi, xxiHoja del Lunes, La, 64Hondarribia, Euskara schools in, 59Huesca, 6Humboldt, Guillermo de, 8hunger strikers, 64-65, 115, 122, 127hunting, dancers representing, 3

Ibanez, Juan,ICU. See Izquierda Castrena Unidaidentity, xiii; factors contributing to,

109Igaratxa, footraces in, 93ikastola: Euskara instruction in, xxviii,

39, 40, i82n4; family collaborationwith, 10; for linguistic standard-ization, 12; members of carryingtestigo, 15; rise in number of, 9;women's contribution to, 20

ikurrina (Basque flag), 12, 125, 126,144

ikurrinak, 87

immigration, xvii, xxv. See alsoemigration

improvisation, in Basque culture, 43inclusion-exclusion, elements and

contrasts of, 162-63indarra, 29; in Korrika, 43, 133-34,

171; relationship with races, 92-93.See also energy; power

industrial development, xxiv-xxv;affecting Basque people, 146-47;affecting migration, 9; in Nafarroa,150-53

industrial society: nationalism in, xi;ritual in, xxix

inside-outside dichotomy, 162-63, 172Invention of Tradition, The, xxiIparralde, xvii, 1, 23; Basque speakers

in (1970), 6; Euskara usage in, 4;Korrika in, 71; Korrika routethrough, 117-21; learning centersin, 56; nationalism and borders in,86-87, 1 2 ° ; population in 20thcentury, 118; unemployment in, 32

Irastorza, Teresita, 22Iriondo, Lourdes, 22Irizar, Maria Luisa, 25irrintzi, 24, 71,101, 102, 183mlIrunea, xv, 6, 23, 51, 67, 115; funding

for Korrika, 54; Korrika at, 104,106,107, 126, 129; korrika txika in, 13-14; public university in, 127,189ml

Isaba, population characteristics in, xvIturmendi, celebrations at, 74Izquierda Castrena Unida (ICU),

activities in Castro-Urdiales, 106

Jackson, Gabriel, xiJakin, 20Junta of Baztan, 66-67Jurio, Jose Maria, 128

Kalzada, Julen, 41, 60Kanpezu, xvi, 51

Index 217

kantaldis, 56Kantineira, 2, 3KAS. See Koordinadora Abertzale

SozialistaKertzer, David I., xxixkilometers, sale of, 53-55, 54. See also

economic supportkilometroak, 41, 42, 184^Koordinadora Abertzale Sozialista

(KAS), 122Korrika, xxi, xxvi, 170; as action, 43-

44; bases of participation, 50-52;conflicts within, 58-67; creation of,38-69; economic dimension of, 53-56; exact dates for, xiv; as exampleof ertsi, 112; festivity in, 127-31;finish lines (traditional), 107, 108;funding disbursement from, 56;general view methodology, xiv;interpretation of, 179; movementswithin, 109-10; objectives of, 46-49;organization of, 45, 50-52, 153;origins of, 40-42, 67; people'sreactions to, 163-72; perceivedproblems of, 167-68; preparationfor, 43, 56-58; press coverageanalysis, xvii; relationship toEuskara, 159; route of, 90-92, 95-101, 107-8, 112-13, 149-56; rural/urban dichotomy, 160-62; specificview methodology, xiv-xv; traditionof, 149; women's participation in,23. See also border; muga(k)

Korrika 2, ix, 61, 96; border crossingin, 103; route of, 91

Korrika 3, ix, 29, 104; posters of, 110;prisoners remembered in, 140

Korrika 4, xiv, xvii, xviii, 1, 19, 23, 33,48, 57, 64-65, 70, 98, 100, 104;posters, 105, 145, 160; prisonersremembered in, 140,141,142; routeof, 91; statement from, 110; symbolsof, 137

Korrika 5, 48-49, 99

korrikalariak, xv, 71, 110; tradition of,92-95, 110

Korrika: Rituales de la lengua en elespacio, ix

korrika txiki, 52, 55; children'sinvolvement in, 13-14; compared toencierro txiki, 14

Labaien, Ramon, 59Laboa, Mikel, 53Lafitte, Pierre, 16, 17-19, 21, 48, 96,

138, 140, 178Lakuntza, Euskara courses in, 56land: mountain pastures, 80;

traditional divisions of, 70. See alsoagriculture

Landa, Inaki, 143, 144Landa, Mariasun, 22Landart, Daniel, 57, 102language, xxix; bilingual difficulties

with, 52; continuity of, 33; difficultyof learning, 162; lack of officialsupport for, 35; relationship withterritory, 86, 123; Romanization of,6-7; significance of using, 44-45;transmission of, 34-36; in valleys,82; women's role in transmission of,20, 27. See also Batua; Euskara

