Basics About Insulation

7/21/2019 Basics About Insulation

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@udmfocdtfns

Ecft ]rfds`cr

Ecft trfds`cr, fnsh ldhwd fs ecft `nhw, ecft cxkefdjc, hr trfds`cr h` tecrofn cdcrjy bs tec

ohvcocdt h` ecft `rho hdc pnfkc th fdhtecr. Zecd fd hgackt bs ft f mb``crcdt tcopcrfturc `rho

bts surrhudmbdjs, ecft trfds`cr hkkurs sh teft tec ghmy fdm tec surrhudmbdjs rcfke tec sfoc

tcopcrfturc (tecrofn cqubnbgrbuo). Ecft trfds`cr fnwfys hkkurs `rho f ebjecr-tcopcrfturc rcjbhd

th f khhncr-tcopcrfturc hdc fs mcskrbgcm gy tec sckhdm nfw h` tecrohmydfobks hr tec Knfusbus

stftcocdt.

Zecrc tecrc bs f tcopcrfturc mb``crcdkc gctwccd hgackts bd prhxbobty, ecft trfds`cr gctwccd

teco kfddht gc sthppcm fntehuje bts rftc kfd gc khdtrhnncm.

]copcrfturc bs f ocfsurc h` tec fohudt h` cdcrjy phsscsscm gy tec ohnckuncs h` f sugstfdkc.

Bt bs f rcnftbvc ocfsurc h` ehw eht hr khnm f sugstfdkc bs fdm kfd gc uscm th prcmbkt tec mbrcktbhd

h` ecft trfds`cr. ]ec syoghn `hr tcopcrfturc bs ]. ]ec khoohd skfncs `hr ocfsurbdj

tcopcrfturc frc tec @fercdecbt, Wfdlbdc, Kcnsbus, fdm Lcnvbd tcopcrfturc skfncs.

Ecft bs cdcrjy bd trfdsbt. ]ec trfds`cr h` cdcrjy fs ecft hkkurs ft tec ohnckunfr ncvcn fs f rcsunt

h` f tcopcrfturc mb``crcdkc. Ecft bs kfpfgnc h` gcbdj trfdsobttcm terhuje shnbms fdm `nubms gy

khdmuktbhd, terhuje `nubms gy khdvcktbhd, fdm terhuje copty spfkc gy rfmbftbhd. ]ec syoghn

`hr ecft bs V. Khoohd udbts `hr ocfsurbdj ecft frc tec Grbtbse ]ecrofn Sdbt (Gtu) bd tecCdjnbsesystco h` udbts fdm tec kfnhrbc bd tec [B systco (Bdtcrdftbhdfn [ystco h` Sdbts).

Ecft ]rfds`cr @udmfocdtfns

]ec prbdkbpncs h` ecft trfds`cr frc wcnn udmcrsthhm fdm frc grbc`ny mcskrbgcm gcnhw. Ecft cdcrjy

bs trfds`crrcm gy tercc gfsbk ohmcs. Fnn ecftbdj fppnbkftbhds bdvhnvc cfke ohmc th f jrcftcr hr

ncsscr mcjrcc.

Khdmuktbhd

Khdvcktbhd Wfmbftbhd

Fnn hgackts fghvc fgshnutc zcrh tcopcrfturc rfmbftc bd`rfrcm cdcrjy wbte wfrocr hgackts bd tec

oftcrbfn gy khdmuktbhd hr khdvcktbhd.

Khdmuktbhdbs tec trfds`cr h` ecft cdcrjy terhuje f shnbm oftcrbfn. Octfns suke fs khppcr fdm

fnuobduo frc jhhm khdmukthrs h` ecft cdcrjy. Jnfss, kcrfobks fdm pnfstbks frc rcnftbvcny phhr

khdmukthrs h` ecft cdcrjy fdm frc `rcqucdtny uscm fs tecrofn bdsunfthrs. Fnn jfscs frc phhr

khdmukthrs h` ecft cdcrjy. F khogbdftbhd h` cxpfdmcm jnfss hr kcrfobk `bgcr `bnncm wbte fbr bs


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cxkcnncdt tecrofn bdsunftbhd. ]ypbkfn khdmuktbhd ecftbdj fppnbkftbhds bdknumc pnftcd ecftbdj

(kfrtrbmjc ecftcrs), tfdl ecftbdj (strbp fdm rbdj ecftcrs), pbpc trfkbdj fdm htecr fppnbkftbhds

wecrc tec ecftcr bs bd mbrckt khdtfkt wbte tec oftcrbfn gcbdj ecftcm

Khdvcktbhdbs tec trfds`cr h` ecft cdcrjy gy kbrkunftbhd fdm mb``usbhd h` tec ecftcm ocmbf. Bt bs

tec ohst khoohd octehm h` ecftbdj `nubms hr jfscs fdm fnsh tec ohst `rcqucdt fppnbkftbhd h`

cncktrbk tugunfr cncocdts fdm fsscognbcs. @nubm hr jfs bd mbrckt khdtfkt wbte f ecft shurkc bs

ecftcm gy khdmuktbhd kfusbdj bt th cxpfdm. ]ec cxpfdmcm oftcrbfn bs ncss mcdsc hr nbjetcr tefd bts

surrhudmbdjs fdm tcdms th rbsc. Fs bt rbscs, jrfvbty rcpnfkcs bt wbte khnmcr, mcdscr oftcrbfn webke

bs tecd ecftcm, rcpcftbdj tec kyknc. ]ebs kbrkunftbhd pfttcrd mbstrbgutcs tec ecft cdcrjy terhujehut

tec ocmbf. @hrkcm khdvcktbhd uscs tec sfoc prbdkbpnc cxkcpt teft puops hr `fds ohvc tec nbqubm

hr jfs bdstcfm h` jrfvbty. ]ypbkfn khdvcktbhd ecftbdj fppnbkftbhds bdknumc wftcr fdm hbn

boocrsbhd ecftbdj, fbr ecftbdj, jfs ecftbdj fdm kho`hrt fbr ecftbdj.

Wfmbftbhdbs tec trfds`cr h` ecft cdcrjy gy cncktrhofjdctbk (bd`rfrcm) wfvcs fdm bs vcry mb``crcdt

`rho khdmuktbhd fdm khdvcktbhd. Khdmuktbhd fdm khdvcktbhd tflc pnfkc wecd tec oftcrbfn gcbdj

ecftcm bs bd mbrckt khdtfkt wbte tec ecft shurkc. Bd bd`rfrcm ecftbdj, tecrc bs dh mbrckt khdtfkt wbte

tec ecft shurkc. Bd`rfrcm cdcrjy trfvcns bd strfbjet nbdcs terhuje spfkc hr vfkuuo (sbobnfr th

nbjet) fdm mhcs dht prhmukc ecft cdcrjy udtbn fgshrgcm. ]ec khdvcrtcm ecft cdcrjy bs tecd

trfds`crrcm bd tec oftcrbfn gy khdmuktbhd hr khdvcktbhd.

Fnn hgackts fghvc fgshnutc zcrh tcopcrfturc rfmbftc bd`rfrcm cdcrjy wbte wfrocr hgackts

rfmbftbdj ohrc cdcrjy tefd khhncr hgackts. Bd`rfrcm cdcrjy rfmbftbdj `rho f eht hgackt (ecftbdjcncocdt) strblcs tec sur`fkc h` f khhncr hgackt (whrl pbckc), bs fgshrgcm fdm khdvcrtcm th ecft

cdcrjy. Yfbdt mrybdj gy rfmbfdt ecftcrs bs f typbkfn fppnbkftbhd h` bd`rfrcm ecftbdj. ]ec ohst

bophrtfdt prbdkbpnc bd bd`rfrcm ecftbdj bs teft bd`rfrcm cdcrjy rfmbftcs `rho tec shurkc bd strfbjet

nbdcs fdm mhcs dht gckhoc ecft cdcrjy udtbn fgshrgcm gy tec whrl prhmukt.

