Department of Computer Science

Basic Computer Terminology

Access time - The performance of a hard drive or other storage device - how long it takes to locate a file. Active program or window - The application or window at the front (foreground) on the monitor. Alert (alert box) - a message that appears on screen, usually to tell you something went wrong. Alias - an icon that points to a file, folder or application (System 7). Apple menu - on the left side of the screen header. System 6 = desk accessories System 7 = up to 50 items. Application - a program in which you do your work. Application menu - on the right side of the screen header. Lists running applications. ASCII (pronounced ask-key ) - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. a commonly used data format for exchanging information between computers or programs. Background - part of the multitasking capability. A program can run and perform tasks in the background while another program is being used in the foreground. Bit - the smallest piece of information used by the computer. Derived from "binary digit". In computer language, either a one (1) or a zero (0). backup - a copy of a file or disk you make for archiving purposes. boot - to start up a computer. bug - a programming error that causes a program to behave in an unexpected way. bus - an electronic pathway through which data is transmitted between components in a computer. byte - a piece of computer information made up of eight bits. card - a printed circuit board that adds some feature to a computer. cartridge drive - a storage device, like a hard drive, in which the medium is a cartridge that can be removed. CD-ROM - an acronym for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory. Chooser - A desk accessory used to select a printer, or other external device, or to log onto a network. Clipboard - A portion of memory where the Mac temporarily stores information. Called a Copy Buffer in many PC applications because it is used to hold information which is to be moved, as in

word processing where text is "cut" and then "pasted". Clock Rate (MHz) - The instruction processing speed of a computer measured in millions of cycles per second (i.e., 200 MHz). command - the act of giving an instruction to your Mac either by menu choice or keystroke. command (apple) key - a modifier key, the Command key used in conjunction with another keystroke to active some function on the Mac. compiler - a program the converts programming code into a form that can be used by a computer. compression - a technique that reduces the size of a saved file by elimination or encoding redundancies (i.e., JPEG, MPEG, LZW, etc.) control key - seldom used modifier key on the Mac. control panel - a program that allows you to change settings in a program or change the way a Mac looks and/or behaves. CPU - the Central Processing Unit. The processing chip that is the "brains" of a computer. crash - a system malfunction in which the computer stops working and has to be restarted. cursor - The pointer, usually arrow or cross shaped, which is controlled by the mouse. daisy chaining - the act of stringing devices together in a series (such as SCSI). database - an electronic list of information that can be sorted and/or searched. data - (the plural of datum) information processed by a computer. defragment - (also - optimize) to concatenate fragments of data into contiguous blocks in memory or on a hard drive. desktop - 1. the finder. 2. the shaded or colored backdrop of the screen. desktop file - an invisible file in which the Finder stores a database of information about files and icons. dialog box - an on-screen message box that appears when the Mac requires additional information before completing a command. digitize - to convert linear, or analog, data into digital data which can be used by the computer.

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Department of Computer Science

disk - a spinning platter made of magnetic or optically etched material on which data can be stored. disk drive - the machinery that writes the data from a disk and/or writes data to a disk. disk window - the window that displays the contents or directory of a disk. document - a file you create, as opposed to the application which created it. DOS - acronym for Disk Operating System - used in IBM PCs. DPI - acronym for Dots Per Inch - a gauge of visual clarity on the printed page or on the computer screen. Download - to transfer data from one computer to another. (If you are on the receiving end, you are downloading. If you are on the sending end, you are uploading). drag - to move the mouse while its button is being depressed. drag and drop - a feature on the Mac which allows one to drag the icon for a document on top of the icon for an application, thereby launching the application and opening the document. driver - a file on a computer which tells it how to communicate with an add-on piece of equipment (like a printer). Ethernet - a protocol for fast communication and file transfer across a network. expansion slot - a connector inside the computer which allows one to plug in a printed circuit board that provides new or enhanced features. extension - a startup program that runs when you start the Mac and then enhances its function. fibre channel - as applied to data storage and network topology - link to FC Glossary. file - the generic word for an application, document, control panel or other computer data. finder - The cornerstone or home-base application in the Mac environment. The finder regulates the file management functions of the Mac (copying, renaming, deleting...) floppy - a 3.5 inch square rigid disk which holds data. (so named for the earlier 5.25 and 8 inch disks that were flexible). folder - an electronic subdirectory which contains files. font - a typeface that contains the characters of an alphabet or some other letterforms.

footprint - The surface area of a desk or table which is occupied by a piece of equipment. fragmentation - The breaking up of a file into many separate locations in memory or on a disk. freeze - a system error which causes the cursor to lock in place. get info - a Finder File menu command that presents an information window for a selected file icon. gig - a gigabyte = 1024 megabytes. hard drive - a large capacity storage device made of multiple disks housed in a rigid case. head crash - a hard disk crash caused by the heads coming in contact with the spinning disk(s). high density disk - a 1.4 MB floppy disk. highlight - to select by clicking once on an icon or by highlighting text in a document. icon - a graphic symbol for an application, file or folder. initialize - to format a disk for use in the computer; creates a new directory and arranges the tracks for the recording of data. insertion point - in word processing, the short flashing marker which indicates where your next typing will begin. installer - software used to install a program on your hard drive. interrupt button - a tool used by programmers to enter the debugging mode. The button is usually next to the reset button. K - short for kilobyte. keyboard shortcut - a combination of keystrokes that performs some function otherwise found in a pulldown menu. kilobyte - 1024 bytes. landscape - in printing from a computer, to print sideways on the page. launch - start an application. Measurements (summary) - *a bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *"bit" is derived from the contraction b'it (binary digit) -> 8 bits = one byte*1024 bytes = one kilobyte*K = kilobyte*Kb = kilobit*MB = megabyte*Mb = megabit*MB/s = megabytes per second*Mb/s = megabits per second*bps = bits per secondi.e., 155 Mb/s = 19.38 MB/sMB - short for megabyte.

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Department of Computer Science

megabyte - 1024 kilobytes. memory - the temporary holding area where data is stored while it is being used or changed; the amount of RAM a computer has installed. menu - a list of program commands listed by topic. menu bar - the horizontal bar across the top of the Mac¹s screen that lists the menus. multi finder - a component of System 6 that allows the Mac to multi task. multi tasking - running more than one application in memory at the same time. nanosecond - one billionth of a second. ( or, the time between the theatrical release of a Dudley Moore film and the moment it begins to play on airplanes). native mode - using the computers original operating system; most commonly used when talking about the PowerPC can run software written for either the 80x0 systems, or the PowerPC¹s RISC code. NuBus - expansion slots on the Mac which accept intelligent, self-configuring boards. NuBus is a different bus achitecture than the newer PCI bus and the boards are not interchangable. operating system - the system software that controls the computer. optical disk - a high-capacity storage medium that is read by a laser light. palette - a small floating window that contains tools used in a given application. partition - a subdivision of a hard drives surface that is defined and used as a separate drive. paste - to insert text, or other material, from the clipboard or copy buffer. PC - acronym for personal computer, commonly used to refer to an IBM or IBM clone computer which uses DOS. PCI - acronym for Peripheral Component Interchange - the newer, faster bus achitecture. peripheral - an add-on component to your computer. point - (1/72") 12 points = one pica in printing. pop-up menu - any menu that does not appear at the top of the screen in the menu bar. (may pop up or down) port - a connection socket, or jack on the Mac. Power PC - a processing chip designed by Apple, IBM and Motorola (RISC based). Power Mac - a family of Macs built around the PowerPC chip.

print spooler - a program that stores documents to be printed on the hard drive, thereby freeing the memory up and allowing other functions to be performed while printing goes on in the background. QuickTime - the Apple system extension that gives one the ability to compress, edit and play animation, movies and sound on the Mac. RAM - acronym for Random-Access Memory. reset switch - a switch on the Mac that restarts the computer in the event of a crash or freeze. resize box - the small square at the lower right corner of a window which, when dragged, resizes the window. RISC - acronym for Reduced Instruction Set Computing; the smaller set of commands used by the PowerPC and Power Mac. ROM - acronym for Read Only Memory; memory that can only be read from and not written to. root directory - the main hard drive window. save - to write a file onto a disk. save as - (a File menu item) to save a previously saved file in a new location and/or with a new name. scroll - to shift the contents of a window to bring hidden items into view. scroll bar - a bar at the bottom or right side of a window that contains the scroll box and allows scrolling. scroll box - the box in a scroll bar that is used to navigate through a window. SCSI - acronym for Small Computer System Interface. SCSI address - a number between zero and seven that must be unique to each device in a SCSI chain. Fast and Wide SCSI devices will allow up to 15 SCSI Ids (hexidecimal); however, the length restriction (3 meters) is such that it is virtually impossible to link 15 devices together. SCSI port - a 25 pin connector on the back of a Mac (native SCSI port); used to connect SCSI devices to the CPU. Some SCSI cards (like the ATTO) have a 68 pin connector. SCSI terminator - a device placed at the end of a SCSI chain to complete the circuit. (some SCSI devices are self-terminating, or have active termination and do not require this plug). serial port - a port that allows data to be transmitted in a series (one after the

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Department of Computer Science

other), such as the printer and modem ports on a Mac. server - a central computer dedicated to sending and receiving data from other computers (on a network). shut down - the command from the Special menu that shuts down the Mac safely. software - files on disk that contain instructions for a computer. spreadsheet - a program designed to look like an electronic ledger. start up disk - the disk containing system software and is designated to be used to start the computer. surge suppressor - a power strip that has circuits designed to reduce the effects of surge in electrical power. (not the same as a UPS) System file - a file in the System folder that allows your Mac to start and run. System folder - an all-important folder that contains at least the System file and the Finder. 32 bit addressing - a feature that allows the Mac to recognize and use more than 8MB of memory. title bar - the horizontal bar at the top of a window which has the name of the file or folder it represents. upload - to send a file from one computer to another through a network. Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS)- a constantly charging battery pack which powers the computer. A UPS should have enough charge to power your computer for several minutes in the event of a total power failure, giving you time to save your work and safely shut down. UPS - acronym for Uninterruptible Power Source. vaporware - "software" advertised, and sometimes sold, that does not yet exist in a releasable for. virtual memory - using part of your hard drive as though it were "RAM". WORM - acronym for Write Once-Read Many; an optical disk that can only be written to once (like a CD-ROM). zoom box - a small square in the upper right corner of a window which, when clicked, will expand the window to fill the whole screen.

