BASIC TO ADVANCED NETWORKING

TUTORIALSPRESENTED BY-:

VARINDER SINGH WALIA

SOME BASICS OF

NETWORKING

TOPOLOGY

Topology is the structural design of communication model depicted physically or logically.

PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

Physical topology is the placement of the various components of a network, including device location and cable installation

Example: LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in the network; graphically mapping these links results in a geometric shape that can be used to describe the physical topology of the network. 

LOGICAL TOPOLOGY

ICMP – INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL

Used to communicate between two devices . Ping command help in implementation of ICMP

IPx/SPx - INTERNET PACKET EXCHANGE / SEQUENCE PACKET EXCHANGE

Developed by Novell company for LAN and MAN

NET- Bios  - Network Basic Input / Output System

It is a program that allows applications on different computers to communicate within a local area network (LAN).

It was created by IBM for its early PC Network, was adopted by Microsoft, and has since become a de facto industry standard.

Nwlink IPx/ SPx

NWLink packages data to be compatible with client/server services on NetWare Networks.

SMTP – SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOLS

It is used for electronic mailing

POP3 - POST OFFICE PROTOCOL 3 It is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-mail.  POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your

Internet server. FTP - FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL It is a standard network protocol used to transfer computer files between a client and server

on a computer network. TFTP – TRIVIAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL It is an Internet software utility for transferring files that is simpler to use than the File

Transfer Protocol but less capable. It is used where user authentication and directory visibility are not required. It is used as backup to recovery files HTTP – HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL It is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.  It is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text HTTP functions as a request–response protocol in the client–server computing model. 

HTTPS – HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL SECURE It is advanced version of http DHCP – DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL It is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol host with its IP

address and other related configuration information such as the Subnet Mask and Default Gateway.

TELNET- It is an application layer protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a

bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a virtual terminal connection

SSH – SECURE SHELL PROTOCOL It is used for security purpose like authentication for username , password etc. ARP – ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL It is a protocol used by the Internet Protocol to map IP network addresses to the hardware

addresses used by a data link protocol RARP – REVERSE ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL It is used to convert MAC address to IP address

ADVANCED NETWORKING

ROUTER

It is a route device which defines router of data It reads the packet and filter them It works on IP address network It manages all traffic inside the routing Here we are dealing with ROUTER 2811

SWITCH

Switch is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer network, by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device. 

Here we are going to deal with SWITCH 2960-24T

IP ADDRESSING and SUBNETTING

IP ADDRESSING

Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

Types of IP address IPv4 – Internet Protocol version 4 IPv6 – Internet Protocol version 6

SUBNETTING

It is process of dividation of IPs into subparts. We require subnetting in order to reduce the cost Example: Suppose we want to buy 100 IPs and each having cost of 260 => Total Cost = 260 *100=> 26000 But through subnetting we need only single IP which is divided through subnetting into

different IPs as below: Example: 192.168.1.0 Main IP

192.168.1.1

192.168.1.2

192.168.1.3 and so on……………

CONCEPT OF CLASSES

There are five types of classes namely A,B,C,D,E described below. But in Practical Networking we prefer CLASS C only.

S.NO

CLASS

NETWORK BIT

HOST BIT

RANGE

SUBNET WILDMASK

1 A 8 24 1-126 255.0.0.0 0.255.2555.255

2 B 16 16 128-191

255.255.0.0 0.0.255.255

3 C 24 8 192-223

255.255.255.0

0.0.0.255

4 D BROADCAST

224-239

5 E RESEARCH 240-255

CORPS INFORMATION SYSTEM CONTROL OFFICER (CISCO)

Cisco Systems  is an American multinational technology company headquartered in San Jose, California, that designs, manufactures and sells networking equipment.

 It is considered to be the biggest networking company in the world. It is a MNC which deals in Networking Hardware Devices. It provides three certifications CCNA – CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE/ADMINISTRATOR CCNP – CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK PROFESSIONAL CCIE – CISCO CERTIFIED INTERNETWORK EXPERT

NOTE: Here we are going to deal with CCNA

CISCO CERTIFIEDNETWORK

ADMINISTRATOR/ ASSOCIATE

(CCNA)

ROUTING

ROUTING

It means allocating the suitable and appropriate path by the router to the message/packets from source to destination i.e Tx to Rx and vice versa.