]ecrohmydfobk Yrhpcrtbcs

Fnn oftcrbfns efvc gfsbk peysbkfn khdstfdts fdm tecrohmydfobk prhpcrtbcs. ]ecsc khdstfdts frc

uscm bd tec cvfnuftbhd h` tec oftcrbfns fdm bd ecft cdcrjy kfnkunftbhds. ]ec khdstfdts fdm

prhpcrtbcs ohst h`tcd uscm frc1

[pckb`bk Ecft (Kp)

Ecft h` @usbhd (E`us)

Ecft h` Pfphrbzftbhd (Evfp)

]ecrofn Khdmuktbvbty (l)

]ecrofn Wcsbstbvbty (W)


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[pckb`bk Ecft (Vufdtbty h` Ecft Cdcrjy) Fnn oftcrbfns khdtfbd hr fgshrg ecft cdcrjy bd

mb``crbdj fohudts. ]ec qufdtbty h` ecft cdcrjy hr tecrofn kfpfkbty h` f pfrtbkunfr oftcrbfn bs

kfnncm bts spckb`bk ecft.

]ec spckb`bk ecfth` f sugstfdkc bs mc`bdcm fs tec fohudt h` ecft cdcrjy rcqubrcm th rfbsc hdc

phudm h` tec oftcrbfn gy hdc mcjrcc @fercdecbt. [pckb`bk ecft `fkthrs frc usufnny mc`bdcm fs

Grbtbse tecrofn udbts pcr phudm pcr mcjrcc @fercdecbt (Gtu/ng/t@). ]ec spckb`bk ecft h` ohst

oftcrbfns bs khdstfdt ft hdny hdc tcopcrfturc fdm usufnny vfrbcs th shoc mcjrcc wbte tcopcrfturc.

Zftcr efs f spckb`bk ecft h` 6.9 fdm fgshrgs nfrjc qufdtbtbcs h` ecft cdcrjy. Fbr, wbte f spckb`bk

ecft h` 9.7=, fgshrgs khdsbmcrfgny ncss ecft cdcrjy pcr phudm.

Ecft h` @usbhd hr Pfphrbzftbhd Ofdy oftcrbfns kfd kefdjc `rho f shnbm th f nbqubm th f jfs.

@hr tec kefdjc h` stftc th hkkur, ecft cdcrjy oust gc fmmcm hr rcncfscm. Zftcr bs f prboccxfopnc bd teft bt kefdjcs `rho f shnbm (bkc) th f nbqubm (wftcr) th f jfs (stcfo hr vfphr). B` tec

kefdjc bs `rho f shnbm th f nbqubm th f jfs, ecft cdcrjy bs fmmcm. B` tec kefdjc bs `rho f jfs th f

nbqubm th f shnbm, ecft cdcrjy bs rcncfscm. ]ecsc cdcrjy rcqubrcocdts frc kfnncm tec ecft h` `usbhd

fdm tec ecft h` vfphrbzftbhd.

Ecft h` @usbhdbs tec fohudt h` cdcrjy rcqubrcm th trfds`hro f oftcrbfn `rho f shnbm th f nbqubm

(hr tec rcvcrsc) ft tec sfoc tcopcrfturc.

Ecft h` Pfphrbzftbhdbs tec fohudt h` cdcrjy rcqubrcm th trfds`hro f oftcrbfn `rho f nbqubm th f

jfs (hr tec rcvcrsc) ft tec sfoc tcopcrfturc. Zftcr efs f ebje ecft h` vfphrbzftbhd, 203 Gtu/ng.Zftcr kfd trfds`cr

nfrjc fohudts h` ecft cdcrjy bd tec `hro h` khdmcdsbdj stcfo.

]ecrofn Khdmuktbvbty bs tec fgbnbty h` f oftcrbfn th trfdsobt ecft cdcrjy gy khdmuktbhd.

]ecrofn khdmuktbvbty bs bmcdtb`bcm fs l fdm bs usufnny cxprcsscm bd Grbtbse tecrofn udbts pcr

nbdcfr bdke (hr `hht) pcr ehur pcr squfrc `hht h` frcf pcr mcjrcc @fercdecbt. (Gtu/bd/er/`t7/8@) hr

(Gtu/`t/er/`t7/8@). l `fkthrs frc uscm cxtcdsbvcny bd kho`hrt ecftbdj fppnbkftbhds th rftc tec

c``cktbvcdcss h` gubnmbdj khdstruktbhd fdm htecr oftcrbfns fs

tecrofn bdsunftbhd. l `fkthrs frc fnsh uscm bd tec kfnkunftbhd h` ecft nhsscs terhuje pbpc fdm

tfdl bdsunftbhd.

]ecrofn Wcsbstbvbty hr W bs tec bdvcrsc h` tecrofn khdmuktbvbty. Bdsunftbdj oftcrbfns frc rftcm

gy W `fkthrs. ]ec ebjecr tec W `fkthr, tec ohrc c``cktbvc tec bdsunftbhd.

Bdsunftbhd


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tec fkt h` prhtcktbdj shoctebdj gy surrhudmbdj bt wbte oftcrbfn teft rcmukcs hr prcvcdts tec

trfdsobssbhd h` shudm hr ecft hr cncktrbkbty

Ybpc Bdsunftbhd Gfsbks

Bdsunftbdj pbpcs prcvcdts tcopcrfturc cxtrcocs `rho cskfpbdj, teus lccpbdj eht wftcr eht fdm

khnm wftcr khnm. Bdsunftbhd fnsh prcvcdt pbpcs bd khnmcr frcfs `rho `rcczbdj---cspckbfnny tehsc

teft rud hutsbmc. ]ecsc octehms kfd fnsh rcmukc fdy dhbscs prhmukcm gy tec pbpcs. Ldhw tec

mb``crcdt `hros h` bdsunftbhd fdm oftcrbfns fvfbnfgnc bd hrmcr th shrt terhuje teco fdm kehhsc tec

rbjet hdc.

Ybpbdj Oftcrbfns

]ec typcs h` oftcrbfns fktufnny uscm wbnn mcpcdm uphd wectecr tec bdstfnnftbhd bs udmcrjrhudm,

hutsbmc gubnmbdjs, udmcrjrhudm wbtebd gubnmbdjs, hr fghvcjrhudm wbtebd gubnmbdjs. ]ec

fvfbnfgbnbty h` kcrtfbd typcs h` mcsbrcm pbpbdj oftcrbfns fdm `bttbdjs ofy fnsh jhvcrd tec typc h`

pbpc fktufnny uscm.


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@bjurc 5-67.-]ypcs h` pbpc bdsunftbhd.

Sdmcrjrhudm pbpbdj hutsbmc h` gubnmbdjs ofy gc kfst-brhd shbn pbpc, vbtrb`bcm knfy hr khdkrctc, hr

pnfstbk phnyvbdyn kenhrbmc (YPK) pbpc, gut YPK pbpcs frc tec ohst khoohd. Sdmcrjrhudm pbpbdj

wbtebd gubnmbdjs ofy fnsh gc h` kfst brhd, jfnvfdbzcm stccn, ncfm, hr YPK< ehwcvcr, kfst brhd fdm

YPK frc tec ohst phpunfr oftcrbfns uscm. Fghvcjrhudm scwfjc pbpbdj wbtebd gubnmbdjs khdsbsts

h` cbtecr hdc hr f khogbdftbhd h` tec `hnnhwbdj1 grfss hr khppcr pbpc, kfst brhd hr jfnvfdbzcm

wrhujet brhd, jfnvfdbzcm stccn hr ncfm, fdm YPK pbpc. Fjfbd, tec rcfshd `hr tec jrhwbdj

phpunfrbty h` pnfstbk YPK pbpbdj bs tec udbquc khogbdftbhd h` kecobkfn fdm peysbkfn prhpcrtbcs bt

efs, cfsc h` bdstfnnftbhd, fdm khst c``cktbvcdcss. Mcskrbptbhds fdm kefrfktcrbstbks h` shoc h` tec

ohst khoohd pbpbdj oftcrbfns uscm bd f sfdbtfry mrfbdfjc systco `hnnhw.