BASIC SHORTCUT KEYS

Alt + F File menu options in current programAlt + E Edit options in current programF1 Universal help (for all programs)Ctrl + A Select all textCtrl + X Cut selected itemShift + Del Cut selected itemCtrl + C Copy selected itemCtrl + Ins Copy selected itemCtrl + V PasteShift + Ins PasteHome Go to beginning of current lineCtrl + Home Go to beginning of documentEnd Go to end of current lineCtrl + End Go to end of documentShift + Home Highlight from current position to beginning of lineShift + End Highlight from current position to end of lineCtrl + f Move one word to the left at a timeCtrl + g Move one word to the right at a time

MICROSOFT WINDOWS SHORTCUT KEYSAlt + Tab Switch between open applicationsAlt + Shift + Tab Switch backwards between open applicationsAlt + Print Screen Create screen shot for current programCtrl + Alt + Del Reboot/Windows® task managerCtrl + Esc Bring up start menuAlt + Esc Switch between applications on taskbarF2 Rename selected iconF3 Start find from desktopF4 Open the drive selection when browsingF5 Refresh contentsAlt + F4 Close current open programCtrl + F4 Close window in programCtrl + Plus Key Automatically adjust widths of all columns in Windows ExplorerAlt + Enter Open properties window of selected icon or programShift + F10 Simulate right-click on selected itemShift + Del Delete programs/files permanently Holding Shift During BootupBoot safe mode or bypass system filesHolding Shift During BootupWhen putting in an audio CD, will preventCD Player from playing

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Department of Computer Science

WINKEY SHORTCUTSWINKEY + D Bring desktop to the top of other windowsWINKEY + M Minimize all windowsWINKEY + SHIFT + M Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY + DWINKEY + E Open Microsoft ExplorerWINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs on taskbarWINKEY + F Display the Windows® Search/Find featureWINKEY + CTRL + F Display the search for computers windowWINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft® Windows® helpWINKEY + R Open the run windowWINKEY + Pause /Break Open the system properties windowWINKEY + U Open utility managerWINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP® & later)

OUTLOOK SHORTCUT KEYSAlt + S Send the emailCtrl + C Copy selected textCtrl + X Cut selected textCtrl + P Open print dialog boxCtrl + K Complete name/email typed in address barCtrl + B Bold highlighted selectionCtrl + I Italicize highlighted selectionCtrl + U Underline highlighted selectionCtrl + R Reply to an emailCtrl + F Forward an emailCtrl + N Create a new emailCtrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendarCtrl + Shift + O Open the outboxCtrl + Shift + I Open the inboxCtrl + Shift + K Add a new taskCtrl + Shift + C Create a new contactCtrl + Shift+ J Create a new journal entry

WORD SHORTCUT KEYSCtrl + A Select all contents of the pageCtrl + B Bold highlighted selectionCtrl + C Copy selected textCtrl + X Cut selected textCtrl + N Open new/blank documentCtrl + O Open optionsCtrl + P Open the print windowCtrl + F Open find boxCtrl + I Italicize highlighted selectionCtrl + K Insert linkCtrl + U Underline highlighted selectionCtrl + V PasteCtrl + Y Redo the last action performedCtrl + Z Undo last action

Ctrl + G Find and replace optionsCtrl + H Find and replace optionsCtrl + J Justify paragraph alignmentCtrl + L Align selected text or line to the leftCtrl + Q Align selected paragraph to the leftCtrl + E Align selected text or line to the centerCtrl + R Align selected text or line to the rightCtrl + M Indent the paragraphCtrl + T Hanging indentCtrl + D Font optionsCtrl + Shift + F Change the fontCtrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing charactersCtrl + f Move one word to the leftCtrl + g Move one word to the rightCtrl + h Move to beginning of the line or paragraphCtrl + i Move to the end of the paragraphCtrl + Del Delete word to right of cursorCtrl + Backspace Delete word to left of cursorCtrl + End Move cursor to end of documentCtrl + Home Move cursor to beginning of documentCtrl + Space Reset highlighted text to default fontCtrl + 1 Single-space linesCtrl + 2 Double-space linesCtrl + 5 1.5-line spacingCtrl + Alt + 1 Change text to heading 1Ctrl + Alt + 2 Change text to heading 2Ctrl + Alt + 3 Change text to heading 3F1 Open helpShift + F3 Change case of selected textShift + Insert PasteF4 Repeat last action performed (Word 2000+)F7 Spell check selected text and/or documentShift + F7 Activate the thesaurusF12 Save asCtrl + S SaveShift + F12 SaveAlt + Shift + D Insert the current dateAlt + Shift + T Insert the current timeCtrl + W Close document

EXCEL SHORTCUT KEYSF2 Edit the selected cellF5 Go to a specific cell

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Department of Computer Science

F7 Spell check selected text and/or documentF11 Create chartCtrl + Shift + ; Enter the current timeCtrl + ; Enter the current dateAlt + Shift + F1 Insert new worksheetShift + F3 Open the Excel® formula windowShift + F5 Bring up search boxCtrl + A Select all contents of worksheetCtrl + B Bold highlighted selectionCtrl + I Italicize highlighted selectionCtrl + C Copy selected textCtrl + V PasteCtrl + D FillCtrl + K Insert linkCtrl + F Open find and replace optionsCtrl + G Open go-to optionsCtrl + H Open find and replace optionsCtrl + U Underline highlighted selectionCtrl + Y Underline selected textCtrl + 5 Strikethrough highlighted selectionCtrl + O Open optionsCtrl + N Open new documentCtrl + P Open print dialog boxCtrl + S SaveCtrl + Z Undo last actionCtrl + F9 Minimize current windowCtrl + F10 Maximize currently selected windowCtrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks/windowsCtrl + Page up & Page DownMove between Excel worksheets in the same documentCtrl + Tab Move between two or more open Excel filesAlt + = Create formula to sum all of above cellsCtrl + ‘ Insert value of above cell into current cellCtrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma formatCtrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency formatCtrl + Shift + # Format number in date formatCtrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage formatCtrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific formatCtrl + Shift + @ Format number in time formatCtrl + g Move to next section of textCtrl + Space Select entire columnShift + Space Select entire rowCtrl + W Close document

COMPUTER-RELATED ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AA-D Analog to DigitalAA Author's AlterationAA Auto AnswerAAL5 ATM Adaption Layer 5ABEND Abnormal EndABI Application Binary InterfaceABR Available Bit RateAC97 Audio Codec 97ACB Access method Control BlockACDS Active Control Data SetACE Asynchronous Communications ElementACF Advanced Communication FacilityACIA Asynchronous Communications Interface AdapterACK AcknowledgeACS Asynchronous Connection ServerACS Automatic Class SelectionACSE Application Control Service ElementACT Application Control TableACU Automatic Calling UnitADC Analog Digital ConverterADDMD Administrative Directory Management DomainADMD Administrative Management DomainADO ActiveX Data ObjectADSL Asymetric Digital Subscriber LineAEA Activity End AcknowledgeAEI Application Entity InvocationAF Application FrameworkAFP Advanced Function PrintingAGP Accellerated Graphics PortAGS Advanced Graphics SystemAI Artificial IntelligenceAIU Application Interface UnitAIX Advanced Interactive eXecutiveAIX Alternate IndeXALGOL ALGOrithmic LanguageALS Application Layer StructureALS Automatic Line SwitchingALT Application Load TableALU Arithmetic and Logic UnitAM Access MethodAMH Automated Material HandlingAMI Alternate Mark InversionAMIS Audio Messaging Interchange SpecificationAMR Audio Modem RiserAMS Access Method ServicesANR Automatic Network RoutingANS Advanced Network Services

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Department of Computer Science

ANSI American National Standards InstituteAOCE Apple Open Collaboration EnvironmentAOW Asian and Oceanic Workshop for open systemsAP Access PointAP Automation ProtocolAPA All Points AddressableAPDU Application Protocol Data UnitAPI Application Programming InterfaceAPIA API AssociationAPL A Programming LanguageAPPC Advanced Program-to-Program CommunicationAPPI Advanced Peer-to-Peer Internetwork(ing)APPN Advanced Peer-to-Peer Network(ing)APS Advanced Production SystemAR Attention RoutineARP Address Resolution ProtocolARPA Advanced Research Projects AgencyARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency NetworkARU Audio Response UnitAS Activity StartAS Autonomous SystemASC Accredited Standards CommitteeASCII American Standard Code for Information InterchangeASE Application Service ElementASIC Application-Specific Integrated CircuitASN Abstract Syntax NotationASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation OneASO Application Service ObjectASP Active Server PagesASR Automatic Speech RecognitionASTs Asynchronous System TrapsAT Advanced TechnologyATM Adobe Type ManagerATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeATM Automatic Teller MachineATMP Ascend Tunnel Management ProtocolATSF Alert Transport Service FacilityAU Access UnitAVR Automatic Volume RecognitionAWG American Wire GaugeBB8ZS Binary Eight Zero SubstitutionBABT British Approvals Board for TelecommunicationsBAL Business Application LanguageBAM Basic Access MethodsBAS Basic Activity Subset

