Basics of bio energy
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﴿ ا �� ن م� ح� ر ﴿ ۱ل نر م� ح �� حل � ر� � ر ر� ﴾۲ ﴿ ر ن ر�ا ح� ا� ح� � ر� ر� �ر ﴾۳ ﴿ ر ر�ا �ر حل � �� ر� � ر ر� ﴾٤ ﴾
1. The Most Beneficent (Allah)!
2. Has taught (you mankind) the Qur'an (by His Mercy).
3. He created man.
4. He taught him eloquent speech.
Verse of the day…..Speech
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ENERGY RESOURCESLecture-10: Basics of bio-energy
•What are microbes•Types•Composition and metabolism•Growth•Oxidation-reduction potential•Other definitions
OUTLINES
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Microbes are single-cell organisms so tiny that millions can fit into the eye of a
needle.
Sylvia and Stephen Sharnoff, University of California, Berkeley and others, MicrobeLibrary.org.
Amoeba proteus [protist]Fog-desert Niebla lichen [mergers]
Lentinula edodes [fungi]
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense [bacteria]
Rotavirus [viruses]
What are microbes?
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• The ability to reproduce new cells
• The ability to ingest food and metabolize it for energy and growth
• The ability to excrete waste products
Role of microbes
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• There are four groups of organic macromolecules found in living things:
1. Carbohydrates (C, H, O)
2. Protein (N, S)
3. Lipids (C, N, O)
4. Nucleic acid (P)
Microbe composition
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Types of Microbes (C-based)
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Microbes metabolism
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Respiration:
A way to catabolize organics to generate energyInorganic molecules as terminal electron acceptors (TEAs)
Aerobic respiration: Oxygen as TEAAnaerobic: Other than Oxygen as TEA
Energy production processes
Fermentation: A way to catabolize organics to generate energy, when inorganic TEAs are unavailable
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Should provide with the followings:• e-donors (e.g., glucose)• e-acceptors (e.g., O2)• Carbon sources (e.g., glucose)• Nitrogen sources (e.g., NO3
- and NH4+)
• Phosphorous sources (e.g., PO42+ )
• Sulfur (protein source)• Trace metals (e.d., Fe, Cd, Cu, W, Mo, Co, etc)• Various salts (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg 2+ )• Vitamins• Growth factors (light, temperature)• pH ranges and pH buffers
Food for microbes
Courtesy of Prof Han Jong-In
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• Complex media:– Rich in nutrients– Water soluble extracts of plants or animal tissue plus
carbon and/or e-donor– e.g., Wastewater
Types of media
• Defined media:– Pure ingredients– Known chemical compositions and concentra-
tions, typically minimal– Often used for the microbial isolation– e.g., M9 medium, freshwater medium
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• As a material is oxidized, the electrons it loses transfer to another material, which is thereby reduced. Such redox re-actions transfer a lot of energy. Much of the energy liberated by the oxidation of the reducing agent is captured in the re-duction of the oxidizing agent.
Oxidation-reduction
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• e- flow (and thus energy production) in microbial redox reaction
• Primary e- donors Terminal e- acceptors
(e.g., organic matters) (e.g., O2)
• Coupling of food (organic matter) oxidation to terminal e- acceptors = Microbial respiration
• Terminal electron acceptors (TEAs):– O2: aerobic respiration
– NO3-: nitrate reduction
– Fe3+ : iron reduction– Mn4+ : manganese reduction– SO4
2- : sulfate reduction
– CO2: methanogenesis
Anaerobic respiration
Energye-
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Redox states of atoms in a molecule = the charge of the molecule.
e.g., NH4+, redox state of N = -3
redox state of H = +1x4 +1 e.g., H2O, (+1)x2 + (-2) = 0
In compounds, – O is usually (-2), H = (+1), and Cl = (-1)
Carbon can exist in redox states, +4 to -4Redox states need not to be an integer.
Calculating reduction potential (acquiring
electron)
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e--donating
e--accepting
Great tendency to donate e-
So act as an e--donor
Great tendency to accept e-
So act as an e—acceptor
Redox tower
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Enzymes are Proteins which enhance the rate of a thermodynamically feasible reaction and are not permanently altered in the process.
Enzymes
Enzymes help to obtain desired biological reactions and work under mild conditions
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•Form of digestion•Hydrate = to water•ysis = process of•With the breaking
ofbonds, watermolecules are
addedto each smallermolecule
Hydrolysis