Bdsunftbhd mctfbns

Dhocdknfturc Mcskrbptbhd

Be Bdsunftbhd `hr ecft khdscrvftbhd

Bt Bdsunftbhd `hr stcfo trfkcm nbdc


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Bs Bdsunftbhd `hr pcrshdfn sf`cty

Bk Khnm bdsunftbhd `hr fdtb khdmcdsftbhd

Bc Bdsunftbhd `hr cncktrbkfn trfkcm nbdcBa Bdsunftbhd `hr afklctcm nbdc

Bl Bdsunftbhd `hr mufn bdsunftbhd nbdcs

]ec tcro tecrofn bdsunftbhdkfd rc`cr cbtecr th oftcrbfns uscm th rcmukc tec rftc h` ecft trfds`cr,

hr tec octehms fdm prhkcsscs uscm th rcmukc ecft trfds`cr. Ecftcdcrjy kfd gc trfds`crrcm gy

khdmuktbhd, khdvcktbhd, rfmbftbhd. ]ecrofn bdsunftbhd prcvcdts ecft `rho cskfpbdj f khdtfbdcr hr

`rho cdtcrbdj f khdtfbdcr. Bd htecr whrms, tecrofn bdsunftbhd kfd lccp fd cdknhscm frcf suke fs f

gubnmbdj wfro, hr bt kfd lccp tec bdsbmc h` f khdtfbdcr khnm. Bdsunfthrs frc uscm th obdbobzc teft

trfds`cr h` ecft cdcrjy.

3.7 ]ypcs fdm Fppnbkftbhd

]ec Bdsunftbhd kfd gc knfssb`bcm bdth tercc jrhups fkkhrmbdj th tec tcopcrfturc rfdjcs `hr webke

tecy frc uscm.

Nhw ]copcrfturc Bdsunftbhds (up th 29 K)

]ebs rfdjc khvcrs bdsunftbdj oftcrbfns `hr rc`rbjcrfthrs, khnm fdm eht wftcr systcos, sthrfjc

tfdls, ctk. ]ec khoohdny uscm oftcrbfns frc Khrl, Zhhm, 53% ofjdcsbf, Obdcrfn @bgcrs,

Yhnyurctefdc fdm cxpfdmcm Yhnystyrcdc, ctk.

Ocmbuo ]copcrfturc Bdsunftbhds (29 ;73 K)

Bdsunfthrs bd tebs rfdjc frc uscm bd nhw tcopcrfturc, ecftbdj fdm stcfo rfbsbdj cqubpocdt, stcfo

nbdcs, `nuc mukts ctk. ]ec typcs h` oftcrbfns uscm bd tebs tcopcrfturcs rfdjc bdknumc 53%

Ofjdcsbf, Fsgcsths, Kfnkbuo [bnbkftc fdm Obdcrfn @bgcrs ctk.

Ebje ]copcrfturc Bdsunftbhds (;73 K fghvc )

]ypbkfn uscs h` suke oftcrbfns frc supcr ecftcm stcfo systco, hvcd mrycr fdm `urdfkcs ctk. ]ec

ohst cxtcdsbvcny uscm oftcrbfns bd tebs rfdjc frc Fsgcsths, Kfnkbuo [bnbkftc, Obdcrfn @bgrc, Obkf

fdm Pcrobkunbtc gfscm bdsunftbhd, @brcknfy hr [bnbkf gfscm bdsunftbhd fdm Kcrfobk @bgrc.

BD[SNF]BHD - Zecd eht `nubm `nhws terhuje pbpc tecd jcdcrfnny pbpc bs bdsunftcm.]ecrc frc twh prbofry rcfshds `hr bdsunftbdj tec pbpc kfrrybdj eht `nubm.

Khdtfbdbdj tec ecft bdsbmc tec pbpc. Bdsunftbhd prcscrvcs tec ecft h` tec `nubm. Bt bs

kfnncm Eht Bdsunftbhd

Ycrshddcn sf`cty, sh teft pchpnc mh dht jct gurd bdaury gy thukebdj eht sur`fkc h`

pbpc. Bt bs kfnncm Ycrshddcn Yrhtcktbhd Bdsunftbhd

Khnm pbpcs frc fnsh bdsunftcm

Khnm hr kebnncm `nubm kfrrybdj pbpcs frc bdsunftcm th prcvcdt ecftbdj h` khnm `nubm

`rho hutsbmc. Bt bs kfnncm Khnm Bdsunftbhd.


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[hoc tbocs khnm pbpcs frc bdsunftcm th prcvcdt khdmcdsftbhd h` ftohspecrbk wftcr

vfphr hd pbpc sur`fkc. Bt bs kfnncm Fdtb-[wcft Bdsunftbhd.

Htecr typcs h` Bdsunftbhd Zecd jfs `nhws terhuje pbpcs ft ebje vcnhkbty, bt krcftcs dhbsc. Bd suke kfscs pbpcs

frc bdsunftcm th rcmukc dhbsc. Bt bs kfnncm Fkhustbk Bdsunftbhd.

[hoc tbocs pbpc fdm bts khdtcdt frc ecftcm `rho hutsbmc, gy ecft trfkbdj cncocdt. Bd teft

kfsc pbpc fnhdj wbte ecft trfkbdj cncocdt frc bdsunftcm th khdscrvc tec ecft h` tec trfkcr. Bt

bs kfnncm Ecft ]rfkbdj Bdsunftbhd

Bsunftbhd Oftcrbfn

JCDCWBK ]RYC[ FDM @HWO[ H@ BD[SNF]BHDBdsunftbhd wbnn gc mbskusscm bd tebs ofdufn fkkhrmbdj th bts jcdcrbk typcs fdm `hros. ]ec typc

bdmbkftcs khophsbtbhd (b.c. jnfss, pnfstbk) fdm bdtcrdfn strukturc (b.c. kcnnunfr, `bgrhus). ]ec `hro

bopnbcs hvcrfnn sefpc hr fppnbkftbhd (b.c. ghfrm, gnfdlct, pbpc bdsunftbhd).

thp

]RYC[

6. @bgrhus Bdsunftbhd1Khophscm h` sofnn mbfoctcr `bgcrs webke `bdcny mbvbmc tec fbr spfkc. ]ec

`bgcrs ofy gc pcrpcdmbkunfr hr ehrbzhdtfn th tec sur`fkc gcbdj bdsunftcm, fdm tecy ofy hr ofy

dht gc ghdmcm thjctecr. [bnbkf, rhkl whhn, snfj whhn fdm fnuobdf sbnbkf `bgcrs frc uscm. ]ec ohstwbmcny uscm bdsunftbhd h` tebs typc frc jnfss `bgcr fdm obdcrfn whhn.

7. Kcnnunfr Bdsunftbhd1Khophscm h` sofnn bdmbvbmufn kcnns scpfrftcm `rho cfke htecr. ]ec

kcnnunfr oftcrbfn ofy gc jnfss hr `hfocm pnfstbk suke fs phnystyrcdc (knhscm kcnn), phnyurctefdc,

phnybshkyfdurftc, pnyhnc`bd, fdm cnfsthocrbk.

;. Jrfdunfr Bdsunftbhd1Khophscm h` sofnn dhmuncs webke khdtfbd vhbms hr ehnnhw spfkcs. Bt bs

dht khdsbmcrcm f truc kcnnunfr oftcrbfn sbdkc jfs kfd gc trfds`crrcm gctwccd tec bdmbvbmufn spfkcs.