Lapurdi, xxiv, 154; commercialactivity in, 118-19; Euskara usagein, 5, 6; population in 20th century,118; religious movement in, 7

Larrabezu, 64, 164Larranaga, Carmen, i8m3, i83nioLarranaga, Juan Garmendia, 111Latin language, impact on Basque

people, 6-7lauburu, 12leather industries, 119Left, involvement with Korrika,

58-67. See also abertzale left; politicslehendakari, 87Leitza, 26, 127; Euskara courses in, 56Leiza, border rituals of, 74

218 Index

Lekeitio, Euskara courses in, 56Lekuona, Manuel, 21libro bianco del euskara, El, i82n5lightning bolt, 135-37, J 3^linguistics: and Korrika, 177; women's

contribution to, 21-22. See alsolanguage

linguistic studies, 9literacy movements: adult, 9, 38;

AEK involvement with, 38-40;family collaboration with, 10

literature: Basque, 7, 8, 9, 177;women's contribution to, 22

livestock, 80-81, 84, 109, 118, 150;treaties about, 81. See alsoagriculture

Llobera, Josep, xiLopetegi, Maite, i8m3Luzaide, 97

Madariaga, Julen, 70magic, 63, 125, 147march of liberty, 40, 42Mari, Juana, 51masculine skills, 14. See also indarraMaule-Laxtarre: Korrika route in, 164;

leather industry in, 119-20media: analysis of, xvii; Korrika

presentation to, 56-58. See alsonewspapers; radio; television

men: contributions to Korrika, 20,i83ni4; in race preparations, 57;symbolic images of, 29, 30. See alsofamily; fathers

Mendiburu, Remigio, xximetaphor, xiimigrations, 8, 9. See also emigration;

immigrationmilitant groups, 169 'military service, Spanish, 121Mintegi, Laura, 22, 58, i83niomiquelets, 94mobile team, methodology of, xiv,

xvii, xviii

Moguel, Vicenta, 22momotxorrak, 145, 190^5; carrying

testigo, 158Monzon, Telesforo, 41, 57, 87, 143,

178Morfologia Vasca, 8mothers, presence of in Korrika, 13.

See also family; womenmourners, 111movement: concept of, 47; focus of, in

running, 90; indarra in, 92; inKorrika, 109-10; in ritual, x; visionsof, 135. See also action

muga(k): ancestral, 105; crossing of,101-3, 104> i°8, 112, 165;delineating seven territories, 146;Korrika reference for, 102; politicalactivity near, 120; related terms, 75;in tradition, 72-75; v. border, 103;as workplace references, 97. See alsoborder; boundaries

mugarri(ak), 72, 75, -J-J, 90, 172, 174mugarri-hitz, 75, 76, 78Mugarrioaundi, boundary markers of,

72Muguire, Eguzkine, 181 n3Mujika, Luis Maria, 58music, in Euskara, 9Muskiz, 106

Naberan, Jesus, 41Nafarroa, xv, xxiv, 33, 101; borders of,

103; boundary stones of, 72-73;dialects in, 156; footraces in, 93;geography, 150-53; learning centersin, 56; migration to, 9; people andgeography, 150-60, 170; Spanish/Euskara language in, 7

Nafarroa Beherea, xxiv; Euskarausage in, 4-5, 6

Najera, 103national identity, 66nationalism: communities involved in,

xv-xvi, 120-21; defining Basque

Index 219

political life, xxv; relationship withethnicity, xi; significance to Korrika,42

NATO: protests against, 124;women's protests against, 32,

natural landmarks, for borders, 75newspapers, xvii; in Euskara, 9;

Korrika presentation to, 56-57;political interpretation of, xvii;review of Korrika, 64; women'scontribution to, 23. See also media

nonconformity, positive value of, 15nucleus, characteristics of, xxviii-xxix

objectivity, establishing, xxii-xxiii, xxxocean, effect on Euskalerria, 154Olabuenaga, Jose Ignacio Ruiz, 5Olea, Julene, i8m3Onaederra, Lourdes, 22Onate, 60; monastery of, 107Oiiati, 106, 107, 127Ondarru, xviiorchards, 75Ordizia, xvOrixe. See Ormaetxea, NicolasOrmaetxea, Nicolas [pseudo. Orixe],

85-94Oskorri, 57Oteiza, sculptures of, 107Otxandio: boundary markers at, 72;

rituals of, 73-74

Pamplona. See IruneaPaneigo, Lourdes, i8m3participation: encouragement for, 55,

114, 166; in Korrika organization,50-52, 132; politics affecting, 176;strategies for multiplying, 117

Partido Socialista Espanol (PSE), 64Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol

(PSOE), 64, 68, 125past: continuity with, xxviii; power of

in present, 3, 33, 137-38, 178-79

pasture contracts, 81pastures: communal, 72-73. See also

land; livestockpatriotism, during Korrika, 55. See also

nationalismpatxaran, 128, i89ni2Pena Anaitasuna, 51Pena, Xabier, 177people: concept of, 145-47;

identification with territory, 109;relationship to science, 34

Perez-Agote, Alfonso, 42Perez, Carmen, 181 n3personalization, levels of, 131-37Pesaldea, agreement of, 80physical strength: displays of, 92;

necessity for, 98. See also indarraplaza: for announcements, 51-52;

competitions in, 92; space in, 1, 33,36; as town center, 151

PNV. See Basque Nationalist Partypolice, 123, 137; children's response

to, 128. See also Guardia Civilpolitical activism: of bertsolari, 43; of

women, 32-33political prisoners: deportment of,

114, 18^24; protests for, 25, 26,134-35, 167; remembrance of intestigo transfer, 15; symbolicbanners for, 113, 142. See alsoamnesty

political radicalism, xxvpolitics: affecting conflicts in Korrika,

58-59; affecting participation, 176;affecting valleys, 81-82; influenceon ritual event, xiv; leftist, xvi;linguistic, xxix. See also abertzale left

population: of Iparralde in 20thcentury, 118-20; youthful, xxv. Seealso emigration; immigration

Portugalete, xvi, 64posters: cabezudos on, 128-29; f° r

funding contributions, 55; imagesof, 128-29, 1 3 1 ; °f Korrika 3, 110; of

220 Index

posters (continued)Korrika 4, 160; lightning bolt on,135-37, x&; personal statementson, 105; showing Korrika route,90-91. See also slogans

pottoka, 124power: evocative, 137-45; fight for, xii;

of personalization, 131-45. See alsoenergy; indarra

presence of absence, 138, 140-141press. See media; newspapersProvincial Savings Bank of Gipuzkoa,

53PSE. See Partido Socialista EspanolPSOE. See Partido Socialista Obrero

EspanolPyrenees, xxiv, 76, 79-82, 158;

mountain valley economies, 150;pasture land in, 73, 150; racedifficulty in, 159; smuggling in, 84;treaty of, 82-83. See also border

races: footraces, 92-93; relationshipwith indarra, 92-93; Tolosa-Irunea-Tolosa race, 93; transmittinglanguage, 42

radio, Euskara on, 121, 122, 124. Seealso media

"Radio popular," xviiRamos, Agustin, i8in3Real, La, 143reconversion, 125, i89n8. See also

unemploymentreflexive humor, 4refugees, 120Renteria, xvRepublican flag, 122, i88n3research, for mobile event, xiiiRight, connection with assassination,

selecting, 175-76; Korrika as, xxii,173; of linguistic transmission, 36;political, xii; of territorialintegration, 90-116. See alsotradition

River Sella, 4Romanization, influence on Basque

people, 6Roncal: Euskara regression in, 8;

valley of, 76-77, 80, 109Rotaetxe, Karmele, 21running: energy capture in, 132;

focused movements in, 90; infootraces, 92-93; people'sparticipation in, 51; personalexperiences of, 170; symbolic valueof, 163

rural-urban dichotomy, 160-62

Sahlin, Peter, x-xiSalazar, 8, 109Sanchez, Antxon, i8m3San Martin de Unx, 72Santimamine, prehistoric caves of, 3,

17Santurtzi, xvi; Korrika in, 168Sarasola, Ibon, 8Sarraonaindia, Joseba, 9, 58Satrustegui, Jose Maria, 10, 38schooling, in Euskara, xxviii, 124,127,

i82ri4. See also ikastolascience: relationship to people, 34;

suitability of for language tests, 173scientist, role of, 33, 34, 35SEASKA, 57Segunda Semana de Antropologia,

ritual, x, xi, xxi-xxv, xxviii; for bordercrossing, 87; of carnival, 110-11;conflict producing, xxix; criteria for

Segundos Cursos de Verano, ixSentencia de Anso, 76separatist movements, xi. See also

nationalism; politicssigns, 95, 116slogans, 12, 23, 47, 123, 126-27; f°r

Index 2 2 1

language policy, 121; linguistic, 120;as socialization process, 15. See alsoposters

smuggling, 75, 83-84social activities, women's presence in,

21social causes, 117, 121social involvement, positive value of,

15socialization, informal process of, 15social processes, xisocial radicalism, xxvSorozabal, Pablo, 57Soule. See Zuberoaspace: Euskara usage in, 5, 36; open/

closed in plaza, 1Spain: border with France, x-xi;

governmental conflicts withKorrika, 66-67, 1 0 3; "historicalterritories" within, xxiv. See alsoEurope; France

