Basic Operator TrainingBasic Operator Training Matthew Yonkin, P.E., BCEE Associate Silvia...

NYSERDA Focus on Municipal Water and Wastewater Facility Energy Efficiency

Basic Operator Training

Matthew Yonkin, P.E., BCEEAssociate

Silvia Marpicati, P.E.Project Engineer

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.Under contract with NYSERDA

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Good Morning/Afternoon, and thank you for the opportunity to be here today. My name is ______. I’m a(n) _______ with ______ and I’m here to provide you with the Basic Operator Training that was developed by Malcolm Pirnie Inc. through their contract with the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority’s (NYSERDA) Focus on Municipal Water and Wastewater Energy Efficiency Program. NYSERDA’s Focus Program is developing trainings and other materials to increase municipal awareness of the benefits of energy efficiency and direct water and wastewater systems toward tools and funding programs that are available to help them improve their operations, use energy more efficiently and reduce costs. Today’s presentation is “geared” toward beginner operators in both the water and wastewater sector, but contains information that should be of interest and benefit to all stakeholders in the water and wastewater sector.

Understanding Energy UseYou will understand your electricity bill and what affects energy costs.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – INTRODUCE FIRST MODULE OF PRESENTATION First thing up – Understanding Energy Use. The objective of this module is to provide you with a better understanding of your electric bill and the things that can affect the amount of electricity that is used at your facility.

Energy and the Environment

Sustainability

Global Warming

Limited Natural Resources

Physical and Economic Impact of Energy Use

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Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – PROVIDE A BROADER PERSPECTIVE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY USE Public sentiment and the sector’s interest in energy and the environment has never been stronger. Sustainability – Global Warming – Limited Natural Resources – and the Physical and Economic Impact of Energy Use have become common discussions at the dinner table and the break room. It’s amazing the reaction you get with $4 per gallon gas or a 15 cent per kilowatt-hour electricity. Government mandates and regulations are one way to respond. However, ultimately the changes we can make as individuals or at the facility level will have the greatest effect on our day-to-day lives and the communities we live in. The purpose of this presentation is to offer guidance on some of the things water and wastewater systems should be considering and the changes we can make to reduce the physical and economic impact of our energy use.

Potential Gains from Energy Efficiency

Implement Energy Conservation Measures

Decreased Operation and Maintenance

Increased Energy Savings

In-house Training & Outreach

Reduced Costs

Community Savings Possible Capital / Process Improvements

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO PROVIDE ATTENDEES WITH AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE INDIVIDUAL/LOCAL BENEFITS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY There are definitely big picture benefits to reducing energy consumption – improving sustainability, reducing greenhouse gases, etc. – and we all like to feel like we’re doing our part. However, there are also benefits that hit much closer to home and for many of us, it is these benefits that motivate us. The first step in improving energy efficiency is becoming aware of the opportunities and the approaches that can be used to achieve the identified goals. A big part of that is training and outreach, which is what NYSERDA is attempting to do through sessions like this and through the other materials and outreach efforts being undertaken as part of the Focus on Municipal Water and Wastewater Program. Once an opportunity to improve energy efficiency has been identified and the approach to implementation has been developed, the next step is to implement the energy conservation measure. Everyone who works in this field knows that our primary objective is to protect public health and the environment by meeting effluent limits at wastewater treatment plants or providing safe drinking water to our users. Our ability to accomplish these objectives is the measure by which we are often measured. Now we’re being asked to continue to consistently protect public health and the environment, but to do so in a way that is energy efficient to help control operating costs and to help our communities move toward sustainability. In the past, there has been an unspoken belief in the sector that the two goals were somewhat conflicting – you simply can’t provide the same level of protection to the environment and public health when you’re always striving to maximize energy efficiency. The reality is that in many cases, by using newer, more efficient technologies, installing automatic controls and variable speed drives, and making minor operational modifications you can significantly reduce electricity use and costs while, at the same time, actually improving operating flexibility and process performance. Energy efficiency and the protection of the environment and public health are not mutually exclusive. In fact, once you make energy efficiency part of your operating culture and a consideration in every project you undertake, you’re going to find that energy efficiency and our sector’s primary responsibility – protection of pubic health and the environment – go hand in hand. Why is the implementation of energy conservation measures important to you and I? Well, because these measures will decrease the operations and maintenance demands being placed on us and will provide increased energy saving at our plants. Both of these result in reduced operating costs. These reductions in operating cost provide the community with savings and may free up funding to undertake additional capital and process improvements that further improve energy efficiency and reduce operations and maintenance requirements.