BASH Bourne-Again SHellBASIC Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruktion CodeBBS Bulletin Board SystemBCC Block Check CharacterBCD Binary Coded DecimalBCF Bridge Control FacilityBCPL Basic Combined Programming LanguageBCS Basic Catalog StructureBCS Basic Combined SubsetBDAM Basic Direct Access MethodBDR Basic Density RangeBEL BellBER Bit Error RateBES Bursty Errored SecondsBG BackGroundBHT Branch History TableBIOS Basic Input/Output SystemBIS Business Information SystemBISYNC Binary Synchronous CommunicationBIT Binary DigitBITNIC Bitnet Network Information CenterBLOB Binary Large ObjectBMIC Bus Master Interface ControllerBMP BitMaPBMS Basic Mapping SupportBNN Boundary Network NodeBOC Bell Operating CompaniesBOT Begin Of TapeBP Base PointerBPAM Basic Partitioned Access MethodBPI Bytes Per InchBPS Bites Per SecondBRA Basic Rate AccessBRI Basic Rate InterfaceBS Backspace / British StandardBSA Basic Service AreaBSAM Basic Sequential Access MethodBSC Binary Synchronous CommunicationBSD Berkeley Software DistributionBSDS BootStrap Data SetBSI British Standards InstituteBSS Basic Synchronous SubsetBTAC Branch Target Address CacheBTAM Basic Teleprocessing Access MethodBTA-ES Basic Teleprocessing Access Method - Extended StorageBYP BypassCCA Collision AvoidanceCA... Computer Aided ...CAA Computer Aided ArchitectureCAD Computer Aided Design

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Department of Computer Science

CADD Computer Aided Design and DraftingCADIS Computer Aided Design Interactive SystemCAE Common Application EnvironmentCAE Computer Assisted Education, Computer Aided Engineering = CAD + CAP + CAQCAH Computer Aided HandlingCAI Computer Aided Instruction = CIM + CAOCAISE Computer Aided Integrated Software EngineeringCALS Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistic SupportCAM Computer Aided Manufacturing / Content Adressable MemoryCAMAC Computer Automated MeAsurement ControlCAN CancelCAO Computer Aided OfficeCAP Computer Aided Planning / Computer Aided PublishingCAPP Computer Aided Production PlanningCAPPC Computer Aided Production Planning and ControlCAPSC Computer Aided Production Scheduling and ControlCAQ Computer Aided Quality AssuranceCAR Computer Aided RobotingCAR Computer Assisted RadiologyCAS Computer Aided SellingCASE Common Application Service ElementsCASE Computer Aided Software-EngineeringCAT Computer Aided TestingCATV CAble TeleVisionCBDS Connectionless Broadband Data ServiceCBEMA Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers' AssociationCBR Constant Bit RateCBT Computer Based TrainingCCD Charge-Coupled DeviceCCETT Centre Commun d'Etudes de Telediffusion et TelecommunicationsCCIR International Radio Consultative CommitteeCCITT Comite Consultatif International Telegraphique et TelephoniqueCCR Committment, Concurrency and RecoveryCCS Common Communication Support

CCTA Central Computer and Telecommunications AgencyCCU Communication Control UnitCCW Channel Command WordCD Collision DetectionCD Compact DiskCDB Command Descriptor BlockCDC Century Date ChangeCDDA Compact Disk - Digital AudioCDDI Copper Data Distribution InterfaceCDE Common Desktop EnvironmentCDG Compact Disk - GraphicCDI Compact Disk InteractiveCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCDPD Cellular Digital Packet DataCDR Copy Density RangeCDROM Compact Disk ROMCDTV Commodore Total VisionCDXA Copmact Disk eXtended ArchitectureCEC Commission of European CommunitiesCEFIC Conseil Européen des Federations de l'Industrie ChimiqueCELP Code Excited Linear PredictionCEN Comité Européen de NormalisationCENELEC Comité Européen de Normalisation ElectrotechniqueCEO Comprehensive Electronic OfficeCEPT Conference Européenne des Administrations des Postes et des TelecommunicationsCERN Conseil Européen pour la Recherche NucléaireCF Call ForwardingCF Carry FlagCF Control FunctionCFV Call For VotesCGA Colour Graphics AdapterCGI Common Gateway InterfaceCGI Computer Graphics InterfaceCGM Computer Graphics MetafileCHAP Challenge-Handshake Authentication ProtocolCHL-I CHanneL InterfaceCHPID CHannel Path IDentifierCI Computer InterconnectCI Control IntervalCIAM Computer Integrated and Automated ManufacturingCIB Computer Integrated BusinessCICS Customer Information Control SystemCID Configuration, Installation and DistributionCIF Cells In FramesCIF Common Intermediate Format

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Department of Computer Science

CIF Computer Integrated Factory = CIO + CIMCIM Computer Input by MicrofilmCIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing = PPS + CAE + CAMCIO Computer Integrated OfficeCIR Committed Information RateCIS Card Information StructureCISC Complex (Complete) Instruction Set ComputerCIT Computer Integrated TelephonyCIV Conversation Verb InterfaceCKD Count Key DataCL Core Image LibraryCL Connectionless CLI Call Level InterfaceCLIM Compaq/Lotus/Intel/MicrosoftCLNS Connectionless Network ServiceCM/2 Communication Manager / 2CMC Communication Management ConfigurationCMEA Council for Mutual Economic AssistanceCMIP Common Management Information ProtocolCMIS Common Management Information ServiceCMOS Cellular Management Operation SystemCMOS Complimentary Metal Oxide SemiconductorCMOT Common Management Information Protocol (CMOT) Over TCP/IPCMR Communications Resource ManagerCMS Conversational Monitor SystemCMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, BlackCN Corporate NetworkCNC Computerized Numerical ControlCNLP Connectionless Network ProtocolCNM Communication Network ManagementCNMA Communication Network for Manufacturing ApplicationsCNR Carrier-to-Noise-RatioCOBOL COmmon Business Oriented LanguageCOCOM Coordinating Comittee on Multilateral Export ControlsCODASYL COnference on DAta SYstems LanguagesCodec Coder/DecoderCOFF Common Object File FormatCOM Common Object ModelCOM Computer Output on MicrofilmCOMAL COMmon Algorithmic LanguageCOMREG Communication Region

CONS Connection-Oriented Network ServiceCORBA Common Object Request Broker ArchitectureCOS Corporation for Open SystemsCOSE Common Open Software EnvironmentCOSINE Cooperation for OSI Networking in EuropeCOSS Cross Operating System ServiceCP Control ProgramCP-SVR Control Point to ServerCP/M Control Program/Monitor (for Microcomputer)CPE Customer Premises EquipmentCPI Characters Per InchCPI Common Programming InterfaceCPI Computer to PABX InterfaceCPIC Common Programming Interface for CommunicationsCPL Current Privilege LevelCPR Computerized Patient RecordCPS Characters Per SecondCPU Central Processing UnitCR Carriage ReturnCR Communication RegionCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCRJE Conversational Remote Job EntryCRS Computer Reservation SystemCRS Configuration Report ServerCRT Cathode Ray TubeCS Communications ServerCSA Common System AreaCSC Cross System ConsistencyCSDN Circuit Switched Data NetworkCSECT Control SectionCSI Consolidated Software InventoryCSLIP Compressed SLIPCSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision AvoidanceCSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision DetectionCSP Control Sequence PrefixCSP Cross System ProductCSPDN Circuit Switched Public Data NetworkCSS Cascading Style SheetCST Computer Supported TelephonyCSU Channel Service UnitCSU/DSU Channel Service Unit / Data Service UnitCT Continuous ToneCT2T Continuous Tone To TapeCTC Channel To ChannelCTC CICS To CICSCTS Clear To SendCTS Conformance Test SystemCTS-WAN Conformance Testing Services for WAN

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Department of Computer Science

CU Control UnitCUA Common User AccessCUT Control Unit TerminalCVOL Control VOLumeCWS Coalition for Working SystemsDD/A Digital/AnalogDA Desk AccessoryDAC Digital Analog ConverterDAC Dual Attachment ConcentratorDAI Distributed Artificial IntelligenceDAM Direct Access Method DAP Directory Access ProtocolDAP Document Application ProfileDARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDAS Dual Attachment StationDASD Direct Access Storage DeviceDAT Digital Audio TapeDAT Dynamic Address TranslationDB DatabaseDBCS Double Byte Character SetDBMS DataBase Management SystemDBRT Directed Beam Refresh TerminalDC Data CartridgeDC Data CommunicationDCA Document Content ArchitectureDCAF Distributed Console Access FacilityDCB Data Control BlockDCB Disk Coprocessor BoardDCC Diskette Controller ChipDCE Data Circuit terminating EquipmentDCE Data Communications EquipmentDCE Distributed Computing EnvironmentDCI Display Control InterfaceDCL Digital Command LanguageDCS Desktop Color SeparationDCT Destination Control TableDCT Discrete Cosine TransformDD Data DefinitionDDCMP Digital Data Communications Message ProtocolDDCS Distributed Database Connecion Services/2DDE Dynamic Data ExchangeDDES Digital Data Exchange SpecificationsDDI Device Driver InterfaceDDK Driver Development KitDDL Data Definition LanguageDDL Document Description LanguageDDM Distributed Data ManagementDDN Defense Data NetworkDDP Distributed Data Processing