]ebs typc ofy gc prhmukcm fs f nhhsc hr phurfgnc oftcrbfn, hr khogbdcm wbte f gbdmcr fdm `bgcrs

th oflc f rbjbm bdsunftbhd. Cxfopncs h` tecsc bdsunftbhds frc kfnkbuo sbnbkftc, cxpfdmcm

vcrobkunbtc, pcrnbtc, kcnnunhsc, mbfthofkchus cfrte fdm cxpfdmcm phnystyrcdc.

thp

@HWO[

Bdsunftbhd bs prhmukcm bd f vfrbcty h` `hros subtfgnc `hr spckb`bk `udktbhds fdm fppnbkftbhds. ]ec

khogbdcm `hro fdm typc h` bdsunftbhd mctcrobdc bts prhpcr octehm h` bdstfnnftbhd. ]ec `hros

ohst wbmcny uscm frc1


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6. Wbjbm ghfrms, gnhkls, seccts, fdm prc-`hrocm sefpcs suke fs pbpc bdsunftbhd, kurvcm

scjocdt, nfjjbdj, ctk.1 Kcnnunfr, jrfdunfr, fdm `bgrhus bdsunftbhds frc prhmukcm bd tecsc `hros.

7. @ncxbgnc seccts fdm prc-`hrocm sefpcs1Kcnnunfr fdm `bgrhus bdsunftbhds frc prhmukcm bd

tecsc hros.

;. @ncxbgnc gnfdlcts1 @bgrhus bdsunftbhds frc prhmukcm bd `ncxbgnc gnfdlcts.

=. Kcocdts (bdsunftbdj fdm `bdbsebdj)1Yrhmukcm `rho `bgrhus fdm jrfdunfr bdsunftbhds fdm

kcocdt, tecy ofy gc h` tec eymrfunbk scttbdj hr fbr mrybdj typc.

3. @hfo1Yhurcm hr `rhte `hfo uscm th `bnn brrcjunfr frcfs fdm vhbms. [prfy uscm `hr `nft sur`fkcs.

thp

YWHYCW]BC[ H@ BD[SNF]BHD

Dht fnn prhpcrtbcs frc sbjdb`bkfdt `hr fnn oftcrbfns hr fppnbkftbhds. ]ecrc`hrc, ofdy frc dht

bdknumcm bd ofdu`fkturcrs' pugnbsecm nbtcrfturc hr bd tec ]fgnc h` Yrhpcrtbcs webke `hnnhws bd tebs

scktbhd. Bd shoc fppnbkftbhds, ehwcvcr, hobttcm prhpcrtbcs ofy fssuoc cxtrcoc bophrtfdkc (b.c.

wecd bdsunftbhds oust gc khopftbgnc wbte kecobkfnny khrrhsbvc ftohspecrcs.)

B` tec prhpcrty bs sbjdb`bkfdt `hr fd fppnbkftbhd fdm tec ocfsurc h` teft prhpcrty kfddht gc `hudm

bd ofdu`fkturcrs' nbtcrfturc, c``hrt sehunm gc ofmc th hgtfbd tec bd`hroftbhd mbrcktny `rho tecofdu`fkturcr, tcstbdj nfghrfthry, hr bdsunftbhd khdtrfkthrs fsshkbftbhd.

]ec `hnnhwbdj prhpcrtbcs frc rc`crcdkcm hdny fkkhrmbdj th tecbr sbjdb`bkfdkc bd occtbdj mcsbjd

krbtcrbf h` spckb`bk fppnbkftbhds. Ohrc mctfbncm mc`bdbtbhds h` tec prhpcrtbcs tecoscnvcs kfd gc

`hudm bd tec Jnhssfry ([cktbhd UB).

6. ]ECWOFN YWHYCW]BC[ H@ BD[SNF]BHD

]ecrofn prhpcrtbcs frc tec prbofry khdsbmcrftbhd bd kehhsbdj bdsunftbhds. Wc`cr th tec Jnhssfry

`hr mc`bdbtbhds.

f. ]copcrfturc nbobts1 Sppcr & nhwcr tcopcrfturcs wbtebd webke tec oftcrbfn oust rctfbd fnn

bts prhpcrtbcs.

g. ]ecrofn khdmuktfdkc "K"1 ]ec rftc h` ecft `nhw `hr tec fktufn tebkldcss h` f oftcrbfn.

k. ]ecrofn khdmuktbvbty "L"1 ]ec rftc h` ecft `nhw gfscm hd 73 oo (hdc bdke) tebkldcss.

m. Cobssbvbty "C"1 [bjdb`bkfdt wecd tec sur`fkc tcopcrfturc h` tec bdsunftbhd oust gc rcjunftcm

fs wbte ohbsturc khdmcdsftbhd hr pcrshddcn prhtcktbhd.


9/17

c. ]ecrofn rcsbstfdkc "W"1 ]ec hvcrfnn rcsbstfdkc h` f "systco" th tec `nhw h` ecft.

`. ]ecrofn trfdsobttfdkc "S"1 ]ec hvcrfnn khdmuktfdkc h` ecft `nhw terhuje f "systco".

7. OCKEFDBKFN FDM KECOBKFN YWHYCW]BC[ H@ BD[SNF]BHD

Yrhpcrtbcs htecr tefd tecrofn oust gc khdsbmcrcm wecd kehhsbdj oftcrbfns `hr spckb`bk

fppnbkftbhds. Fohdj teco frc1

f. Fnlfnbdbty (pE hr fkbmbty)1 [bjdb`bkfdt wecd khrrhsbvc ftohspecrcs frc prcscdt. Fnsh

bdsunftbhd oust dht khdtrbgutc th khrrhsbhd h` tec systco. [cc [cktbhd BBB.

g. Fppcfrfdkc1 Bophrtfdt bd cxphscm frcfs fdm `hr khmbdj purphscs.

k. Grcflbdj nhfm1Bd shoc bdstfnnftbhds tec bdsunftbhd oftcrbfn oust "grbmjc" hvcr f

mbskhdtbdubty bd bts supphrt.

m. Kfpbnnfrbty1Oust gc khdsbmcrcm wecd oftcrbfn ofy gc bd khdtfkt wbte nbqubms.

c. Kecobkfn rcfktbhd1Yhtcdtbfn `brc efzfrms cxbst bd frcfs wecrc vhnftbnc kecobkfns frc prcscdt.

Khrrhsbhd rcsbstfdkc oust fnsh gc khdsbmcrcm.

`. Kecobkfn rcsbstfdkc1 [bjdb`bkfdt wecd tec ftohspecrc bs sfnt hr kecobkfn nfmcd.

j. Khc``bkbcdt h` cxpfdsbhd fdm khdtrfktbhd1Cdtcrs bdth tec mcsbjd fdm spfkbdj h`

cxpfdsbhd/khdtrfktbhd ahbdts fdm/hr tec usc h` ountbpnc nfycr bdsunftbhd fppnbkftbhds.

e. Khogustbgbnbty1Hdc h` tec ocfsurcs h` f oftcrbfn's khdtrbgutbhd th f `brc efzfrm.

b. Khoprcssbvc strcdjte1Bophrtfdt b` tec bdsunftbhd oust supphrt f nhfm hr wbtestfdm

ockefdbkfn fgusc wbtehut krusebdj. B`, ehwcvcr, kusebhdbdj hr `bnnbdj bd spfkc bs dccmcm fs bd

cxpfdsbhd/khdtrfktbhd ahbdts, nhw khoprcssbvc strcdjte oftcrbfns frc spckb`bcm.

a. Mcdsbty1F oftcrbfn's mcdsbty f``ckts htecr prhpcrtbcs h` teft oftcrbfn, cspckbfnny tecrofn

prhpcrtbcs.

l. Mbocdsbhdfn stfgbnbty1[bjdb`bkfdt wecd tec oftcrbfn bs cxphscm th ftohspecrbk fdm

ockefdbkfn fgusc suke fs twbstbdj hr vbgrftbhd `rho tecrofnny cxpfdmbdj pbpc.

n. @brc rctfrmfdky1 @nfoc sprcfm fdm sohlc mcvcnhpcm rftbdjs sehunm gc khdsbmcrcm.

o. Eyjrhskhpbkbty1 ]cdmcdky h` f oftcrbfn th fgshrg wftcr vfphr `rho tec fbr.


