Basic Principle of Learning
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Transcript of Basic Principle of Learning
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N F nitaT B S
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Definition of learningAny relatively permanent change in behavior brought
about through experience.(interaction withenvironment)
Not all change (biologic)
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Classical Conditioning : learning by
Association By Ivan Pavlov ( Russian physiologist )
UCS : a stimulus that can elicit a response withoutany learning
UCR : an unlearned, inborn reaction to anunconditioned stimulus
CS : a stimulus that comes to elicit responses as aresult of being paired with an unconditionedstimulus
CR : a response that similar or identical to theunconditioned response that comes to be elicitedby conditioned stimulus
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Importance of Classical Conditioning 1920 : JB Watson and Rosalie Rayner
Teaching a fear to an 11-month-old child : little Albert
1924 : Jones and Mary
Reduced fear of rabbit in another small child by graduallypairing the rabbit (CS) with cookies (UCS)
CR ( fearful crying ) : counterconditioning
Counterconditioning : process of eliminating a classically
conditioned response by pairing the CS with UCS for aresponse that is stronger than CR and that cannot occur atsame time as CR
Health ( immune response), sexual arousal, phobia
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Classical ConditioningWhen a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with
another stimulus that elicits an unlearned response ,the previously neutral stimulus will begin to elicit thesame or very similar response.
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Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement
Two important issues should be noted :
Timing and consistency indelivery of reinforcement
Primary Reinforcers : innate positive reinforcersthat do not have to be acquired through learning
food ,water, warmth physical activity etcSecondary Reinforcers : Learned positive reinforcers
school grade, prize, money, applause
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Positive reinforcement
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Secondary reinforcement
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Schedule of Positive Reinforcement Fixed Ratio
A reinforcement schedulein which the reinforcersis given only afterspecified number ofresponse
High rate but typically apause after eachreinforcer
Variable Ratio
A reinforcement schedulein which the reinforceris given after a varyingnumber of responseshave been made
sales, slot machinegambling
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Schedule of Positive Reinforcement Fixed interval :
A reinforcement schedulein which the reinforceris given following thefirst response occuringafter a predeterminedperiod of time
member of congress
Visiting with voters
Variable interval :
A reinforcementschedule in which thereinforcer is givenfollowing the firstresponse occuring after avariable amount time
fishing
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ShapingA strategy of positively reinforcing behaviour that are
successively more similar to desired behaviour
Method of successive approximations Skinner box : rats
Child 3-yo to clean her room
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shaping
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To be continue........