The device used for this mechanism used is called ROUTING and the device used is called ROUTER

Here we are going to deal with ROUTER 2811 CISCO Routers have four ports for inserting WIC-2T card generating two serial ports from

each card. It has two Fast Ethernet ports namely fa 0/0 and fa 0/1 used for connecting devices

through copper straight wire It also have 8 serial ports generated two by each WIC-2T card. These ports are used for

only serial connections through Serial DATA TRANSFER EQUIPMENT (DTE) wire

BASIC CONFIGURATION

It is done on Router

Router with Switch and PC Select Router 2811 Double click on it and a box will appear. Switch Off the Power Insert WIC-2T Cards as per requirement . Each card will give rise to Two different Serial Ports like 0/0/0 ,0/1/0 etc. Then take Switch-2960 and connect both with Copper Straight Wire. At last attach PC with Switch using same wire. Then click on Router And Then CLI Mode. Then write the following configuration code on Router:

CONFIGURATION ON ROUTER

Press : no Router>enable Router # config terminal Router( config) #interface fastEthernet 0/0 Router( config-if) # ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router( config-if)#no shut This will turn the light Green between Router And Switch Then click PC and provide suitable IP and then press tab which will automatically

assign a suitable subnet mask. And then close this window Now click command prompt and write the below command: Pc> ping_assigned ip of pc….. Then press enter

SERIAL PORT CONFIGURATION

It is used for communication between two or more routers Two or more routers are attached with each other through Serial DTE wire at suitable

serial ports.

CONFIGURATION ON BOTH ROUTERS Router > en Router # config terminal Router (config )# interface serial 0/0/0 Router (config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router (config –if)# no shut

STATIC ROUTING

It is used where router uses manual IP configuration . It is used in small scale networks. In it we left all the directly attached network .

Commands Used Router (config )# iproute_neighbor ip_subnet_via

ADVANTAGES OF STATIC ROUTING Fast and Effective Moreover control selective path Less overload for router

DISADVANTAGES OF STATIC ROUTING More overhead on administrator Load balancing is not easily possible

DEFAULT ROUTING

It means a route for any network This route is specified with following syntax: Router (config)# ip route 0.0.0.0_0.0.0.0_via

DYNAMIC ROUTING

It is simple and fast to implement In it we have to write only directly attached entire network

Various DYNAMIC ROUTING techniques includes : ROUTER INFORMATION PROTOCOL(RIP) INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL(IGRP) ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL(EIGRP) OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST(OSPF) BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL(BGP)

ROUTER INFORMATION PROTOCOL (RIP)

It is one of the oldest distance-vector routing protocols which employ the hop count as a routing metric.

RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path from source to destination.

The maximum number of hops allowed for RIP is 15, which limits the size of networks that RIP can support.

A hop count of 16 is considered an infinite distance and the route is considered unreachable.

In it we have to write only directly attached networks.

Command used : Router (config)# router rip Router (config-router)# network_required network IP

ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL (EIGRP)

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a network protocol that lets routers exchange information more efficiently than with earlier network protocols

It has characteristics of both distance vector and link state protocols EIGRP will route the same protocols that IGRP route .

SYNTAX : Router (config)# router eigrp_PROCESS ID ( ) Router (config-router)# network _ required network IP

NOTE: All Routers has same Process ID

OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It uses a link state routing algorithm and falls into the group of interior routing protocols,

operating within a single autonomous system (AS). It uses the concept of WILD CARD MASK , which is complement of subnet It also uses the Process ID and Area NOTE: All routers have same Area but different Process ID

SYNTAX: Router (config )# router ospf_ PID(range 1-65535) Router (config –router)# network_requires network IP_ wildcard mask_area_any value(range

0-4294967295)

BRODER GATEWAY PROTOCOL (BGP)

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet.

The protocol is often classified as a path vector protocol but is sometimes also classed as a distance-vector routing protocol.

This protocol use the ip of neighbor point for communication

SYNTAX: Router (config)#router bgp_PID1 Router (config –router)# neighbor_ip of end point_remote-as_PID2 NOTE 1: Before applying this command apply Dynamic routing on each router NOTE 2: Each router has different Process ID NOTE 3:Do not write directly attached IP of network. All except directly attached IP

will be treated as neighbor NOTE 4: PID will be of current router only.

REDISTRIBUTION B/W RIP,STATIC,EIGRP AND OSPF ROUTING

Commands Used:

Router (config)#router rip

Router(config-router)#redistribute ospf 10 metric 10

Router(config-router)#redistribute eigrp 10 metric 10

Router(config-router)#redistribute static metric 10

Router (config-router)# router ospf 10

Router(config-router)#redistribute rip metric 10 subnets

Router(config-router)#redistribute eigrp 10 metric 10 subnets

Router(config-router)#redistribute static metric 10 subnets

Router(config-router)#router eigrp 10

Router(config-router)#redistribute rip metric 100 100 100 100 100

Router(config-router)#redistribute static metric 100 100 100 100 100

Router(config-router)#redistribute ospf 10 metric 100 100 100 100 100

Router(config-router)#do wr

Router(config-router)#exit

TELECOMMUNICATION

(VOIP)

INTODUCTION TO VOIP

VOIP is an acronym for Voice Over Internet Protocol, or in more common terms phone service over the Internet.

If you have a reasonable quality Internet connection you can get phone service delivered through your Internet connection instead of from your local phone company.

BASIC IDEA OF VOIP Continuously sample audio. Convert each sample to digital form. Send the resulting digitized stream accross an IP network in packets. Convert the stream back to analog for playback. Before the procedure above, the system must handle call setup. Phone number to IP.