Understanding Energy Use

• Electricity is generally billed according to – (1) demand (i.e., instantaneous energy use) and

– (2) energy consumption (i.e., the amount of energy used during a specific period).

• Demand is instantaneous energy use. – Watt, kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW)

• Energy is the ability to do work. – kilowatt-hour (kWh)

• Energy Consumption (kWh) = Demand (kW) X time (hr)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – PROVIDE DEFINITIONS FOR BASIC TERMINOLOGY ON BILL Electricity is generally billed according to (1) demand (i.e., instantaneous energy use) and (2) consumption (the amount of energy used during a specific period) Most of us are familiar with the consumption portion of the bill. This is how we’re billed for our residential use – X cents per kilowatt hour. Where consumption is calculated by multiplying the amount of power being used by the length of time over which the power is being used. Power is given in terms of watts, kilowatts, megawatts, etc. For example, let’s say you’ve got a 100 watt bulb that runs for 10 hours per day. Each day that bulb consumes 1 kilowatt-hour of electricity (100 watts x 10 hours/day = 1,000 watt-hours per day or 1 kilowatt-hour per day). Demand may be a term that is new to many of you because it is not something that is generally applicable to residential users. Because electricity cannot easily be stored, that is it must be generated and transmitted by the electric provider at approximately the rate it is being consumed by the user, electric providers are not only concerned with the amount of electricity used, but also the way in which it is used. On a daily basis, a 1,000 watt microwave that runs for only 1 hour per day would consume the same electricity as the 100 watt bulb described above. However, for the microwave to be able to run, it would need to have 1,000 watts available at the moment the “start button” is pushed. Because the electric provider needs to have the infrastructure and generating capacity available to meet the peak power that is demanded by a user, for larger users (like water and wastewater systems) electricity is billed based on both consumption and demand. By definition, demand is the greatest amount of electricity used by the customer in any 15 minute period during the billing period measured in terms of kilowatts (KW).

Electric Billing

Non-Residential electricity is generally billed as:

• Consumption Charge based on electricity use ($/kWh)

• Demand Charge typically based on peak 15-minute demand during each month ($/KW)

Both may be estimatedor actual measurements

Presenter

Presentation Notes

SLIDE OBJECTIVE – PROVIDE DEFINITIONS FOR BASIC TERMINOLOGY ON BILL For most of us, we are used to being billed for our energy use ($X/kWh). This is the billing structure most utilities use for residential users. However, because of the need to be able to meet the electricity demand at any point, for larger users utility rate structures are different. Instead of being based exclusively on consumption, electricity is billed to account for both (1) demand and (2) consumption (the amount of energy used during a specific period) Most of us are familiar with consumption – it’s the kWh of electricity consumed during the billing period. I like to think of it as the odometer – simply recording the accumulated electricity use. Demand may be a new term. From a billing perspective, it’s the greatest amount of electricity used by the customer in any 15 minute period during the billing period and is measured in terms of kilowatts (KW). I like to think of the demand meter as a speedometer that records your highest speed that you continuously maintained over a 15-minute period during the billing period.

Peak Load

Peak load hours occur during the times of maximum demand at a facility. Electric providers often offer incentives to shift peak energy loads to off-peak hours by charging increased rates during peak hours and reduced rates during off-peak hours.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – PROVIDE INSIGHT TO CONCEPT OF PEAK LOAD/PEAK PERIODS OF DEMAND Read slide. In general, because of the nature of operations for most businesses and the daily schedules of most individuals, the periods of peak load are during the day and off-peak hours occur during the overnight period. Think about the operations at a typical wastewater facility. Most facilities have the largest number of employees on the first shift and it is during this shift that most intermittent operations are completed (e.g., sludge dewatering).