10/17

d. Wcsbstfdkc th untrfvbhnct nbjet1[bjdb`bkfdt b` fppnbkftbhd bs hutmhhrs.

h. Wcsbstfdkc th `udjfn hr gfktcrbfn jrhwte1Bs dckcssfry bd `hhm hr khsoctbk prhkcss frcfs.

p. [erbdlfjc1[bjdb`bkfdt hd fppnbkftbhds bdvhnvbdj kcocdts fdm ofstbks.

q. [hudm fgshrptbhd khc``bkbcdt1 Oust gc khdsbmcrcm wecd shudm fttcduftbhd bs rcqubrcm, fs bt bs

bd rfmbh stftbhds, shoc ehspbtfn frcfs, ctk.

r. [hudm trfdsobssbhd nhss vfnuc1[bjdb`bkfdt wecd khdstruktbdj f shudm gfrrbcr.

s. ]hxbkbty1 Oust gc khdsbmcrcm bd `hhm prhkcssbdj pnfdts fdm phtcdtbfn `brc efzfrm frcfs.

thp

OFAHW BD[SNF]BHD OF]CWBFN[

]ec `hnnhwbdj bs f jcdcrfn bdvcdthry h` tec kefrfktcrbstbks fdm prhpcrtbcs h` ofahr bdsunftbhd

oftcrbfns uscm bd khoocrkbfn fdm bdmustrbfn bdstfnnftbhds. [cc tec Bdsunftbhd Yrhpcrty ]fgncs ft

tec cdm h` [cktbhd BB `hr f khopfrftbvc rcvbcw.

6. KFNKBSO [BNBKF]C

Kfnkbuo sbnbkftc bs f jrfdunfr bdsunftbhd ofmc h` nboc fdm sbnbkf, rcbd`hrkcm wbte hrjfdbk fdm

bdhrjfdbk `bgcrs fdm ohnmcm bdth rbjbm `hros. [crvbkc tcopcrfturc rfdjc khvcrcm bs ;:.5K th

0=5.2K (699@ th 6799@). @ncxurfn strcdjte bs jhhm. Kfnkbuo sbnbkftc bs wftcr fgshrgcdt.

Ehwcvcr, bt kfd gc mrbcm hut wbtehut mctcrbhrftbhd. ]ec oftcrbfn bs dhdkhogustbgnc fdm uscm

prbofrbny hd eht pbpbdj fdm sur`fkcs. Afklctbdj bs `bcnm fppnbcm.

7. JNF[[

f. @bgrhus1 Fvfbnfgnc fs `ncxbgnc gnfdlct, rbjbm ghfrm, pbpc bdsunftbhd fdm htecr prc-ohnmcm

sefpcs. [crvbkc tcopcrfturc rfdjc bs -=9.9K th ;:.5K (-=9@ th 6999@). @bgrhus jnfss bs

dcutrfn< ehwcvcr, tec gbdmcr ofy efvc f pE `fkthr. ]ec prhmukt bs dhdkhogustbgnc fdm efs jhhm

shudm fgshrptbhd qufnbtbcs.

g. Kcnnunfr1 Fvfbnfgnc bd ghfrm fdm gnKl `hro kfpfgnc h` gcbdj `fgrbkftcm bdth pbpc bdsunftbhd

fdm vfrbhus sefpcs. [crvbkc tcopcrfturc rfdjc bs -70:.5K th =57.7K (-=39@ th 299@). Jhhm

strukturfn strcdjte, phhr bopfkt rcsbstfdkc. Oftcrbfn bs dhdkhogustbgnc, dhd-fgshrptbvc fdm

rcsbstfdt th ofdy kecobkfns.

;. OBDCWFN @BGCW (WHKL FDM [NFJ ZHHN)

Whkl fdm/hr snfj `bgcrs frc ghdmcm thjctecr wbte f ecft rcsbstfdt gbdmcr th prhmukc obdcrfn `bgcr

hr whhn fvfbnfgnc bd nhhsc gnfdlct, ghfrm, pbpc bdsunftbhd, fdm ohnmcm sefpcs. Sppcr tcopcrfturc


11/17

nbobt kfd rcfke 69;:.5K (6299@). ]ec oftcrbfn efs f prfktbkfnny dcutrfn pE, bs dhdkhogustbgnc,

fdm efs jhhm shudm khdtrhn qufnbtbcs.

=. CUYFDMCM [BNBKF, HW YCWNB]C

Ycrnbtc bs ofmc `rho fd bdcrt sbnbkchus vhnkfdbk rhkl khogbdcm wbte wftcr. ]ec rhkl bs cxpfdmcm

gy ecftbdj, kfusbdj tec wftcr th vfphrbzc fdm tec rhkl vhnuoc th cxpfdm. ]ebs krcftcs f kcnnunfr

strukturc h` obdutc fbr kcnns surrhudmcm gy vbtrb`bcm prhmukt. Fmmcm gbdmcrs rcsbst ohbsturc

pcdctrftbhd fdm bdhrjfdbk `bgcrs rcbd`hrkc tec strukturc. ]ec oftcrbfn efs nhw serbdlfjc fdm ebje

rcsbstfdkc th sugstrftc khrrhsbhd. Ycrnbtc bs dhdkhogustbgnc fdm hpcrftcs bd tec bdtcrocmbftc fdm

ebje tcopcrfturc rfdjcs. ]ec prhmukt bs fvfbnfgnc bd rbjbm prc-`hrocm sefpcs fdm gnhkls.

3. CNF[]HOCWBK

@hfocm rcsbds khogbdcm wbte cnfsthocrs prhmukc f `ncxbgnc kcnnunfr oftcrbfn. Fvfbnfgnc bd prc-`hrocm sefpcs fdm seccts, cnfsthocrbk bdsunftbhds phsscss jhhm kuttbdj kefrfktcrbstbks fdm nhw

wftcr fdm vfphr pcrocfgbnbty. ]ec uppcr tcopcrfturc nbobt bs 69=.=K (779@). Cnfsthocrbk

bdsunftbhd bs khst c``bkbcdt `hr nhw tcopcrfturc fppnbkftbhds wbte dh afklctbdj dckcssfry.

Wcsbnbcdky bs ebje. Khdsbmcrftbhd sehunm gc ofmc `hr `brc rctfrmfdky h` tec oftcrbfn.

0. @HFOCM YNF[]BK

Bdsunftbhd prhmukcm `rho `hfobdj pnfstbk rcsbds krcftc prcmhobdftcny knhscm-kcnnunfr rbjbm

oftcrbfns. "L" vfnucs mcknbdc f`tcr bdbtbfn usc fs tec jfs trfppcm wbtebd tec kcnnunfr strukturc bs

cvcdtufnny rcpnfkcm gy fbr. Keckl ofdu`fkturcrs' mftf. @hfocm pnfstbks frc nbjet wcbjet wbte

cxkcnncdt ohbsturc rcsbstfdkc fdm kuttbdj kefrfktcrbstbks. ]ec kecobkfn khdtcdt vfrbcs wbte cfkeofdu`fkturcr. Fvfbnfgnc bd prc-`hrocm sefpcs fdm ghfrms, `hfocm pnfstbks frc jcdcrfnny uscm bd

tec nhw fdm nhwcr bdtcrocmbftc scrvbkc tcopcrfturc rfdjc -657.5K th 6=5.2K (-72:@ th ;99@).

Khdsbmcrftbhd sehunm gc ofmc `hr `brc rctfrmfdky h` tec oftcrbfn.

:. WC@WFK]HWR @BGCW

Wc`rfkthry `bgcr bdsunftbhds frc obdcrfn hr kcrfobk `bgcrs, bdknumbdj fnuobdf fdm sbnbkf, ghudm

wbte cxtrcocny ebje tcopcrfturc gbdmcrs. ]ec oftcrbfn bs ofdu`fkturcm bd gnfdlct hr rbjbm `hro.

]ecrofn sehkl rcsbstfdkc bs ebje. ]copcrfturc nbobts rcfke 60=5.2K (;999@). ]ec oftcrbfn bs

dhdkhogustbgnc.

]ec usc fdm mcsbjd h` rc`rfkthry rfdjc oftcrbfns bs fd cdjbdccrbdj frt bd bts hwd rbjet fdm bs dht

trcftcm `unny bd tebs ofdufn, fntehuje shoc rc`rfkthry prhmukts kfd gc bdstfnncm usbdj fppnbkftbhd

octehms bnnustrftcm ecrc.

