Basic work accident theory Revised edition

8/13/2019 Basic work accident theory Revised edition

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Basic Work Accident

Causation Theory



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Training Course Format

Lecture

Interactive DiscussionsTable Top Exercises

Role Playing

Field Exercises



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Introduction to Safety Programming

For the awareness of the participant of the

wide scope of Safety, the following is a listingof 40 safety program elements

This list includes the subjects of the Basic

Occupational Safety and Health Course.



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1. Roles of Construction Safety &Health Officer2. Construction Sites

3. Hazards ID, Assessment & Control4. Job Hazards Analysis5. Construction safety and health

programming for construction sites6. Construction site inspection7. Welding safety

Elements of the Safety Program

(Highlighted elements compose the CS&H course.)



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8. Safety reports and records9. Confined space entry10. Tools and equipment safety

11. Environmental safety12. Public Safety13. Emergency Preparedness

14. Management of change





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15. Confined space entry16. Safety compliance audit17. Work Permit System

18. Ergonomics19. Radiation safety20. Hiring and placement

21. First Aid





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22. Safety Committees23. Contractors/ Sub contractors24. Control of Hazardous Energy

25. Training and retraining26. OSH and Industrial Hygiene27. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

28. Fire Safety





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29. Safety Promotions30. Accident investigation31. Safety Communication/ Motivation

32. Fall protection & prevention33. Electrical Safety/LO/TO34. Excavation safety

35. Construction machinery





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35. Maintenance Safety37. Radiation safety38. Work Process Information

39. HazMats Safe Handling/ StorageUse and Disposal

40. OSH Regulations in Construction

Industry (D.O. 13)





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THE WORK ACCIDENT

A Work Accident shall mean anunplanned or unexpected occurrence

that results in personal injury, propertydamage, work stoppage or interferenceor combination thereof which arises out

of and in the course of employment.



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THE INCIDENT OR NEAR MISS

An Incident or Near Miss is an unplannedor unexpected occurrence that does notresult in personal injury, and property

damage.

Th D i Th



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The Domino Theory(Why do Accidents Happen)

•PersonInjuries

•PropertyDamage

•Unquantified

Losses

•Time

•Date

•Place

•Event

•Unsafe Acts

•UnsafeConditions

•PersonalFactors

•JobFactors

•Lack ofControls

•Inadequate Controls

•Inadequate

Compliance

toControls

Lack ofControls

BasicCauses

ImmediateCauses

Accident Losses



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The Domino Theory

•PersonInjuries

•PropertyDamage

•Unquantified

Losses

Losses

Hospitalization & ECC Benefits

Classification of

Personnel Injury:Death,Permanent TotalDisability

Lost Time Accident (LTA)

Non-Lost Time Accidents

Restricted WorkCases or LightDuty Work

First Aid Cases

(FACs)



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The Losses from Accidents

Reporting Requirements Accidents resulting in death or

permanent total disability must beinitially reported to DOLE within 24

hours of occurrence. All other Types of Injuries such as

NLTAs, RWCs, FACs for reporting

on or before 20th day of thefollowing month using form IP-6

-Rule 1053.01 POSH Manual



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The Domino Theory

•PersonInjuries

•PropertyDamage

•Unquantified

Losses

Losses

Property Damage

Types of Property

Damages forReporting to DOLE:

Explosions ofboilers, air

receivers,Collapse of crane,derrick, hoist

Fire causingdamage to anyroom wherepersons areemployed

-Rule 1053.02



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The Domino Theory

•PersonInjuries

•DamagetoProperty

•Unquant

ifiedLosses

•Time

•Date

•Place

•Event,Type of

Accident

Accident Losses

Time

Date

Place

Occurrence(refer to types ofaccidents)



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Types of Accidents

Two workers assigned tomonitor the boiler wereovercome by CO gases whenthe vapors from the boilerengine accumulated in the

boiler room. The ventilationblower was not workingproperly.

How could this fatalities beenprevented?

Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that couldresult in Exposure accidents?

How can you prevent them?

Exposure Accident:



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Types of Accidents

A truck driver was usingcompressed air to unload acidinto a storage tank. During theprocess the unloading hoseburst spraying him and otherworkers with acid.

How could this injury beenprevented?

Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that couldresult in Contact-By injuries?


Contact-By Accident:



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Types of Accidents

An employee was watching a co-worker sledge a bolt into placeon a casting. He was notwearing eye protection. Afterseveral blows had been struck, asliver of steel broke off the boltstruck him in the eye.


Are any hazards or conditions in

your work area that could resultin Struck By injuries?


Struck-By Accident:



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Types of Accidents

A worker was erecting a steelbeam outside the maintenanceshop. While lifting the beam,the beam made contact withoverhead electrical wires. He

suffered serious electricalburns.


Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that couldresult in Struck-Againstinjuries?


Contact With Accident:



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Types of Accidents

The worker was attempting to

remove the coupling box from aroll stand. He positioned a longmetal bar in the hole at the topof the coupling box and appliedforce to the box. The barslipped from the hole, causinghim to fall backwards. He

struck his back against the millhousing.


Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that couldresult in Struck-Againstinjuries?


Struck-Against Accident:



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Types of Accidents

An office clerk was crossingrailroad tracks to pick up timesheets from the shipping office. As he was crossing he steppedon one of the rails, his footslipped and he fell to the

ground.


Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could

result in Same Level Fallinjuries?


Same Level Fall Accident:



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Types of Accidents

A worker was standing on aplatform 12 feet above groundreplacing a guard on the motorof a bucket elevator. Theplatform did not have a railing

around it. When he steppedback he fell of the platform.


Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that couldresult in Different Level Fallinjuries?


Different Level Fall Accident:



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Types of Accidents

A worker was using a scraper topush coal spillage back into acoal conveyor. As he waspushing coal back into theconveyor his glove got caught

between the belt and an idlerroll.


Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that couldresult in Caught Betweeninjuries?


Caught Between Accident:



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Types of Accidents

A worker entered a lateralsection of sewer pipe to inspectthe lining. When he reached avertical section he fell insideand was unable to climb out.

He was rescued by using aretrieval line.


Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that couldresult in Trapped-In accidents?


Trapped-In Accident:



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The Immediate Causes

Unsafe Acts

+Unsafe Conditions

= Accidents and Incidents



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Stat ist ics Study o f Indus tr ial Acc idents

1

LTA

10

Medical Treatmen t Cases

30

Property Damages

600 Inc iden ts o r Near Misses

(ind icators of Unsafe Acts /Condit ions )

Accidents / Incidents Triangle



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In 1969, a study of industrial accidents wasundertaken by the Director of EngineeringServices for the Insurance Company of North

America. An analysis was made of 1,753,498

accidents reported by 297 cooperating companies.These companies represented 21 differentindustrial groups, employing 1,750,000 employeeswho worked over 3 billion man-hours during theexposure period analyzed.

The accidents/incidents ratio is 1 : 10 : 30 : 600.



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“To prevent one serious

accident, you have to identifyand correct the 600 potentialaccidents, incidents, or near

misses.”



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“ This is the reason why we areencouraging everyone to submit SHE

Alerts and very vital in eliminatingpotential accidents or near misses. Inthe offices, the Opportunities For

Improvement (OFI) system can be usedin order to identify the potentialaccidents in their area.”



Th D i Th



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The Domino Theory

•PersonInjuries

•PropertyDamage

•Unquantified

Losses

•Time

•Date

•Place

•Event

•Unsafe Acts

•UnsafeConditions

ImmediateCauses Accident Losses



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*Operating equipment without training

and certificate*Failure to give warning*Failure to secure equipment, materials

*Running at to high a speed*Tampering with safety devices.

1. UNSAFE ACTS



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-Poor housekeeping

-Poor ventilation

-High temperatures

-High Noise levels-Radiation hazard.

2. UNSAFE CONDITIONS



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-Guards, barriers not adequate

-PPE not adequate-Defective equipment, materials, etc

-Restricted workplace-Fire, flammable, explosion hazards.

2. UNSAFE CONDITIONS

Th D i Th



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The Domino Theory

•PersonInjuries

•DamagetoProperty

•Unquant

ifiedLosses

•Time

•Date

•Place

•Event

•Unsafe Acts

•UnsafeConditions

•PersonalFactors

•JobFactors

BasicCauses




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Basic Causes of Accidents

-Inadequate physical capacity as:

-lack of height,

-lack of heft, etc

-Physical Stress as:

-injury,-fatigue,

-illness, diabetic condition, etc.

1. PERSONAL FACTORS



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-Inadequate mental ability as:

-mental illness,

-mechanical inaptitude,

-poor judgment,

-memory failure,-etc.

1. PERSONAL FACTORS (continuation)



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*Mental stress as:

-emotional overload,

-frustration,

-routine, demanding work,

-meaningless work.




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*Lack of knowledge and training,

-lack of practice,

-lack of coaching,

-lack of skill

*Improper motivation(this will be addressed in anothermodule on Safety Motivation).


The Domino Theory



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The Domino Theory

•PersonInjuries

•DamagetoProperty

•Unquant

ifiedLosses

•Time

•Date

•Place

•Event

•Unsafe Acts

•UnsafeConditions

•PersonalFactors

•JobFactors

BasicCauses




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*Inadequate leadership as poorsupervisory skills,

*Inadequate supervision*Inadequate policy,*Inadequate matching of capabilities

and job requirements, etc*Inadequate Engineering as poor

layout.

2. JOB FACTORS

f



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*Inadequate preparation of equipment,*Poor assessment of loss exposures*Inadequate Logistics as inadequate

specs,*Inadequate handling of equipment, etc*Inadequate maintenance or Poor PM,*Poor lubrication program, etc.

2. JOB FACTORS (continuation)

f d



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*Inadequate Tools and equipment

*Unavailability of proper tools,*Human factors not considered, etc*Inadequate work standards

*Too high requirements,*Inconsistent work descriptions,*Standards not updated.

2. JOB FACTORS (continuation)



The Domino Theory



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The Domino Theory

•PersonInjuries

•DamagetoProperty

•Unquant

ifiedLosses

•Time

•Date

•Place

•Event

•Unsafe Acts

•UnsafeConditions

•PersonalFactors

•JobFactors

BasicCauses


•Lack ofControls

•Inadequate Controls

•Inadequate

Compliance

to Controls

Lack ofControls

L f C t l



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Loss of Controlo Inadequate Controls are common cause

of confusion and failure of controlsnot specificnot clearnot high

o Adequate Controls are:Specific

Measurable A chievableR ealisticTime bound

L f C t l



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Loss of Control

• Many managers feel that inadequatecompliance is the single greatestreason for failure to control accidentloss

• However, studies have shown that

inadequate or lack of controls may bethe main reason for failure to controloccurrence of accidents.

Summary



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Safety Integration

We now have an overview of the Causes of

Accidents and how to Prevent Accidents

We also have a list of Elements of theSafety Program

May we request each Participant to pickan Element and assign it to on one of theDominoes to help prevent it from falling.

Basic work accident theory Revised edition

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