Peak Demand Charges

24:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 06:0024:00

Dem

and

(kW

)

Peak Demand Charge

Off-Peak Demand Charge

Time

Off-Peak Demand Charge W

ater

Use

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – GRAPHICALLY ILLUSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF PEAK DEMAND This slide graphically illustrates the concept of on-peak and off-peak demand. As discussed previously, electric providers often offer lower priced electricity during off-peak periods. In addition, there are a number of incentive programs available to promote “shifting” of peak loads from on-peak to off-peak periods. Doing so frees up capacity in the grid, improving the reliability and availability of power.

ABC Energy Provider March 20 – April 19. 2008

Meter Reading Energy DemandApr 19 (Actual) 20500 56.2Mar 20 (Actual) 10100 42.9Difference/Peak 10400 56.2Billed Usage 10400 56.2

ChargesDelivery 10400 kWh @ $0.0175 $182.00Supply 10400 kWh @ $0.105 $1092.00Demand 56.2 kW @ $16.65 $935.73SBC/RPS Charge 10400 kWh @$0.0025 $26.00

Total ABC Electricity Charges $2,235.73

Demand charges represent over 40% of the total bill

Account 000934561

Notes: SBC is Systems Benefit ChargeRPS is Renewable Portfolio Standard

Presenter

Presentation Notes

This is a sample electric bill for a small commercial/industrial facility. Unlike your residential bill which bills strictly based upon consumption. For most commercial and industrial facilities, including water and wastewater facilities, charges are broken down based on consumption and demand. The blue squares illustrate the consumption portion of the bill – 10,400 kilowatt-hours of electricity was used during the billing period. In this case, the facility relies upon ABC Energy Provider for both supply and delivery of electricity so the bill includes both charges. The red squares illustrate the demand portion of the bill. Again, this includes both supply and delivery of the peak demand. In this case, the peak demand during the month was 42.9 KW. However, the previous month’s demand of 56.2 KW was the highest for the past 12 months and is the basis of the demand charges are based. The green square highlights the System Benefit Charge and Renewable Portfolio Standard charge. These charges are used to fund many NYSERDA and Public Service Commission programs to improve energy efficiency and the reliability of New York’s electric supply and to promote the development and use of renewable energy sources. To be eligible for many of NYSERDA’s programs, you need to pay into this program. It’s important to note what a significant portion of the overall bill is related to demand costs – over 40%. Although this is a hypothetical example, it is not atypical from what we see at many W/WWTPs. If the Demand Charge represents more than 20% of your bill, there may be opportunities to reduce costs through operational modifications. I’ll talk more about this later.

Reducing Demand Charges

• Supplement energy use with co-gen or biogas• Automated demand flattening• Demand flattening throughout day (or shift)

through operational modification

20 KW

10 KW

30 KW20 KW

10 KW

20 KW

Equipment or Process AEquipment or Process B

TimeTime

Dem

and

Dem

and

Understanding Electric Use and Cost Analyses

Presenter

Presentation Notes

SLIDE OBJECTIVE: PROVIDE ATTENDEES WITH AN OVERVIEW OF HOW TO REDUCE ELECTRICITY COSTS THROUGH LOAD SHIFTING Earlier in the presentation I illustrated the significance of the demand charge in your overall electricity bill. While load shifting and demand flattening do not necessarily result in reduced energy use, they do result in reduced electricity costs. This slide provides a simple example of how demand flattening can be accomplished. Alternatively, demand (and use) can be reduced by shifting intermittent peak loads to on-site generators or co-gen systems. However, it is important to consider applicable electric utility and air emissions requirements prior to regularly operating on-site electrical generating equipment.

Cost Impact of Demand Reduction

(Simplified Example)

• Scenario 1:100 HP motor runs for 1 hour per day

Consumption Cost:100 HP x 0.75 KW/HP x 1 H/D x 365 D/Y = 27,375 kWh/Y

27,375 kWh/Y x $0.10/kWh = $2,738/Y

Demand Cost:100 HP x 0.75 kW/HP x $16.65/KW/M x 12 M/Y = $14,985/Y

Total Annual Cost $17,723


Presenter

Presentation Notes

SLIDE OBJECTIVE: PROVIDE ATTENDEES WITH AN OVERVIEW OF HOW TO REDUCE ELECTRICITY COSTS THROUGH LOAD SHIFTING Earlier in the presentation I illustrated the significance of the demand charge in your overall electricity bill. Generally, if demand costs represent greater than 20% of your total bill each month then there are opportunities for savings through operational and equipment modifications to reduce your facility’s peak demand. While load shifting and demand flattening do not necessarily result in reduced energy use, they do result in reduced electricity costs. This slide provides a simple example of how demand flattening can be accomplished. Alternatively, demand (and use) can be reduced by shifting intermittent peak loads to on-site generators or co-gen systems. However, it is important to consider applicable electric utility and air emissions requirements prior to regularly operating on-site electrical generating equipment.