5. BD[SNF]BDJ KCOCD]

Bdsunftbdj fdm `bdbsebdj kcocdts frc f obxturc h` vfrbhus bdsunftbdj `bgcrs fdm gbdmcrs wbte

wftcr fdm kcocdt, th `hro f sh`t pnfstbk ofss `hr fppnbkftbhd hd brrcjunfr sur`fkcs. Bdsunftbhd

vfnucs frc ohmcrftc. Kcocdts ofy gc fppnbcm th ebje tcopcrfturc sur`fkcs. @bdbsebdj kcocdts hr


12/17

hdc-khft kcocdts frc uscm bd tec nhwcr bdtcrocmbftc rfdjc fdm fs f `bdbse th htecr bdsunftbhd

fppnbkftbhds. Keckl cfke ofdu`fkturcr `hr serbdlfjc fdm fmecsbhd prhpcrtbcs.

Bdsunftbhd OftcrbfnNhw ]copcrfturc Wfdjc Ebje ]copcrfturc Wfdjc

(hK) (h@) (hK) (h@)

Kfnkbuo [bnbkftc -65 9 039 6799

Kcnnunfr Jnfss -709 -=39 =59 299

Cnfsthocrbk `hfo -33 -:9 679 739

@bgcrjnfss -;9 -79 3=9 6999

Obdcrfn Zhhn 9 ;7 6999 6599

Yecdhnbk `hfo 639 ;99

Yhnybshkyfdurftc hr phnybsh -659 -729 639 ;99

Yhnystyrcdc -39 -09 :3 603

Yhnyurctefdc -769 -;39 679 739

MC[BJD YFWFOC]CW[

Gy prhvbmbdj f ocmbuo `hr rctfrmbdj ecft trfds`cr, tecrofn bdsunftbhd scrvcs ofdy usc`un

`udktbhds bd bdmustrbfn fdm khoocrkbfn pbpbdj fppnbkftbhds. Bd spckb`ybdj fd bdsunftbhd systco, btbs bophrtfdt th khdsbmcr tec pfrfoctcrs h` yhur prhkcss fdm fppnbkftbhd dccms. ]ecsc frc tec

weys h` bdsunftbhd systco mcsbjd. Zey, hr `hr weft purphsc, bs tec pbpc jhbdj th gc bdsunftcm8

]ec `hnnhwbdj frc shoc khoohd mcsbjd krbtcrbf uscm bd bdsunftbhd systco mcsbjd `hr pbpbdj

fppnbkftbhds1

Khdtrhnnbdj ecft nhss hd eht pbpbdj

Yrhvbmbdj pcrshddcn prhtcktbhd

Yrhvbmbdj pcrshddcn kho`hrt bd khoocrkbfn gubnmbdjs

Wcmukbdj ecft jfbd hd khnm pbpbdj

Nbobtbdj hr rctfrmbdj sur`fkc khdmcdsftbhd

Yrhvbmbdj prhkcss khdtrhnCkhdhobk hptbobzftbhd hr cdcrjy khdscrvftbhd

Yrhvbmbdj `brc prhtcktbhd

Yrhvbmbdj `rcczc prhtcktbhd

Yrhvbmbdj dhbsc khdtrhn

Bd ofdy fppnbkftbhds tecsc krbtcrbf wbnn hvcrnfp, fdm mcsbjdbdj `hr hdc khdmbtbhd wbnn gcdc`bt gy

tec fttfbdocdt h` fdhtecr. Hdc cxfopnc h` suke hvcrnfppbdj krbtcrbf hkkurs wbte tec khdtrhn h`

ecft nhss. Bd mcsbjdbdj `hr f ofxbouo ecft nhss h` f jbvcd vfnuc, fd fmmcm gcdc`bt ofy gc teft

tec sur`fkc tcopcrfturc bs su``bkbcdt th prhvbmc pcrshddcn prhtcktbhd. Fdhtecr cxfopnc h`


13/17

hvcrnfppbdj krbtcrbf bs khdmcdsftbhd khdtrhn. Bd euobm cdvbrhdocdts, wecd bdsunftbhd bs sbzcm

fkkhrmbdj th khdmcdsftbhd

khdtrhn pfrfoctcrs, tec fmmcm gcdc`bt wbnn h`tcd gc fd ckhdhobkfnny hptbouo mcsbjd `hr tecrcmuktbhd h` ecft jfbd hd tec khnm pbpc.

Cdvbrhdocdtfn, peysbkfn, fdm ockefdbkfn khdmbtbhds pnfy fd bophrtfdt rhnc bd bdsunftbhd systco

mcsbjd. Bdmhhr fppnbkftbhds, `hr cxfopnc, jcdcrfnny mh dht rcqubrc tec khopncxbty h` mcsbjd teft

hutmhhr fppnbkftbhds rcqubrc. [bobnfrny, gcnhw fogbcdt mcsbjds frc h`tcdohrc khopnbkftcm tefd

fghvc fogbcdt mcsbjds. ]ec peysbkfn fgusc fdm ockefdbkfn khdmbtbhds teft fd bdsunftbhd systco

bs sugackt th frc fnsh bophrtfdt th khdsbmcr bd tec mcsbjd prhkcss. ]ec `hnnhwbdj pfrfjrfpes h``cr

f grbc` cxpnfdftbhd h` tec purphsc

MC[BJD KHDMB]BHD[

Bd fmmbtbhd th mc`bdbdj tec purphsc h` tec bdsunftbhd systco, bt bs bophrtfdt th mc`bdc tec

khdmbtbhds udmcr webke tec bdsunftbhd systco wbnn gc uscm. [hoc h` tec khdmbtbhds th gc

khdsbmcrcm frc

Bdmhhrs hr hutmhhrs

Khdmbtbhdcm spfkc hr dhdkhdmbtbhdcm

Jchjrfpebk nhkftbhd (khfstfn rcjbhds, dhrtecrd knbocs, shutecrd knbocs, rfbdy, mry, ctk.)

Nhdj, strfbjet ruds hr `rcqucdt gcdms

Ycrshddcn trf``bk frcf hr udfkkcssbgnc

Fghvcjrhudm hr gcnhw jrhudm

Duocrhus khdmbtbhds hr khogbdftbhds h` khdmbtbhds rcqubrc khdsbmcrftbhd bd bdsunftbhd systco

mcsbjd.

[CWPBKC KHD[BMCWF]BHD[

Hdc htecr frcf teft dccms th gc khdsbmcrcm wecd prhpcrny mcsbjdbdj fd bdsunftbhd systco bs tec

scrvbkc teft tec pbpbdj bs prhvbmbdj. [crvbkc bs vcry bophrtfdt bd mcsbjdbdj bdsunftbhd systcos

gckfusc h` tec mb``crcdt peysbkfn prhpcrtbcs h` tec


14/17

khdtcdts h` tec pbpc. ]ec `hnnhwbdj frc shoc, gut dht fnn, jcdcrfnbzcm scrvbkc typcs teft frc

khoohd th bdmustrbfn fdm khoocrkbfn khdstruktbhd1

Eht wftcr fdm kebnncm wftcr[tcfo fdm khdmcdsftc rcturd

Ecft-trfds`cr `nubms

Eht hbns

Nbquc`bcm jfs (kryhjcdbk scrvbkc)

[fdbtfry fdm scwcrfjc wftcr

Eht Zftcr fdm Kebnncm Zftcr. Eht wftcr fdm kebnncm wftcr nbdcs frc jcdcrfnny copnhycm bd

khoocrkbfn fdm bdstbtutbhdfn `fkbnbtbcs fs f ocfds h` prhvbmbdj knboftc khdtrhn. ]ec ecftcm hr

khhncm wftcr bs trfdsphrtcm terhuje f pbpc nhhp systco `rho tec ockefdbkfn `fkbnbtbcs rhho h` tec

gubnmbdj hr gubnmbdjs fdm bs uscm fs f ecfttrfds`cr ocmbuo th prhvbmc cbtecr ecftbdj hr khhnbdj

[tcfo fdm Khdmcdsftc Wcturd. [tcfo fdm khdmcdsftc rcturd nbdcs wbnn hpcrftc wbtehut

bdsunftbhd. ]ecrc`hrc, tec kefdkc h` f prhkcss `fbnurc hr prhkcss upsct khdmbtbhd muc th f phhrny

bdsunftcm stcfo nbdc bs rftecr sofnn. Ehwcvcr, tec sfvbdjs

teft kfd gc fkebcvcm gy prhpcrny bdsunftbdj stcfo nbdcs frc sugstfdtbfn.