Spanish Civil War, xxiv, 8. See alsoFranco era

Spanish language: migration affect-ing, 9; use in Araba, 7; use of inBasque activity, xxvi

sports, exhibiting indarra, 92Statute of Gernika, 59, 67stones. See boundary markersstructure, affecting cultural analysis,

xxiiisubsidies, 55-56. See also economic

supportsurvival, 35symbols: analysis of, 42; children's

use of, 12; institutionalization of,xii; of Korrika 3, 110, 163; power of,xii, 135-37, 1 3^, 142; for territorialunity, 87

Tafalla, 7, 126television: in Euskara, 9; promoting

Korrika, 58. See also media

Terra in Piazza, La, xxiterritorial integration, ritualization of,

90-116territorial occupation, representa-

tive, 3territory: global/local experience of,

173; people's identification with,109, 149; physical dominion of, 95-100; recovering, 100-109, 174;symbolic distinctions about, 115

testigo: at border crossings, 102-3;carrier's role, 15, 141; ceremoniesusing replica of, 104; childrencarrying, 11, 12, 127, 164; descrip-tion of, xxi; foreign delegatescarrying, 134; increase in groupscarrying, 177; momotxorroakcarrying, 158; newlyweds carrying,169; representing unemploymentcommission, 33, 34; ritual handlingof, 125-26; symbolic display of, 102;women carrying women, 24-25

textile industries, 119theatrical productions, 58time: atemporal characteristics of,

145-46; disappearance of, 111;overcoming, 101, 173

time and space, alteration of, xiiTitiriteros de Sebastopol, 157Tolosa-Irunea-Tolosa race, 93tourism, 119tradition: creation of, xi-xii; elabora-

tion of, xii; field transmission of, 14;of korrikalariak, 92-95. See alsoritual

transhumance: effect on land use, 80;routes, 119

Trebino, 103-4Tribute of the three cows, 74, 76, 83,

109trikititxa, 70Trintxerpe, 24-25Turner, Victor, xxi

222 Index

Tutera, 25, 32, 51, 98; populationcharacteristics in, xv

Txabarri, Jose Joan G. de, 59txalaparta, 129, 130, i8gni5Txantrea, 127, i89motxapelketak, 143, i9on22txarangak, 55Txerrena (dancer), 3txistu, 128, i89ni3txistulariak, 55

UCD. See Union de CentroDemocratica

Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea, 22-23Ulzama, 27unemployment, xxv, 120, 123; actions

in protest of, 124; women'sdenouncement of, 23, 24, 25, 32,122

unemployment commission, 117;testigo representing, 33, 34

Unibertsitate Zerbitzuetarako EuskalInstitutoa(UZEI), 20

Union de Centro Democratica(UCD), 64

united market, xUniversal Declaration of the Rights of

Man, 67Universidad Autonoma de Madrid,

181mUniversity of Deusto, 39University of La Laguna, 181mUniversity of Onati, ixUniversity of Sevilla, 181murban centers, Euskara usage in, 9urban development, in southern

Euskalerria, xxivUrbasa, dolmens in, 17Urmeneta, Miguel Javier, 104Urretavizcaya, Arantza, 22Urretxu, Euskara schools in, 59Urrugne, 70Usabiaga, lone, i8m3

Valley of the Bretons, 76valleys, borderland society in, 79-82,

109Veiga, Ubaldo Martinez, xxii, 181mVilla de Trevino de Uda, 104vineyards, 75Voz, La, 64

water contracts, 81weather: affecting runners, 97-99;

effect on Korrika, 149, 170wise man, as dance character, 3, 33women: denouncement of

unemployment, 23, 24, 25, 28, 35,122, 165; emigration of, 119;participation in footraces, 93;political activism of, 32-33; role ofin Korrika, 19-33, 31, 35~37- 57'179, i83ni4; role of in languagetransmission, 20, 27, 35, 37; usedfor publicity, 29, 31. See also family;mothers

word, honor of, 76-78work, popular images of, 43. See also

unemploymentWorld War II, 84writing: Anglo-Saxon norms for, xxiii;

style of affecting communication,xxiii

Xalbador. See Aire, FernandoXanpun, 70Xarriton, Pierre, 57Xiberuko maskaradak, tradition of, 1

Yabar, 158Yurramendi, Txelo, i8m3

Zabaleta, Jesus Maria, 156Zalduondo, xv, 52, 99, 100, 108Zamalzaina (dancer), 3zanpanzaharrak, 165Zaratamo, 124

Index 223

Zarautz, 98 164; population in 20th century,Ziprita, Elvira, 21 118, 119Zuberoa, xxiv, 4-5, 23, 108; Euskara Zuberoko botza, 120

usage in, 4-5, 6; Korrika 4 start in, Zulaika, Joseba, 43, 116