Cost Impact of Demand Reduction

(Simplified Example)

• Scenario 2:10 HP motor runs for 10 hours per day


27,375 kWh/Y x $0.10/kWh = $2,738/Y

Demand Cost:10 HP x 0.75 KW/HP x $16.65/KW/M x 12 M/Y = $1,499/Y



Presenter

Presentation Notes

SLIDE OBJECTIVE: PROVIDE ATTENDEES WITH AN OVERVIEW OF HOW TO REDUCE ELECTRICITY COSTS THROUGH LOAD SHIFTING Earlier in the presentation I illustrated the significance of the demand charge in your overall electricity bill. Generally, if demand costs represent greater than 20% of your total bill each month then there are opportunities for savings through operational and equipment modifications to reduce your facility’s peak demand. While load shifting and demand flattening do not necessarily result in reduced energy use, they do result in reduced electricity costs. This slide provides a simple example of how demand flattening can be accomplished. Alternatively, demand (and use) can be reduced by shifting intermittent peak loads to on-site generators or co-gen systems. However, it is important to consider applicable electric utility and air emissions requirements prior to regularly operating on-site electrical generating equipment.

Understanding Energy Use - Summary

The energy use charge is based on the actual amount of energy consumed. Energy use is measured in kilowatts-hours (kWh).

The demand charge is based on the greatest amount of electricity used by the customer in any 15 minute period during the billing period. Demand is measured in kilowatts (kW).

The demand charge has a significant effect on overall electricity costs.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – SUMMARIZE INFORMATION FROM ENERGY USE MODULE Read slide.

Wastewater Systems:Component & Energy Use BreakdownYou will become familiar with the various elements of water and wastewater systems and the factors that affect energy use.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – INTRODUCE SECOND MODULE OF PRESENTATION Alright - hopefully now you’ve got a little better understanding of how the bottom line of your electricity bill is calculated. During this module of the presentation, we’re going to take a look at the various processes of water and wastewater systems and discuss the variables that influence energy use.

Wastewater IndustryParameters Affecting Energy Consumption

VolumeVolume

Influent

Quality

Effluent

Quality

Treatment

Solids

Buildings

Electric Generation

Collection

Electricity GasElectricity

Source: Carlson, Steven. “Water and Wastewater Utility Energy Index Project Overview.” CDH Energy.

(BOD, TSS)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT AND THE VARIABLES THAT INFLUENCE ELECTRICITY USE The majority of electricity use in the sector occurs at the wastewater treatment plants. However, electricity is consumed at pumping stations within the collection system as well. Similar to the drinking water sector, throughout New York State there are a number of situations in which one entity is responsible for wastewater collection and another, often regional entity, is responsible for treatment. If a collection system includes pumping stations, there are opportunities for energy efficiency improvement both within the collection system and at the wastewater treatment plant. The volume of wastewater and pumping conditions that must be met have the greatest single effect on electricity use within the collection system. Systems with significant inflow and infiltration and those that rely upon combined sewers (which collectively represent many of the systems within New York), often see wide variation in the flow rates that must be handled by pumping systems. As a result, opportunities for energy efficiency improvement are often available. Electricity is consumed at the plant site by the actual wet stream treatment processes; solids handling processes and building systems. One unique aspect of the wastewater sector is the potential for on-site electrical generation using anaerobic digester gas (hence arrows being shown in both directions). Anaerobic digesters are used to stabilize sludge and reduce the volume of solids that must be dewatered and disposed. A byproduct of the digestion process is the formation of digester gas, which consists of approximately 60% methane. This methane can be recovered and used to meet thermal or electrical demands. In NYS, approximately 145 wastewater treatment plants currently have anaerobic digesters. However, only about 10% of those facilities generate electricity using biogas. The variables that most influence electricity use at the WWTP include the volume of flow being treated, the influent quality and the effluent quality that must be achieved.