DDRM Device driver interface/Driver kernel interface Reference ManualDDS Dataphone Digital Service DDS Decision Support SystemDECT Digital European Cordless TelephoneDECUS Digital Equipment Computer Users SocietyDEL DeleteDES Data Encryption StandardDF Direction FlagDFC Distributed Coordination FunctionDFDSS Data Facility Data Set ServicesDFHSM Data Facility Hierarchical Storage ManagerDFP Data Facility ProductDFR Document Filing and RetrivalDFS Distributed File SystemDFSMS Data Facility Storage Management SubsystemDFSORT Data Facility SortDFT Distributed Function TerminalDFWMAC Distributed Foundation Wireless Media Access ControlDHCP Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocolDHTML Dynamic HTMLDIA Document Interchange ArchitectureDIB Data Input BusDIB Device Independent BitmapDIFS Distributed coordination function InterFrame SpaceDIMM Dual Inline Memory ModuleDIP Dual Inline PackageDIS Draft International StandardDISSOS Distributed Office Support SystemDIT Directory Information TreeDKI Driver Kernel InterfaceDL Data LengthDL Directory ListingDL/1 Data Language 1DLBL Disk LabelDLCI Data Linc Connection IdentifierDLE Data Link EscapeDLL Dynamic Link LibraryDLS Device Level SelectionDLSE Device Level Selection EnhancedDLSw Data Link SwitchingDLUR Dependent LU RequesterDLUR/S Dependent LU Requester / ServerDLUS Dependent LU ServerDMA Direct Memory Access

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Department of Computer Science

DMCI Direct Memory Communications InterfaceDMD Directory Management DomainDMI Digital Multiplexed InterfaceDML Data(base) Manipulation LanguageDMNL Direct Multi Network LinkDMP Dot Matrix PrinterDN Distinguished NameDNA Digital Network ArchitectureDNS Domain Name ServiceDOC Display Operator ConsoleDOE Distributed Objects EverywhereDOMF Distributed Object Management FacilityDOS Declaration Of SupportDOS Disk Operating SystemDOS/VS Disk Operating System / Virtual StorageDOS/VSE Disk Operating System / Virtual Storage ExtendedDP Data ProcessingDP Draft ProposalDPA Document Printing ApplicationDPF Data Private FacilityDPI Dots Per InchDPL Descriptor Privilege LevelDPMS Display Power Management SignalingDPS Dynamic Path SelectionDQDB Distributed Queue Dual BusDRAM Dynamic Random Access MemoryDRQ Data ReQuestDS Digit SelectDS Directory SystemDSA Directory System AgentDSA Distributed Systems ArchitectureDSA Dynamic Storage AreaDSF Device Support FacilityDSL Direct Swift LinkDSN DataSetNameDSN Distributed Systems NetworkDSNL Direct Swift Network LinkDSOM Distributed System Object ModelDSP Digital Signal ProcessorDSP Directory System ProtocolDSR Data Set ReadyDSSI Digital Storage Systems InterconnectDSU Data Service UnitDTAM Document Transfer, Access and ManipulationDTD Document Type DefinitionDTE Data Terminal EquipmentDTI Department of Trade and Industry (UK)DTP DeskTop Publishing

DTR Data Terminal ReadyDU Data UnitDUA Directory User AgentDUN Dispatch Unit NumberDVI Digital Video InterfaceDVST Direct View Bistable StorageDXI Data eXchange InterfaceEE1 2,048 MbpsE3 34 MbpsEARN European Academic and Research NetworkEB Error BellEB ExaByte (1,152,921,504,606846,976 bytes)EBAM Electronic Beam-Addressable MemoryEBCD Extended Binary Coded DecimalEBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange CodeECC Error Checking and CorrectionECC Error Correction CodeECE Economic Commission for EuropeECF Enhanced Connectivity FacilityECITC European Committee fo IT Testing and CertificationECKD Extended Count-Key DataECMA European Computer Manufacturers AssociationECTUA European Counsil for Telecommunications Users AssociationEDC Enterprise Database ConnectivityEDF Execution Diagnostic FacilityEDG Electronic Dot GenerationEDI Electronic Data InterchangeEDICON EDI Community for the Construction Industry (UK)EDIF Electronic Design Interchange FormatEDIFACT Electronic Data Interchange For Administration, Commerce and TransportEDIM Electronic Data Interchange MessageEDIMS EDI Messaging SystemEDM Engineering Data ManagementEDP Electronic Data ProcessingEDR Early Device ReleaseEEMA European Electronic Mail AssociationEFT Electronic Funds TransferEGA Enhanced Graphics AdapterEGP Exterior Gateway ProtocolEHLLAPI Emulator High Level Language Applications Programming InterfaceEIB Execute Interface BlockEIP Execute Interface Program

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Department of Computer Science

EISA Extended Industry Standard ArchitectureEIT Encoding Information TypeEIUF European ISDN User ForumELAN European LANELAN Extended LANELAN Emulated LANEM End of MediumEMA Enterprise Management ArchitectureEMS Expanded Memory SpecificationEMUG European MAP Users GroupEN European NormeENE Enterprise Network EventENP Enable PresentationENQ EnquiryEO Eight OnesEOB End of BlockEOC End of CylinderEOF End of FileEOJ End of JobEOP End of ProcedureEOT End of TransmissionEOV End of VolumeEP Emulation ProgramEPDE Electronic Product Data ExchangeEPOW Emergency Power Off WarningEPROM Eraseable Programable Read Only MemoryEPS Encapsulated PostScriptEPSF Encapsulated PostScript FormatER Entity RelationshipERDS Error Recording Data SetEREP Environmental Record Editing and Printing programES Errored SecondESA Extended Service AreaESC EscapeESCON Enterprise System Connection ArchitectureESD Electronic Software DistributionESD External Symbol DictionaryESDI Enhanced Small Device InterfaceESDS Entry Sequenced Data SetESF Extended SuperFrameESPRIT European Strategic Programme for Research and development in Information TechnologyESQA Extended System Queue AreaETB End of Transmission BlockETCOM European Testing and Certification for Office and Manufacturing protocolsETS European Telecommunication StandardETSI European Telecommunication Standards InstituteETX End of Text

EUnet European Unix NetworkEUUG European Unix User GroupEVI EVent InformationEWOS European Workshop for Open SystemsEXCP EXecute Channel ProgramEZ Excessive ZerosFF/STP Foil STPFA Foreign AgentFAQ Frequently Asked QuestionsFAST Federation Against Software TheftFAT File Allocation TableFBA Fix Block ArchitectureFBA Fixed Blocked ANSI-defined printer control charactersFBM Fix Block ModusFC File ControlFCB Format Control BufferFCP File Control ProgramFCS Frame-Check SequenceFCT File Control TableFDD Fixed Disk DriveFDDI Fiber Distributed Data InterfaceFEAL Fast Data Encipherment AlgorithmFEP Front-End ProcessorFF FormfeedFH Frame HandlerFIFO First In, First OutFIPS Federal Information Processing StandardFLOPS Floating-point operations per secondFMLI Forms and Menu Language InterpreterFOB Form Overlay BufferFOND Font family descriptorFORTRAN FORmula TRANslatorFPU Floating Point UnitFRAD Frame Relay Access DeviceFROM Factory ROMFRU Field Replaceable UnitFS Field SeparatorFS File SeparatorFSB Front Side BusFSF Free Software FoundationFSK Frequency Shift KeyingFT Fault TolerantFTAM File Transfer and Access MethodFTP File Transfer ProtocolFTP Foil Twisted PairFTTC Fibre To The CurbFTTH Fibre To The HomeFTTP Fibre To The BuildingFUP FunktionsplanGGAL Global Address List

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Department of Computer Science

GATF Graphic Arts Technical FoundationGB GigaByte (1,073,741,824 bytes)GCR Group Coded RecordingGDG Generation Data GroupGDS Global Directory ServiceGDT Global Descriptor TableGDTR Global Descriptor Table RegisterGE Graphic EscapeGETVIS GET VIrtual StorageGID Group IDGIF Graphics Interchange FormatGIS Generalized Information SystemGIX Global Internet ExchangeGKS Graphical Kernel SystemGML Generalized Markup LanguageGOSIP Government OSI ProfileGP General ProtectionGPIB General-Purpose Interface BusGRS Global Resource SerializationGS Group SeparatorGTF Generalized Trace FacilityGUI Graphical User InterfaceGUIP Graphical User Interface for Blind peopleGUUG German Unix User GroupHH&J Hyphenation and JustificationHA Home AddressHA Host AgentHADA High Availability Disk ArrayHCL Hue, Chroma, and LuminanceHDA Head-Disk AssemblHDBV Host Data Base ViewHDLC High Level Data Link CommunicationsHDSL High-bit rate Digital Subscriber LoopHDTV High Definition TVHE High End (system)HGC Hercules Graphics CardHIC Host Interface ComputerHLL High Level LanguageHLS Hue-Lightness-SaturationHMD Head-Mounted DisplayHMMP HyperMedia Management ProtocolHMMS HyperMedia Management SchemaHPCL Hewlett-Packard Control LanguageHPFS High Performance File SystemHPGL Hewlett-Packard Graphical LanguageHPR High Performance RoutingHR Horizontal RuleHSB Hue-saturation-brightnessHSELAN High Speed ELAN

HSI Hue-Saturation-IntensityHSLAN High Speed LANHSSI High Speed Serial InterfaceHSV Hue-Saturation-ValueHT Horizontal TabHTML Hypertext Markup LanguageHTTP Hypertext Transfer ProtocolHz HertzII-Net IntranetI/O Input/OutputI/O Input/OutputIA5 International Alphabet FiveIAB Internet Activities BoardIC Integrated CircuitICEM Integrated Computer Engineering and ManufacturingICMP Internet Control Message ProtocolID IdentifierIDA Indirect Data AddressingIDA Intelligent Drive ArrayIDE Integrated Drive ElectronicsIDEA International Data Encryption AlgorithmIDL Interfacce Definition LanguageIDT Interrupt Descriptor TableIEC InterExchange CarrierIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIF Interrupt FlagIFF Interchange File FormatIFIP International Federation of Information ProcessingIFS Interchange File SeparatorIFS InterFrame SpaceIGES Initial Graphics Exchange SpecificationIGMP Internet Group Membership ProtocolIGS Interchange Group SeparatorII Interactive InterfaceIISP Interim Interswitch Signaling ProtocolIKT Informatione- und KommunikationstechnikILC InterLanguage CommunicationIML Initial Microcode LoadIMPL Initial Microprogram LoadIMR Interrupt Mask RegistersIMS Information Management SystemIMS/VS Information Management System / Virtual StorageINP Inhibit PresentationINT INTerruptIOC ISDN Ordering CodeIOCP Input/Output Configuration Program