Ecft-]rfds`cr @nubms. Ecft-trfds`cr `nubms frc nbqubms teft frc uscm fs f ocfds h` prhvbmbdj

prhkcss khdtrhn. ]ecsc nbqubms frc jcdcrfnny tecrofnny stfgnc `nubms. ]ecy kfd gc ecftcm hr khhncm

th f jbvcd mcsbjd tcopcrfturc fdm trfdsphrtcm th bts mcsbrcm prhkcss khdtrhn phbdt webnc

ofbdtfbdbdj tcopcrfturc stfgbnbty. Bdsunftbhd systco mcsbjd `hr ecft-trfds`cr `nubms oust tflc bdth

fkkhudt tec tcopcrfturc rfdjc teft tec `nubm wbnn gc hpcrftbdj ft fdm wectecr bt bs f khdstfdt

tcopcrfturc hr f kyknbkfn tcopcrfturc.

Eht Hbns. Eht hbn pbpbdj fdm cqubpocdt fppnbkftbhds rcqubrc tec sfoc fttcdtbhd th mctfbn fs mh

ecft-trfds`cr `nubms wbte rcspckt th bdsunftbhd systco mcsbjd. @hr eht hbns, cvcd tehuje tecy

`rcqucdtny mh dht hpcrftc ft tec tcopcrfturc cxtrcocs h` ecft-trfds`cr `nubms, tec futh-bjdbtbhd

kfd gc aust fs scrbhus. @brcs efvc hkkurrcm bd hbns ft tcopcrfturcs fs nhw fs 6:0 th ;97X@ (59 th

639XK), bd khfn tfr mbstbnnftcs ft tcopcrfturcs fs nhw fs 767 th =57X@ (699 th 739XK), fdm bd

obdcrfn hbns ft tcopcrfturcs fs nhw fs ;27 th 3:7X@ (799 th ;99XK).66

FKKC[[HWR OF]CWBFN[

]ec fkkcsshry oftcrbfns rc`crcdkcm bd tec fghvc pfrfjrfpes fdm terhujehut tec kefptcr frc f

dckcssfry pfrt h` tec bdsunftbhd systco. ]ecrc frc ofdy ofdu`fkturcrs fdm suppnbcrs h` tecsc

oftcrbfns, fdm tec qufnbty kfd vfry mrfoftbkfnny `rho hdc

th fdhtecr. ]ec `hnnhwbdj frc f `cw h` tec ohrc khoohd fkkcsshry oftcrbfns uscm bd bdmustrbfn

fdm khoocrkbfn bdsunftbhd systco spckb`bkftbhds. [cc fnsh ]fgnc G:.7;.

Fkrynbk Nftcx Ofstbk


15/17

Fkrynbk nftcx ofstbk bs f ecfvy-ghmbcm wcftecr gfrrbcr khftbdj uscm prbofrbny th khvcr rbjbm

bdsunftbhds suke fs kcnnunfr jnfss fdm phnyurctefdc. Bt bs jcdcrfnny fppnbcm bd twh khfts wbte f

rcbd`hrkbdj ocse `fgrbk `hr bopfkt fdm tcfr rcsbstfdkc. ]ebs oftcrbfn mhcs dht prhvbmc vfphrprhtcktbhd.

Fnuobduo Gfdmbdj

Fnuobduo gfdms frc uscm fs sckurcocdt `hr ofdy typcs h` bdsunftbhd oftcrbfns. ]ec ohst

khoohd sbzcs spckb`bcm frc 9.3 bd X 9.979 bd (6; oo X 9.3 oo) fnuobduo gfdms wbte oftkebdj

scfns `hr pbpbdj vcsscns, hr cqubpocdt wbte HMs h` =5 bd (6762

oo) hr ncss. @hr nfrjcr HMs, usc 9.:3 bd X 9.979 bd) (62 oo X 9.3 oo) fnuobduo gfdms. ]ecsc

gfdms frc sckurcm bd pnfkc wbte octfn gfdm knbps hr scfns h` khoohd mbocdsbhds. Fnuobduo

gfdms sehunm dht gc uscm bd fppnbkftbhds wecrc tec bdsunftbhd

bs gcbdj bdstfnncm `hr `brc prhtcktbhd fppnbkftbhds.

Fnuobduo AfklctbdjFnuobduo afklctbdj khocs bd ofdy mb``crcdt sbzcs fdm `bdbsecs. Bd pbpbdj fppnbkftbhds, cbtecr

sohhte hr snbjetny coghsscm afklctbdj h` 9.960 bd (9.=-oo) tebkldcss bs ohst khoohd. Zecd

spckb`ybdj fnuobduo afklctbdj `hr usc wbte pcrocfgnc fdm

eyjrhskhpbk bdsunftbhd oftcrbfns, bt bs bophrtfdt th spckb`y tec afklctbdj wbte f `fkthry-fppnbcm

ohbsturc gfrrbcr nbdcr.

F[A

F[A afklctbdj stfdms `hr fnn-scrvbkc afklct. ]ebs oftcrbfn bs f Lrf`t pfpcr/`hbn/skrbo

nfobdftcoftcrbfn uscm cxknusbvcny hd bdmhhr khoocrkbfn fppnbkftbhds. F[A afklctbdj bs usufnny

`fkthry-fppnbcm fdm scrvcs tec prbofry `udktbhd h` prhvbmbdj prhtcktbhd

th tec hutcr bdsunftbhd sur`fkc. ]ecsc frc knfssb`bcm fs vfphr rctfrmcrs.

Fspefnt Kutgfkl Ofstbk

Fspefnt kutgfkl ofstbks frc ecfvy-ghmbcm fspefnts teft frc kut wbte obdcrfn spbrbts sh tecy kfd

gc fppnbcm gy sprfybdj hr wbte f trhwcn. Zecd fppnbcm, tec obdcrfn spbrbts mbssbpftc, fdm ncfvc

gcebdm f efrm fspefntbk vfphr gfrrbcr `bdbse. Bt bs jcdcrfnny

fppnbcm bd ountbpnc khfts uscm bd khdaudktbhd wbte rcbd`hrkbdj `fgrbk. Octfn afklcts frc uscm th

khvcr tebs `bdbse hd fghvcjrhudm, hutmhhr fppnbkftbhds `hr untrfvbhnct prhtcktbhd th tec ofstbk.

@WY Afklctbdj

@WY stfdms `hr`bgcr rcsbd pnfstbk hr`bgcr-rcbd`hrkcm pnfstbk. Cbtecr mc`bdbtbhd bs fkkcptfgnc. ]ec

oftcrbfn bs f efrm pnfstbk ocogrfdc rcbd`hrkcm wbte jnfss `bgcrs. @WY afklctbdj kfd gc uscm bdofdy h` tec sfoc fppnbkftbhds wecrc fnuobduo bs

uscm. @WY afklctbdj bs h`tcd tec oftcrbfn h` kehbkc bd kecobkfn rcsbstfdkc frcfs. ]ec afklctbdj

khocs bd secct hr rhnncm `hro, fdm tec nfps frc scfncm wbte f rcsbd scfnfdt rckhoocdmcm gy tec

ofdu`fkturcr.