Wastewater Treatment Processes

Equalization Basin

Bar Rack

Grit Chamber

Primary Settling

Biological Treatment

Secondary Settling

Advanced Waste

Treatment

Raw

Wastewater

Receiving Body

Diagram adapted from Davis and Cornwell, Introduction to Environmental Engineering. 1998

PreliminaryPrimary TreatmentSecondary TreatmentTertiary TreatmentSludge Treatment

Solids Handling

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – PROVIDE ATTENDEES WITH GREATER DETAIL ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES There are a wide range of possible treatment trains being used by wastewater treatment facilities. This slide illustrates the typical treatment steps that are employed. Unlike the drinking water sector, the majority of electricity use in the wastewater sector is related to treatment, not pumping. Wet stream processes consume the majority of the electricity; however, solids handling processes can represent a significant portion of the overall energy use at a facility. Red arrows illustrate potentially large electricity use associated with pumping. The red dashed boxes call out the two processes that typically have the greatest electricity use. Read through treatment processes: Raw wastewater is conveyed to the WWTP and may include influent pumping Wastewater undergoes preliminary treatment – possibly including equalization, screening, and grit removal. Wastewater then undergoes primary treatment, typically through settling. After primary settling, wastewater typically undergoes biological treatment using either suspended growth (activated sludge) or fixed growth (trickling filter or RBC) processes with secondary clarification used for additional settling Some facilities may then be required to provide advanced treatment which could include filtration or disinfection Treated effluent is then discharged to a receiving water – in some instances effluent pumping is required On the solids handling side of the process there may be: Waste and return sludge pumping Thickening Digestion or stabilization Dewatering Incineration or pelletization

Levels & Types of Wastewater TreatmentPreliminary Removes solids that

might clog or damage equipment.

1. Bar Rack 3. Equalization Basin2. Grit Chamber

Primary Suspended matter settles out or floats to the surface for removal.

Sedimentation Basin (Primary Tank)

Secondary Biological process that removes remaining dissolved or particle organics.

Fixed Film 1.) Trickling filters2.) Rotating Biological Contactors

Suspended Growth

Activated SludgeA. Aeration TankB. Clarifier

Tertiary Removes nutrients and suspended solids and kills microorganisms.

Nutrient Removal

1.) Phosphorus2.) Nitrogen

Filtration 1.) Sand Filter2.) Multimedia Filters

Disinfection 1) Chlorine2) UV3) Ozone

Sludge Treatment

Process that treats the solids collected from all other treatment phases.

ThickeningStabilization/DigestionConditioningDewateringReduction

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO PROVIDE ATTENDEES WITH GREATER DETAIL ON TREATMENT PROCESSES There is some overlap between this slide and the previous one. However, this slide does a nice job identifying the treatment objectives of each stage of treatment. By understanding the objectives of each treatment process and the mechanisms used to accomplish those objectives, you can gain insight into the variables that can influence performance and energy use. For example, the principal objective of secondary treatment is to remove organics. Accordingly, increases in organic loading could increase the demand being place on the secondary process, requiring greater energy use. Conversely, decreases in organic loading due to diurnal variations may provide an opportunity for conserving energy.

Wastewater Overall Electricity Use

Wet Stream65%

Other15%

Lighting and HVAC

4%

Solids Handling

11%

Non-PotableProcess Water

Pumping6%

Wet Stream Processes:Wastewater PumpingPreliminary TreatmentPrimary TreatmentSecondary TreatmentAdvanced Treatment Disinfection

Wet Stream Processes typically represent two-thirds or more of the electricity use at a WWTP.

For activated sludge plants, the majority of wet stream electricity use is related to the aeration tanks

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – TO ILLUSTRATE TO ATTENDEES THE BREAKDOWN OF ENERGY USE FOR WWTPS This graphic was developed from a submetering project undertaken by NYSERDA approximately 5 years ago. The graphic is based on data from 8 facilities that represent 6% of the total NYS treatment capacity. While the dataset is fairly small, the proportion of energy use is representative of data that have been gathered throughout the country. The dataset includes both fixed film and activated sludge facilities. In general, for activated sludge facilities the proportion of electricity use associated with wet stream processes is greater than that shown. Aeration typically represents as much as two-thirds of the total energy use at a WWTP.