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Department of Computer Science

IOCS Input/Output Control SystemIOGEN Input/Output device GENerationIOPL Input/Output Privilege LevelIOS Input/Output SupervisorIP Internet ProtocolIPL Initial Program LoadIPM InterPersonal MessageIPSE Integrated Project Support EnvironmentIPX Internet Packet ExchangeIR Index ReturnIRC Internet Relay ChatIRDS Information Resource Dictionary SystemIRQ Interrupt ReQuestIRS Interchange Recors SeparatorIS Information SystemIS Intermediate SystemIS International StandardISA Industry Standard ArchitectureISAM Indexed Sequential Access MethodISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkISFMS Indexed Sequential File Management SystemISMF Interactive Storage Management FacilityISO International Standardization OrganisationISO IEC ISO International Electrotechnical CommiteeISODE ISO Development EnvironmentISP Internet Service ProviderISPF Interactive System Produvtivity FacilityISPF/PDF ISPF Program Development FacilityISR Information Storage and RetrievalISR Intermediate Session RoutingISSE Intel SIMD Sreaming ExtensionISV Independent Software VendorIT Indent TabITB Intermediate Transmission BlockITLD International Top-Level DomainITRC Information Technology Requirements CouncilITU International Comunication Union (ehem. CCITT)ITV Interactive TeleVisionIUS Interchange Unit SeparatorIWS Intelligent WorkStationJJCC Job Control CommandJCL Job Control LanguageJCS Job Control StatementJCT JES Control TableJCT Journal Control TableJECL Job Entry Control Language

JEIDA Japan Electronics Industry Development AssociationJES Job Entry SubsystemJPEG Joint Photographic Experts GroupKK KilobyteKB KiloByte (1,024 Bytes)KBPS KiloBits Per SecondkHz KiloHertzKIP Kinetics Internet ProtocolKIPS Kilo Instructions per secondKL Key LengthKOPS Kilo Operations per secondKSDS Key Sequenced Data SetKVA KiloVolt AmpereLL2F Layer 2 ForwardingL2TP Layer 2 Tunneling ProtocolLAN Local Area Network LAPS LAN Adapter Protocol Support ProgramLBL LabelLCD Liquid Crystal DisplayLCS Lotus Communication ServerLDAP Lightweight Directory Access ProtocolLDMF Librarian Disc Master FileLDS Linear Data SetLDT Local Descriptor TableLE Low End (system)LEC LAN Emulation ClientLEC Local Exchange CarrierLED Light Emitting DiodeLF LinefeedLIC Line Interface ComputerLIFO Last In, First OutLILO Last In, Last OutLILO Linux LoaderLIM-EMS Lotus Intel Microsoft EMSLIOCS Logical Input/Output Control SystemLISP List ProgrammingLLC2 Logical Link Control Layer 2LOC Lines Of CodeLOS Local Operator SystemLPI Lines Per InchLRC Longitudinal Redundancy CheckingLRU Least Recently UsedLSD Least Significant DigitLSI Large Scale Integration -> VLSILU Logical UnitLUB Logical Unit BlockLUT Look Up TableLVT Light Valve TechnologyLW Line WorkLZ Lempel-ZivLZW Lempel-Ziv-WelchM

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Department of Computer Science

MAC Media Access ControlMAN Metropolitan Area NetworkMAP Maintenance Analysis ProcedureMAP Manufacturing Automation ProtocolMAPI Messaging Applications Programming InterfaceMB MegaByte (1,048,576 bytes)MBCS Multiple Byte Character SetMBONE Multicast BackboneMBPS MegaBits Per SecondMCA Micro Channel ArchitectureMCBF Mean Cycles Between FailuresMCCOI Multimedia Communications Community of InterestMCGA MultiColour Graphics ArrayMCI Media Control InterfaceMD Management DomainMD5 Message Digest 5MDA Monochrome Display AdapterMEB Memory Expansion BoardMFA Modify Field AttributeMFC Microsoft Foundation ClassesMFKS Multifunktionales KonferenzsystemMFLOPS Million Floating-Point Operations Per SecondMFM Modified Frequency ModulationMFV Multi File VolumeMFWS MultiFunction WorkStationMGA Monochrome Graphic AdapterMH Mobile HostMHS Message Handling SystemMI Multiple InheritanceMIB Management Information DatabaseMICR Magnetic Ink Character ReaderMIDI Musical Instrument Digital InterfaceMIME Multipurpose Internet Mail ExtensionsMIPS Millions of Instructions Per SecondMISC Minimum Instruction Set Computer -> CISC, RISCMLPPP MultiLink PPPMMDF Multi-Channel Memorandum Distribution FacilityMMDS Multi-Megabit Data ServicesMMFS Manufacturing Manage Format StandardMMX Multi Media eXtensionsMNP Microcom Network ProtocolMODEM MOdulator/DEModulatorMOPS Mega Operations per secondMOTIS Message-Oriented Text Interchange SystemsMP MultiprocessingMPC Multimedia PC

MPEG Motion Picture Experts GroupMPOA MultiProtocol Over Asynchronous transfer modeMPSD MultiPath Storage DirectorMPX multiplexMS Message StoreMS-DOS Microsoft Disk Operating SystemMSA Metropolitan Statistical AreaMSD Most Significant DigitMSG MessageMSM MultiSession MonitorMSW Machine Status WordMTA Message Transfer AgentMTBF MeanTime Between FailuresMTDA Mean Time Data AvailabilityMTS Message Transfer SystemMUD Multi-User DungeonMULTICS MULTiplexed Information and Computing ServiceMUMPS Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programmings SystemMUMPS Multi-User Multi-ProgrammingSystemMVS Multiple Virtual SystemMVS/ESA Multiple Virtual System / Extended System ArchitectureMVS/XA Multiple Virtual System / Extended ArchitectureMVSCP MVS Configuration ProgramNNAC Network Adapter CardNAK Negative AcknowledgementNAP Network Access PointNAS Network Access ServerNAT Network Address TranslationNAU Network Addressable UnitNBS National Bureau of StandardsNBS Numeric BackSpaceNC Numeric ControlNCCF Network Communication Control FacilityNCP Network Control ProcessorNCP Network Control ProgramNCP/VS Network Control Program/Virtual StorageNDIS Network Driver Interface SpecificationNetSP Network Security ProgramNFNT New font numbering tableNFS Network File SystemNHRP Next Hop Routing ProtocolNIC Network Interface CardNIC Network Information CenterNIS Network Information ServiceNIST National Institute for Standards and TechnologyNJE Network Job Entry

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Department of Computer Science

NL New LineNLQ Near Letter QualityNLT Nucleus Load TableNMI NonMaskable InterruptNNTP Network News Transport ProtocolNSA National Security AgencyNSC1 Network Systems Cypher OneNSP Numeric SpaceNSS NATURAL Security-SystemNT Network TerminationNTS/2 Network Transport Services/2NTSC National Television System CommitteeNUI Network User IdentificationNUL NullNUMA Non-Uniform Memory AccessNVOD Near Video On DemandNVRAM NonVolatile Random Access MemoryNVS NonVolatile StorageOO/R Originator / RecipientOC3 155 Mbit/sOCR Optical Character RecognitionOCX OLE Control ExtensionODA Open Document ArchitectureODSI Open Directory Service InterfacesOEM Original Equipment ManufacturerOI Object InterfaceOLE Object Linking and EmbeddingOLTEP On-Line Test Executive ProgramOLTP On-Line Transaction ProcessingOMG Object Management GroupOMR Optical Mark RecognitionOO ObjektorientierungOOA Objektorientierte AnalyseOODBMS Object Oriented DBMSOOP Objektorientierte ProgrammierungOOPL Object Oriented Programming LanguageOOPS Object Oriented Programming SystemOP Operator PanelOPI Open Prepress InterfaceORB Object Request BrokerOS Operating SystemOS/2 Operating System/2OSA Office Systems ArchitectureOSA Open System ArchitectureOSF Open Software FoundationOSI Open Systems InterconnectionOSI/RM OSI Reference ModelOSNS Open Systems Network SupportOSPF Open Shortest Path First

OSTC Open System Testing ConsortiumOTPROM One Time Programable ROMOWL Object Windows LibraryPPABX Private Automatic Branch ExchangePAD Packet Assembly DisassemblyPAL Phase Alternating LinePAL Programmable Array LogicPAM Partitioned Access MethodPAP Password Authentication ProtocolPB PetaByte (1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes)PBX Private Branch ExchangePC Personal ComputerPC Personal ComputingPC Program ControlPCB Printed Circuit BoardPCB Program Control BlockPCI Peripheral Component InterfacePCI Program Controlled InteruptionPCIL Private Core Image LibraryPCL Printer Control LanguagePCM Plug Compatible ManufacturersPCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International AssociationPCN Personal Communication NetworkPCP Program Control ProgramPCS Personal Communication ServicesPCT Private Communication TechnologyPCT Program Control TablePD Public DomainPDA Personal Digital AssistantPDAD Proposed Draft AddendumPDAU Physical Data Access UnitPDF Program Development FacilityPDL Page Description LanguagePDO Portable Distributed ObjectsPDS Partitioned Data SetPDS Premise Distribution SystemPDS Processor Direct SlotPDU Protocol Data UnitPDX Printer Description ExtensionPE Printer's errorPE Protection EnabledPEARL Processor and Experiment Automation Realtime LanguagePEM Privacy Enhanced MailPEP Partitioned Emulation ProgramPER Program Event RecordingPERL Practical Extraction and Report languagePF Parity FlagPFK Program Function Key(board)PFM Printer Font Metric