Eypfnhd Ofstbks

Eypfnhd bs f trfmc dfoc `hr f ebjeny `ncxbgnc fdm murfgnc vfphr gfrrbcr ofstbk oftcrbfn. ]ecrc

frc duocrhus prhmukts hd tec ofrlct teft usc tebs oftcrbfn bd tecbr khophsbtbhds th `hro weft frc

rc`crrcm th fs cnfsthocrbk ocogrfdcs. ]ecsc cnfsthocrbkocogrfdcs frc rc`crrcm th fs eypfnhds.


16/17

Eypfnhds frc usufnny rcbd`hrkcm wbte f 69 X 69 hr f 69 X 79 `bgcrjnfss `fgrbk th prhvbmc stfgbnbty

fdm tcfr rcsbstfdkc. Eypfnhd ofstbks sehunm dht gc uscm bd khdaudktbhd wbte kcnnunfr jnfss.

[tfbdncss [tccn Gfdmbdj[tfbdncss stccn gfdms frc uscm th supphrt hr sckurc bdsunftbhd oftcrbfns th pbpbdj, tfdls, hr

vcsscns. ]ypbkfn sbzcs spckb`bcm frc 9.3 bd X 9.963 bd (6; oo X 9.;5 oo) stfbdncss stccn gfdms

wbte oftkebdj knbps hr scfns `hr kfustbk scrvbkc hr wecrc tec bdsunftbhd bs gcbdj uscm `hr `brc

prhtcktbhd fppnbkftbhds.

[tfbdncss [tccn Afklctbdj

[tfbdncss stccn afklctbdj bs uscm th khvcr bdsunftbhd oftcrbfns h` fnn typcs `hr vfrbhus fppnbkftbhds.

Muc th tec khst, stfbdncss stccn bs jcdcrfnny uscm wecrc bt bs rcqubrcm `hr bts kecobkfn hr `brc

rcsbstfdkc. [tfbdncss stccn usufnny efs f sohhte `bdbse fdm bs 9.969 bd (9.73 oo) tebkl. Hd shoc

nfrjc mbfoctcr fppnbkftbhds 9.963 bd (9.;5 oo) tebkl ofy gc spckb`bcm.

[tfbdncss [tccn ]bc ZbrcZbrc ofy gc uscm th sckurc `btbdjs hr bdsunftbhd scktbhds. Keckl wbte tec bdsunftbhd ofdu`fkturcr

`hr rckhoocdmftbhds hd bts usfjc. [h`t fddcfncm wbrc bs gcst subtcm `hr `bcnm khdmbtbhds, sh fs dht

th whrl-efrmcd bd tec `bcnm. Zbrc bs typbkfnny utbnbzcm bd 65 fdm 60 jfjc tebkldcsscs.

@bgcrjnfss-Wcbd`hrkcm ]fpc

]fpc bs typbkfnny 6-bd (73 oo) wbmc, ebje-tcdsbnc-strcdjte, `bgcr-rcbd`hrkcm, strfppbdj tfpc. ]fpc

bs fpprhprbftc `hr prhvbmbdj tcophrfry bdsunftbhd sckurcocdt `hr pbpbdj wbte bdsunftbhd HMs 65

bd (=3: oo) hr sofnncr fs nhdj fs bt bs khvcrcm wbte octfn

afklct f tcrwfrm. ]fpc bs dht fkkcptfgnc fs f prbofry ocfds h` sckurcocdt b` tec bdsunftbhd

systco bs gcbdj mcsbjdcm th prhvbmc `brc prhtcktbhd.

Ocse @fgrbk

F 0 X 0 ocse rc`crs th tec duogcr h` strfdms h` prbofry `bgcr bd 6 bd7 h` `fgrbk (7.=

ocsecs/ko7). F 0 X 0 ocse wbnn efvc sbx prbofry strfdms jhbdj bd hdc mbrcktbhd fdm sbx prbofry

strfdms pcrpcdmbkunfr. Bd f phnycstcr ocse `fgrbk, tec prbofry strfdms frc whvcd thjctecr gy f

octehm mcsbjdcm th krcftc f `fgrbk teft mhcs dht `rfy hr puklcr. ]ebs `fgrbk bs typbkfnny spckb`bcm

th fkkhopfdy fppnbkftbhds h` ecfvyghmbcm ofstbks suke fs fkrynbk nftcx fdm fspefnt kutgfkl.

Jnfss [krbo

Jnfss skrbos khoc bd ofdy mb``crcdt khd`bjurftbhds. ]ec ohst khoohd skrbos uscm bd bdmustrbfn

fdm khoocrkbfn pbpbdj fppnbkftbhds frc tec 69 X 69 (;.2 ocsecs/ko7) hr tec 69 X 79. Fs wbte tec

ocse `fgrbk, tec duocrbkfn mcsbjdftbhd rc`crs th tecduogcr h` prbofry strfdms bd 6 bd7 h` `fgrbk. Jnfss skrbos frc gcst subtcm th nbjetghmbcm ofstbks,

pfbdts, fdm cnfsthocrbk ocogrfdcs.

[f`cty fdm Yrcpfrftbhd

6. Gc`hrc bdstfnnbdj bdsunftbhd frhudm tec pbpcs, tflc f `cw bophrtfdt prckfutbhds. Zcfr

jhjjncs fdm jnhvcs webnc whrlbdj wbte kcrtfbd oftcrbfns suke fs `bgcrjnfss, `hr cxfopnc, fdm

mh dht bdsunftc tec pfrt h` f pbpc teft nbcs rcnftbvcny knhsc th f `nuc.


17/17

Bd prcpfrbdj th bdsunftc tec pbpcs, kncfd teco gy rcohvbdj tec mbrt, jrcfsc hr hbn `rho tec

pbpbdj. Jbvc teco tboc th mry, hr wbpc teco, gc`hrc stfrtbdj tec rcst h` tec tfsl.

Bdsunftbdj wbte Ybpc [nccvcs

7.

Ybpc bdsunftbhd snccvcs khoc bd tercc ofbd oftcrbfns1 `bgcrjnfss, ruggcr fdm phnycteyncdc.

Cfke hdc mhcs efvc bts fmvfdtfjcs1 @bgcrjnfss prhohtcs `brc sf`cty, ruggcr prcvcdts

khdmcdsftbhd fdm `rhst, fdm phnycteyncdc knhscm-kcnn pbpbdj fnsh prcvcdts khdmcdsftbhd.

Yurkefsc snccvcs bd tec khrrckt sbzc `hr yhur pbpbdj.

[nccvcs kfd bdsunftc ghte wftcr pbpcs fdm rc`rbjcrftbhd nbdcs. @ncxbgnc fdm cfsy th usc, tecy

efvc f snbt mhwd tec sbmc th `bt hvcr tec pbpbdj. Kut tec snccvc th tec ncdjte yhu dccm., hpcd

tec snbt, snbmc tec snccvc hvcr tec pbpc fdm knhsc bt up. Ohst snccvcs khoc wbte f strfp hr nftkeofmc `rho octfn hr knhte th lccp teco sckurc.

Bdsunftbdj wbte Zrfps fdm ]fpcs

;.

Fntehuje yhu'nn `bdm bdsunftbhd snccvcs wcnn ofmc fdm cfsy th whrlwbte, yhu efvc shoc

htecr sbopnc, bdcxpcdsbvc hptbhds bd tec `hro h` wrfps fdm tfpcs. @hnnhw tec bdstruktbhds teft

khoc wbte tec prhmukts, fs cfke ofy vfry snbjetny. Ehwcvcr bdstfnnftbhd h` fnn h` tecsc

prhmukts `hnnhws tec sfoc gfsbk khdkcpt. Bdstcfm h` snbmbdj tec oftcrbfn hvcr tec pbpcs, wrfp

bt frhudm teco. Fs wbte snccvcs, purkefsc tec wrfp hr tfpc teft `bts yhur purphsc---`hr

cxfopnc, efvbdj cxtrf prhtcktbhd fjfbdst khdmcdsftbhd hr cxtrf ecft gfrrbcrs. Fsl yhur nhkfnefrmwfrc sthrc sfncspcrshd `hr ecnp bd kehhsbdj tec rbjet wrfp hr tfpc `hr yhur pfrtbkunfr

sbtuftbhd.

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