ADVANTAGES OF VOIP

Low call costs. ... Low cost of performing moves, ads and changes on a business VOIP phone system. Increased functionality and integration with other IT business systems. Ability to have your land-line phone number follow you anywhere. Low infrastructure costs. ... Future proof.

DISADVANTAGES OF VOIP Loss of service during outages. Without power VOIP phones are useless, so in case of emergencies during

power cuts it can be a major disadvantage. With VOIP emergency calls, it is hard to locate you and send help in time. Some times during calls, there may be periods of silence when data is lost

while it is being unscrambled. Latency and traffic. No standard protocol is applicable

VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL

(VOIP)

(VOIP)

SWITCHING

SWITCHING VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK (VLAN) It is a smart device It divides switch into multiple parts in order to maintain security.

Basic Configuration: Switch(config)#vlan ID(1-1005)

#vlan 10#name ABC#vlan 20#name XYZ#do show vlan#do wr#exit

SWITCH TO SWITCH PROGRAMMIG Switch#interface fa 0/0

#switchport access vlan 10interface fa 0/3# switchport access vlan 10# interface fa 0/2#switchport access vlan 20# interface fa 0/4#switchport access vlan 20#do wr #exit

:-> NOW apply the following commands:

Switch(config)# interface fa 0/24#switchport mode trunk#do wr#exit

PER- VLAN SPANNING TREE Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) maintains a spanning tree instance for each VLAN

configured in the network. It uses ISL Trunking and allows a VLAN trunk to be forwarding for some VLANs while

blocking for other VLANs. Since PVST treats each VLAN as a separate network, it has the ability to load balance

traffic (at layer-2) by forwarding some VLANs on one trunk and other Vlans on another trunk without causing a Spanning Tree loop.

Commands for PVST on router:

Router(config)#interface fa 0/0

#no shut

Router(config)#int fa 0/0.10(10 is Ip of given PC’s)

#encapsulation_dot1Q_10

#ip_add_pc virtual IP_subnet

NOTE: Add similar above commands of number of even PC’s attached.

SECURITY

SECURITY

It is the network device protection in order to secure our network with help of CCNA technology

TYPES OF SECURITY :

ACCESS CONTROL LIST : It is type of security in which we filter inbound and outbound traffic

Types of ACL:1. STANDARD ACL : It is a type of ACL in which we block all the protocols in our

network.

Commands for STANDARD ACLRouter(config)# ip_access-list standard_abc_deny_IP of n/w to be blocked_wildcard mask

#permit_any

#do wr

#exit

Router(config)# interface fa 0/0

#ip_access-group_abc

2. EXTENDED ACL : It is a type of ACL in which we block a particular protocol as well as particular IP

Commmands for Extended ACL: Router(config) # ip_access-list_extended_abc

#deny_icmp_destination IP_wildcard mask_source IP_wildcard mask

#permit_ip_any_any

#do wr

#exit Router(config)# interface fa 0/0

#ip_access-group_abc

#do wr

#exit

VIRTUAL TERMINAL TYPE (VTY) It is protocol used for remotely connection with other connection. REQUIREMENT

1. Client Side: There are two password used that are ON ENABLE and ON LINE CONSOLE

• Commands on CLIENT SIDE:

Router>en

Router#telnet_10.0.0.1

#do show ip interface brief

2. MASTER SIDE:

• Commands on MASTER SIDE:

Router(config)# enable_password_123

#line_vty_0 15

#password 1234

# do wr

# exit

VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)

VPN is a technology that creates an encrypted connection over a less secure network In this basically TUNNEL is made to keep data secure , through which only source and

destination clients can get the data.

Commands for VPN:

Router(config)# interface_tunnel_number

# ip_address_virtual IP_subnet

# tunnel_source_serial_of router itself

#tunnel_destination_IP of end router

# do wr

# exit

NOTE: Also share the virtual ip on both end router with rip command.

NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATOR

It is type of security in which we convert our private address into public address It is a part of ethical hacking in which there is use of fake IP

TYPES Of NAT:1. STATIC NAT: It is a type of NAT in which the client will fetch only single fake IP everytime.

Commands for STATIC NAT:

Router(config)# ip_nat_inside_source_static_IP of pc of router

# interface fa 0/0

#ip_nat_inside

#interface serial 0/0/0

#ip_nat_outside

#do wr

#exit

2.DYNAMIC NAT : It is a type of security in which we create a pool of fake IP’s ,because of which the user will receive a different fake IP

everytime within the range of given IP pool. Commands for DYANMIC NAT:

Router(config)# access-list_10_permit_actual router IP_wildcard mask

# ip_nat_pool_abc_50.0.0.3_50.0.0.10_netmask_subnet

# ip_nat_inside_source_list_10_pool_abc

#interface_fa_0/0

#ip_nat_inside

#interface_serial_port of router

#ip_nat-outside

#do_wr

#exit

3. Overload / NATPAD : It means that the single public IP assigned to your router can be used by multiple internal hosts concurrently. This is done by translating source UDP/TCP ports in the packets and keeping track of them within the translation table kept in the router .