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Department of Computer Science

PGA Professional graphics adapterPGP Pretty Good PrivacyPIB Program Information BlockPID Process IDPIFS Point InterFrame SpacePIM Personal Information ManagementPIN Personal Identification NumberPIOCS Physical Input/Output Control SystemPL Procedure LibraryPL/1 Programming Language 1PLI Programming Language 1PLPA Pageable Link Pack AreaPLT Program List TablePLU Primary Logical UnitPMMU Paged memory management unitPMS Pantone Matching SystemPMS Project Management SystemPMT Photomechanical Transfer (photostat)PMT Photomultiplier TubePNNI Private Network-to-Network InterfacePOC Program-Operator CommunicationPOP Point Of PresencePOP Post Office ProtocolPOSIX Portable Operating System Interface for UNIXPOTS Plain Old Telephone SystemPOWER Priority Output Writer, Execution processors and input ReadersPP Presentation PositionPPD PostScript Printer DescriptionPPGA Plastic Pin Grid ArrayPPM Pages Per MinutePPP Point-to-Point ProtocolPPT Processing Program TablePPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling ProtocolPPV Pay Per ViewPRDMD Private Directory Management DomainPRL Private Relocatable LibraryPRMD Private Management DomainPROM Programable Read Only MemoryPSB Program Specification BlockPSDN Packet Swiched Data NetworkPSRAM Pseudo SRAMPSSL Private Source Statement LibraryPSTN Public Swiched Telephone NetworkPSW Program Status WordPTF Program Temporary FixPTR PoinTeRPU Physical Unit

PUB Physical Unit BlockPVC Permanent Virtual CircuitPVP Packet Video ProcessorPWB Printed Wire BoardPWS Programmable WorkStationQQAM Quadrature Amplitude ModulationQBE Query By ExampleQCIF Quater Common Intermediate FormatQIC Quarter-Inch CartridgeQSAM Queued Sequential Access MethodQTAM Queued Teleprocessing Access MethodRR0 Record zeroRACF Resource Access Control FacilityRAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive DisksRAID Redundant Array of Independent DisksRAM Random Access Memory RARP Reverse Address Resolution ProtocolRBA Relative Byte AdresseRC Robot ControlRCP Remote Communication ProcessorRCS Revision Control SystemRDA Remote Data AccessRDBMS Relational DataBase Management SystemRDN Relative Distinguished NameRES RestoreRF Resume FlagRFC Request For CommentsRFF Required Form FeedRFS Remote File SystemRGB Red, Green, BlueRGM Red, Green, Blue (Monitor)RIFF Resource Interchange File FormatRIP Raster Image ProcessorRIP Router Information ProtocolRISC Reduced Instruction Set ComputerRJE Remote Job EntryRL Relocatable LibraryRLD Relocation DictionaryRLE Run Length Encoded fileRLL Run Length LimitedRMF Resource Management FacilityRNL Required New LineROM Read Only Memory RPC Remote Procedure CallRPG Report Program GeneratorRPL Requestor's Privilege Level

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Department of Computer Science

RPL Research Programming LanguageRPM Revolutions Per MinuteRPS Rotational Position SensingRPT RepeatRRDS Relative Record Data SetRRED Right Reading Emulsion DownRREU Right Reading Emulsion UpRS Record SeparatorRSP Required SpaceRSVP Resource Reservation ProtocolRTC Real Time ClockRTCP Realtime Transport Control ProtocolRTF Rich Text FormatRTM/SF Realtime Monitor / Systems FacilityRTP Realtime Transport ProtocolRTSE Reliable Transfer Service ElementRWSI Remote Workstation InterfaceSS.W.I.F.T. Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial TelecommunicationS/STP Shielded STPSA Set AttributeSAA Storage Accounting AreaSAA System Application ArchitectureSAM Sequential Access MethodSAP Service Access PointSAP Service Advertising ProtocolSAR Segmentation And ReassemblySBCS Single Byte Character SetSBS SubscriptSC Storage ControlSCA Shared Control ArraySCCS Source Code Control SystemSCDS Source Control Data SetSCI Scalable Coherent InterconnectSCODL Scanned Conversion Object Description LanguageSCP Storage Control ProgramSCP System Control ProgramSCRAM Static Column Random Access MemorySCSI Small Computer Systems InterfaceSDH Synchronous Digital HierarchySDK Software Development KitSDL System Directory ListSDLC Synchronous Data Link ControlSDRAM Synchronous DRAMSDSF System Display and Search FacilitySE Software EntwicklungSE System EngineerSECC Single Edge Contact ConnectorSECAM Sequential Couleur a'MemorieSEL Select

SEPP Single Edge Processor PackageSET Software-Engineering-TechnologySF Sign FlagSF Support FacilitySFA Salesforce AutomationSFBI Shared Frame Buffer InterconnectSFE Start Field ExtendedSFT System Fault ToleranceSFTP Shielded Foil Twisted PairSGML Standard Generalized Markup LanguageSHTTP Secure HTTPSHY Syllable HyphenSI Shift InSI Single InheritanceSI Standard InterfaceSIFS Short InterFrame SpaceSIFT Stanford Information Filtering ToolSIG Special Interest GroupSIM Service Information MessageSIMD Single Instruction Multiple DataSIMM Single In-line Memory ModuleSIRDS Single Image Random Dot StereogramSIT System Initialization TableSL Source Statement LibrarySLD Structured Logic DesignSLED Single Large Expensive DiskSLIP Serial Line Internet ProtocolSLR Service Level ReporterSLU Secondary Logical UnitSM Set ModeSMDS Switched Multimegabit Data ServiceSMF System Management FacilitySML MVS Storage Management LibrarySMLI Stateful MultiLayer InspectionSMP Symetric MultiProcessingSMP System Modification ProgramSMS Storage Management SubsystemSMTP Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolSNA System Network ArchitectureSNADS SNA Distribution ServicesSNMP Simple Network Management ProtocolSNOBOL String Oriented Symbolic LanguageSNT Sign-On TableSO Shift OutSOD Service On DemandSOH Start Of HeadingSOM System Object ModelSOS Start Of SignificanceSP Space

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Department of Computer Science

SPA Software Publishers AssociationSPARC Scalar Processor ARChitectureSPDU Session Protocol Data UnitSPM System Performance Monitor/2SPOOL Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On LineSPP Scalable Parallel ProcessingSPS SuperscriptSPX Sequenced Packet eXchangeSQL Structured Query LanguageSQL/DS Structured Query Language / Data SystemSRAM Static Random Access MemorySRT System Recovery TableSRU Shared Resource UnitSS Single SidedSS Stack SegmentSSCP System Service Control PointSSID SubSystem IDentifierSSL Secure Socket LayerSTM Synchronous Transfer ModeSTP Shielded Twisted PairSTT Secure Transaction TechnologySTX Start of TextSUB SubstituteSV Storage ViolationSVA Shared Virtual AreaSVC Supervisor CallSVC Switched Virtual CircuitSVGA Super-VGASW SwitchSWOP Specifications for Web Offset PrintingSYN Synchronous IdleSYSOP System OperatorTT1 1.544 Mbit/sT3 45 Mbit/sTARGA Truevision Advanced Raster Graphics AdapterTB TeraByte (1,099,511,627,776 bytes)TC Terminal ControlTCA Task Control AreaTCAM Telecommunications Access MethodTCB Task Control BlockTCL Tool Command LanguageTCM Thermal Conduction ModuleTCO Triple Capacity OptionTCP Terminal Control ProgramTCP Transmission Control ProtocolTCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet ProtocolTCT Terminal Control TableTCTTE Terminal Control Table Terminal EntryTCU Transmission Control UnitTD Transient Data

TDIA Transient Data Input AreaTDM Time-Division MultiplexingTDOA Transient Data Output AreaTDP Transient Data ProgramTEO Technical Electronic OfficeTF Trap FlagTIC Technical Integrity CheckTIFF Tagged Image File FormatTIOA Terminal Input/Output AreaTLB Translation Lookaside BufferTLBL Tape LabelTMO Thermo-Magneto-Optic technologyTNEF Transport-Neutral Encapsulation FormatTOC Table Of ContentsTOP Technical Office ProtocolTPDU Transport Protocol Data UnitTPF Transaction Processing FacilityTPI Tracks Per InchTPM Third-Party MaintenanceTPS Transactions Per SecondTRN TransparentTS Telecommunication SystemTS Temporary StorageTSIOA Temporary Storage Input/Output AreaTSO Time Sharing OptionTSP Temporary Storage ProgramTSR Terminate and Stay ResidentTTA Teletex Attachment (Teletexzusatz)TTL Transistor Transistor LogicTTR Track RecordTTY TeleTYpeTWA Transaction Work AreaTWA Two-Way AlternateTWS Two-Way SimultaneousTX TelexTXT TextUUA User AgentUAE Unrecoverable Application errorUART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/TransmitterUBR Undefined Bit RateUBS Unit BackspaceUCB Unit Control BlockUCR Undercolor removalUCS Universal Character SetUCSB Universal Character Set BufferUCW Unit Control WordUDP User Datagram ProtocolUI User InterfaceUID User IDUMB Upper Memory BlockUNC Universal Naming ConventionUNC Universal Network ConventionUPC Universal Product Code

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Department of Computer Science

UPS Uninterruptible Power SupplyUPSI User Program Switch IndicatorUR Unit RecordURL Uniform Resource LocatorUS Unit SeparatorUSART Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/TransmitterUSENET USEr NETworkUSM UnSharp MaskingUSRT Universal Synchronous Receiver/TransmitterUSV Unterbrechungsfreie StromVersorgungUTP Unshielded Twisted PairUUCP Unix-to-Unix Copy ProgramVVAD Value Added DealerVAN Value Added NetworkVAP Value Added ProcessVAR Value Added ResellerVAST Virtual Archive Storage TechnologyVB Visual BasicVBA Visual Basic for ApplicationsVBR Variable Bit RateVBN Vermitteltes BreitbandnetzVC Virtual CircuitVC-SDRAM Virtual Channel SDRAMVCC Virtual Circuit ConnectionVCI Virtual Circuit IdentifierVCNA Vtam Communication Network ApplicationVCPI Virtual Control Program InterfaceVDAC Video Digital Analog ConverterVDI Video Display InterfaceVDT Video Display TerminalVDU Visual Display UnitVERONICA Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computerized ArchivesVGA Video Graphics ArrayVGC Video Graphics ControllerVGM Video Graphics MonitorVHDSL Very High-bit rate Digital Subscriber LoopVHLL Very High-Level LanguageVHS Video Home SystemVIO Video Input/OutputVIO Virtual Input/OutputVIPA Virtual IP AddressingVLAN Virtual LANVLSI Very Large Scale IntegrationVM Virtual MachineVM/SP Virtual Machine / System ProductVMMAP VM Monitor Analysis ProgramVMOS Vertical MOSVMPPF VM Performance Planning Facility

VMPRF VM Performance Reporting FacilityVMS Virtual Management SystemVOD Video On DemandVPD Vital Product DataVPDN Virtual Private Data NetworkVPI Virtual Path IdentifierVPN Virtual Private NetworkVR Virtual RealityVRAM Video RAMVRML Virtual Reality Modeling LanguageVRC Vertical Redundancy CheckingVS Virtual StorageVSAM Virtual Storage Access MethodVSAT Very Small Aperture TerminalVSM Virtual Storage ManagementVSN Volume Serial NumberVT Vertical TabVTAM Virtual Telecommunications Access MethodVTOC Volume Table of ContentsVTP Virtual Terminal ProtocolVTP Virtual Terminal ProgramVTX VideoTeXtVVDS VSAM Volume Data SetWW3 World Wide WebW4WG Windows for WorkgroupsWABI Windows Application Binary InterfaceWAIS Wide Area Information ServiceWAN Wide Area NetworkWATM Wireless ATMWATS Wide Area Telecommunications ServiceWHAT Wireless Hybrid Asynchronous Time-boundedWIMP Windows, Icons, Mice and PointersWINS Windows Internet Name ServiceWMAC Wireless Media Access ControlWMF Windows metafileWORM Write Once, Read Many timesWOSA Windows Open Services/Systems ArchitectureWRED Wrong Reading Emulsion DownWREU Wrong Reading Emulsion UpWS WorkStationWTO Write To OperatorWUS Word UnderscoreWWW World Wide WebWXTRN Weak External ReferenceWYSIWYG What You See Is What You GetXXA EXtended ArchitectureXIP Execute In PlaceXLT Transaction List Table

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Department of Computer Science

XMS Extended Memory SpecificationXT eXtended TechnologyYY2K Year 2000YIQ (color components in NTSC color space)YUV (color components in SECAM and PAL color spaces)ZZBR Zero Bug ReleaseZD Zero DefectsZF Zero Flag

COMPUTER FILE TYPES AND THEIR EXTENSION

Extension Associated Program ABC ABC FlowcharterASC ASCII TextASF Streaming MediaAVI Animated VideoBAT DOS Batch FileBMP Bitmap GraphicCAB Compressed ArchiveCH3 Harvard GraphicsCOM ProgramDAT Data fileDLL Dynamic Link LibraryDOC Microsoft Word DocumentDOT Microsoft Word TemplateDGN Microstation Drawing FileDWG AutoAD Drawing FileEPS Encapsulated PostScriptEXE ProgramFLA Flash MovieGIF ImageHQX Compressed Archive (MAC)HTM HTML Hyper Text Markup LanguageICO IconINI Windows InitializationJPG ImageLDB Microsoft Access Lock File LOG Text LogMAX PaperPort Scanned Image MDB Microsoft Access DatabaseMID MIDIMOV Quicktime MovieMP3 AudioMPC Microsoft Project Calendar

MPG MediaMPP Microsoft ProjectMPV Microsoft Project ViewNSF Lotus Notes DatabaseNTF Lotus Notes DB TemplateOCX Microsoft Object Linking and EmbeddingOST Microsoft Outlook Offline folderPAB Microsoft Outlook Personal Address BookPCX GraphicPDF Adoble Acrobat Portable DocumentPIC Bitmap GraphicPIF Windows Program Information FilePM3 PageMaker 3PM4 PageMaker 4PM5 PageMaker 5PNG GraphicPPD Postscript Printer DescriptionPPS Microsoft PowerPoint Slide ShowPPT Microsoft PowerPointPST Microsoft Outlook Personal folderPT3 PageMaker 3 TemplatePT4 PageMaker 4 TemplatePT5 PageMaker 5 TemplatePWL Password ListRAW 24-bit GraphicREG Windows Registry DataRM Real MediaRTF Rich Text FormatSAM AmiPro DocumentSAV Backup FileSCR Screen SaverSVG Scalable Vector Graphics SWF Flash Player MovieSWP Swap FileSYS System FilesTIF ImageTMP Temporary FileTTF ImageTXT ASCII TextVBS Visual Basic ScriptVSD Visio Drawing VXD Virtual Device DriverWAV Audio FileWK1 Lotus SpreadsheetWK3 Lotus SpreadsheetWKS Lotus SpreadsheetWPD WordPerfect DocumentXLS Microsoft Excel SpreadsheetXLT MIcrosoft Excel TemplateXLW Microsoft Excel WorkspaceZIP Compressed Archive of Files

CEO’S OF TOP INDIAN COMPANIES

Infosys Technologies – NR Narayana Murthy

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Department of Computer Science

Reliance Industries – Mukesh AmbaniReliance LTD ( ADAE ) - Anil AmbaniTata Group - Ratan TataICICI Bank – KV KamathWipro – Azim Hasham PremjiInfosys Technologies – Nandan NilekaniBajaj Auto – Rahul BajajUB Group – Vijay MallyaAV Birla Group – Kumar Mangalam BirlaBharti Enterprises – Sunil MittalHDFC – Deepak ParekhICICI Bank – Lalitha GupteTCS – S RamadoraiMaruti Udyog – Jagdish KhattarONGC – Subir RahaGodrej Group – Adi Godrej Air Deccan – GR GopinathZee Telefilms - Subhash ChandraTVS Motors – Venu SrinivasanHero Group - Brij Mohal Lall MunjalDr. Reddy’s Labs – K Anji ReddyJet Airways – Naresh GoyalHCL Technologies – Shiv NadarITC – Yogesh C DeveshwarMahindra & Mahindra – Anand MahindraStar TV India – Peter MukerjeaHDFC Bank – Aditya PuriKotak Mahindra Bank - Uday KotakLarsen & Toubro – AM NaikUTI – SB MathurHindustan Lever - Harish ManwaniICICI Ventures – Renuka RamnathBank of Baroda - AK KhandelwalState Bank of India - AK PurwarSundaram Fasteners - Suresh KrishnaBharat Petroleum - Ashok SinhaPantaloon Retail - Kishore BiyaniSatyam Computers - B Ramalinga RajuReserve Bank of India - YV ReddySEBI – M DamodaranBSNL - AK SinhaHSBC India - Naina Lal KidwaiBombay Dyeing - Jeh & Ness WadiaHutch - Asim GhoshIspat Industries - VK MittalBirla Corp - RS LodhaDabur - VC BurmanVideocon Industries - Venugopal DhootRaymond - Gautam SinghaniaMicrosoft India - Ravi VenkatesanHyundai India - BVR SubbuMotorola India - FV VandrewalaHSBC India – Niall BookerICICI Prudential - Shikha SharmaAsian Paints - Ashwin DaniPepsi Co. - Rajeev BakshiTata Steel - B MuthuramanHinduja Group - SP HindujaVedanta Resources - Anil Agarwal

Cipla - YK HamiedSPIC – AC MuthaiahCadbury India - Bharat PuriCitigroup India - Sanjay NayarNirma - Karsanbhai PatelRanbaxy - Brian TempestGujarat Ambuja Cement - NS SekhsariaGAIL - Proshanto BanerjeeAshok Leyland - R Seshasayee Hindustan Petroleum - MB LalBharat Forge – BN KalyaniApollo Tyres - Onkar S KanwarEssar Group – Shashi RuiaBritannia - Vinita BaliCromptom Greaves – Gautam ThaparSAIL - VS JainHT Media – Shobana BhartiaLG India - KR KimPhillips India - K RamachandranTAFE – Mallika SrinivasanDiamler – Chrysler India – Hans-Michael HuberJM Morgan Stanley – Nimesh KampaniAZB Partners – Zia ModyTrent – Noel TataEID Parry – MV SubbiahRahul Bajaj - bajajVijaypath Singhinia - RaymondsSuborto Rai - Sahara GroupStandard Chartered – Jaspal BindraBiocon - Kiran Mazumdar SawVenkateshwara Hatcheries – Anuradha Desai

Slogans of Top 50 Companies

3M: “Innovation”Agere Systems: “How Communication Happens”Airbus: “Setting the Standards”Amazon.com: “…and You’re Done”Apple: ” Think different “AT&T: “Your World. Delivered”Blackhawk: “Powering DSP Development”BMW (USA only): “The ultimate driving machine “Cadence: “How Big Can You Dream?”Canon: “Know How” Cisco Systems: “This is the Power of the Network. Now.” Cirrus Logic: “Leading the Digital Entertainment Revolution” Compaq (HP): “Inspiration Technology” Dell Computer: “Get More out of Now” Disneyland: “The happiest place on earth” Ericsson: “Taking You Forward” Ford: “Built for the Road Ahead”

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Department of Computer Science

Fujitsu: “The Possibilities are Infinite” Hitachi: “Inspire the Next” Hewlett-Packard: “Invent” Honda: “Power of Dreams” Honeywell: “We are Honeywell” Hudson’s Bay Company: “We are Canada’s Merchants” IBM: “We Make IT Happen” InFocus: “The Big Picture” Infosys: “Powered by Intellect Driven by Values” Intel: “Intel Inside” Intersil: “Technology at the Speed of Life” ITT: “Engineered for Life” Jaguar: “The art of performance “ Kodak: “A Virtual World of Live Pictures” Linksys: “At Linksys – We are making connectivity easier” Linx Technologies: “Wireless Made Simple” McDonalds: “We love to see you smile” Mitsubishi Semiconductor: “Changes for the Better” Motorola: “Digital DNA”  “Hello. Moto” Nokia: “Connecting People” Panasonic: “Ideas for Life” Pepsi: “The choice of a new generation” Philips: “Sense and Simplicity” Rohde & Schwarz: “Pushing Limits” Samsung Electronics: “Imagine” Sun Microsystems: “The Network Is The Computer” Unisys: “We Make It Happen” United Technologies Corporation: “This Is Momentum” Verizon Wireless: “Can You Hear Me Now? Good.” Vodafone: “How Are You?” Xilinx: “The Programmable Logic Company” XMA Corporation: “When Performance Matters”

Top 10 IT Companies in India

In spite of the slowdown in the global economy, the Indian software industry is keeping up its growth rate with the top 10 IT Companies India leading the way for more software and services exports.  According to the latest National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) the top 10 IT companies India are as follows.

TCS – Tata Consultancy Services

TCS was founded in 1968 and is one among the top 10 IT Companies India and it has the highest staff strength of 111,000 employees.  It first started as the Tata Computer Center and acquired its present form after realizing the huge potential of the IT services.

Wipro

It was a hydrogenated cooking fat company basically and now has IT, BPO and R&D services which has its centers in about 50 countries.  Started by Premji Wipro not only ranks prominently among the top 10 IT companies India, but is also ranked highly among the top 10 global outsourcing providers.

Infosys

Infosys Technologies Ltd. started in the year 1981 and has today become a global brand.  In addition to being ranked among the top 10 IT Companies in India, Infosys was also named by Forbes magazine as one among the Global High Performers.

Satyam Computer Services

This IT Company was established in 1987 and is known among the top 10 IT companies India for its entrepreneurship and its extensive focus on the customer and keen pursuit of excellence.

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Department of Computer Science

HCL Technologies

It is among the top 10 IT companies India as it is an original IT garage start up founded in the year 1976.  It has professionals from diverse nationalities and has its presence in about 18 countries.

Tech Mahindra

This company was incorporated in the year 1986 and focused on the communication industry acting as a global systems integrator.  It has worked with international multilateral agencies, the government as well as the corporate sector.

Patni Computer Systems

It is ranked among the top 10 IT companies India as they are the leading providers of business solutions and information technology related services to clients from Europe, America and in the Asia-Pacific regions.

i-flex Solutions

This is a division of Citicorp (Citigroup) which provides overseas software

solutions and posted a top-line growth from the year 2008.

MphasiS Limited

This was started in 2000 and is a merger of the MphasiS Corporation which is a US based IT consulting company and BFL Software Limited which is an Indian IT services company.

L&T Infotech

Last but not least, the L&T Infotech is ranked among the top 10 IT companies India and is a subsidiary of Larsen & Toubro which is an engineering manufacturing company with a worldwide presence.

Major Browsers: Windows, Mac & LinuxOpera

Firefox

Safari

Google Chrome

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Department of Computer Science

Mozilla Sea Monkey

Windows BrowsersK-Meleon

Macintosh BrowsersCamino

OmniWeb

THE TOP 10 SEARCH ENGINESGooglehttp://www.Google.com

Yahoohttp://www.Yahoo.com

Askhttp://www.Ask.com

AllTheWeb.comhttp://www.AllTheWeb.com

AOL Searchhttp://www.search.aol.com

HotBothttp://www.HotBot.com

AltaVistahttp://www.AltaVista.com

Live Searchhttp://www.Live.com

Lycoshttp://www.Lycos.com

Netscape Searchhttp://Search.Netscape.com

Top 10 operating system  We all use an operating system almost daily for different purposes. If you don’t know what an operating system is, it will be interesting information for you that you can see this article only because of an operating system installed on your PC. So its something a PC can’t live without. And now a day a PC is something we can’t live without. An operating system is software, which acts as a bridge between user and computer. It interprets user’s instructions in to the computer’s language, controls hardware, runs other softwares and hence provides services to the user.

So now that you know what is an operating system let me give you some interesting information about 10 operating systems. This ranking is based on how frequently these are used by users all over the world.

Windows XP professional:  Quite possibly it is the OS installed on your PC right now. The name XP comes from the word “eXPerience”. Developed by Microsoft, for home and business use, in 2001, XP still stands out as the most famous and most commonly used OS.

Ubuntu: Developed by Linux, in 2004, it

gets its name form South African philosophy Ubuntu, which means Humanity towards others. It is open

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Department of Computer Science

source software, primarily designed for desktop but now the net book and server editions are also available. Ubuntu gets high scores for being user friendly.

Macintosh OS X: Apple Inc develops Mac OS X,

based on UNIX. It was first released in 2001. It is close source software with some open source components. One of its best features is Aqua GUI, a graphical user interface with water like elements. The “X” in the name refers to the Roman numeral 10.

Windows Vista: Introduced in 2009, windows vista

is developed by Microsoft. Having many features which were not there in windows XP, it was designed for PCs, laptops etc but for being highly resource intensive, was soon rejected by the users. Still its not a total failure as it gave way to today’s windows 7.

Fedora: Having its bases on Linux, fedora

is developed by Red Hat. Its versions Fedora core 9 and 10 has made the computers and programming easy for every one. These are also open source OS. It has everything to make the user a friend of it.

Mac OS X Leopard:  Released in 2007, Mac OS X Leopard is available in two versions; one for personal computers, good for personal use and other is a server version called as Mac OS X Server. It offers 300+ newer features than Mac OS X.

Xandros Linux:  It is a line of operating systems developed by the company Xandros, which was developed by Linux Global Partners. These are also open source softwares. Xandros Home Edition comes with Xandros Security suit, which protects the PC from spam, viruses and spy wares.

Amiga OS 4.1:Introduced by collaboration of

Amiga Inc and Hyperion Entertainment, recently in 2010, Amiga provides the easiest ever reboot solutions. It boots and reboots within seconds, saving user’s time

and efforts. It runs only on PowerPC computer systems.

Haiku:  The latest version of Haiku was launched in May 2010. It is also an open source operating system and is also compatible with BeOS. It gets its basics from C++. Most of the today’s important applications like Firefox run well on Haiku.

Kolibri OS: Coded in assembly language,

released in 2009, Kolibri aims to introduce the most compact codes for programming. In appearance it resembles a bit to our well-known Windows but reboots in a couple of seconds.

Top 10 FREE E-BOOKS http://www.freebookspot.be/http://www.gigabook.org/http://www.free-ebook-download.nethttp://www.getfreeebooks.com/http://ebookee.org/http://www.wowebook.com/http://www.avaxhome.ws/ebookshttp://www.e-booksdirectory.com/http://www.ebooksbay.orghttp://www.freetechbooks.com/

Top 10 ONLINE TUTORIAL http://www.baycongroup.com/http://thinktutorial.com/http://www.homeandlearn.co.uk/http://www.techtutorials.net/http://www.techtutorials.com/http://tutorials.freeskills.comhttp://www.visualmathlearning.comhttp://www.cafeaulait.orghttp://www.tutorialspoint.comhttp://www.visualbuilder.com

Top 20 Job Siteswww.naukri.comwww.monsterindia.comwww.clickjobs.comwww.timesjobs.comwww.jobstreet.comin.jobs.yahoo.comwww.cybermediadice.comwww.naukrihub.comwww.bixee.comjobsearch.rediff.comwww.india.jobs.comwww.jobsahead.comindia.recruit.netwww.placementindia.comwww.jobcity.netwww.careerindia.comwww.careerbuilderindia.comwww.careerjet.co.in

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www.naukri200.comwww.careerkhazana.com

Top 10 Social Networking Sites in India http://www.google+.comhttp://www.Orkut.comhttp://www.Facebook.comhttp://www.Bharatstudent.comhttp://www.hi5.comhttp://www.ibibo.Comhttp://www.MySpace Siteshttp://www.LinkedIn.comhttp://www.PerfSpot.comhttp://www.BIGADDA.comhttp://www.Fropper.com

TOP 10 SITES FOR EVERY COLLEGE STUDENThttp://www.Notecentric.comhttp://www.Chegg.comhttp://www.MakeMeBabies.com http://www.6pm.comhttp://www.FreeRice.comhttp://www.Fastweb.com http://www.CollegeFashion.nethttp://www.Pandora.com Hulu.com http://www.Supercook.com

TOP 10 MATH WEBSITESwww.mathforum.comwww.AAAmath.com. www.coolmath.com. www.figurethis.org. www.mathcats.com. www.easymaths.org. www.bbc.co.uk/education/megamaths/tables.html. www.mathleague.com. www.fleetkids.com. www.funbrain.com/numbers.html.

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