Ranges of Unit Energy Consumption for Wastewater Treatment

Source: Adapted from Energy Audit Manual for Water/Wastewater Facilities. EPRI. 1994.

National Numbers

Lagoons Trickling Filter

ActivatedSludge

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO COMPARE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SECONDARY TREATMENTS PROCESSES NATIONALLY This graphic is based on national data collected during development of the Energy Audit Manual for Water/Wastewater Facilities. The bars show the range of unit energy use (kWh/MG treated) for each of the secondary treatment processes. Based on national numbers, lagoons consume the least energy on a per unit treated basis, followed by trickling filters and then activated sludge. Activated sludge is the most energy intensive of the three processes. However, it has the ability to provide greater levels of treatment and greater operational flexibility. Due to stringent effluent limits in New York and the predominant use of activated sludge by medium and large facilities, 90% of the statewide capacity in NY is treated using some form of activated sludge.

Ranges of Unit Energy Consumption for Wastewater Treatment

Source: Adapted from Assessment of Energy Use in NY’s Water and Wastewater Sector. MPI. 2007.

NYS Numbers

Lagoons Trickling Filter

ActivatedSludge

2,220

1,7651,330

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO COMPARE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SECONDARY TREATMENTS PROCESSES IN NEW YORK This graphic was developed based on data gathered during NYSERDA’s Statewide Energy Assessment. The bars show the range of energy use for each type of secondary process. On a unit basis, energy use by lagoons ranges from approximately 2,100 to 2,600 kWh/MG treated – with an average of 2,220; energy use for trickling filters ranges from 1,000 to 4,800 kWh/MG – with an average of 1,765; and energy use for facilities employing activated sludge ranges from 1,000 to in excess of 5,200 kWh/MG treated – with an average of 1,330 kWh/MG. Many of the highest energy consuming facilities in each category are required to provide advanced treatment either in the form of biological nutrient removal or tertiary filtration. Approximately 30% of the WWTPs in New York are required to provide advanced or tertiary treatment. Facilities that are required to provide advanced treatment use 30 to 100% more electricity on a unit basis than their similar sized counterparts that are required to only provide secondary treatment.

Operation and Maintenance CostsEnergy accounts for a significant portion of utility O&M budgets.

Source: Jones, Ted. “Municipal Water/Wastewater Breakout Session.” CEE. 18 January 2007.

34% 35%

16%13%

2%

28% 45%

4%

12%

3%7%

EnergyStaffingChemicalsMaintenanceOtherSolids

Water Utility Wastewater Utility

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO ILLUSTRATE TO ATTENDEES THE IMPACT OF ENERGY COSTS ON THE OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE BUDGET This slide is another graphic that is intended to illustrate the importance of controlling energy use and costs. For both the drinking water sector and the wastewater sector, energy and labor costs are the two largest items in a typical operating budget. I don’t think there are too many facility personnel that are going to say, “hey, I’m being paid too much – why don’t you reduce my salary to keep our operating budget in check”. Instead, we should all be looking at energy costs as the best opportunity for cost savings or minimizing cost increases. It is generally understood that most facilities can quite easily attain energy savings of 10 to 20 percent through operational modifications and minor capital investment.

Wastewater Treatment Summary

Pumping is one of the most energy intensive components of a wastewater system.

Both wet stream and solid handling processes of wastewater treatment present opportunity for energy improvements.

Energy accounts for a significant portion of utility O&M budgets.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – SUMMARIZE INFORMATION FROM WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS: COMPONENT & ENERGY USE BREAKDOWN MODULE The real take away messages from this last module are: Pumping offers the greatest opportunity for energy efficiency improvement for water supply systems Opportunities for energy efficiency improvement on the wastewater side are available on both the wet stream and solids handling processes. In addition, potential opportunities at pumping stations within the collection system shouldn’t be overlooked. Energy costs account for a significant portion of utility O&M budgets and are likely to continue to increase. Energy use is affected by a number of variables. Understanding the impact of these variables may help identify opportunities for savings. And finally, energy efficiency and the protection of public health and the environment can, and should go hand in hand.

The Energy Efficiency ProcessYou will use a step by step procedure to develop and implement energy improvement measures.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – INTRODUCE THIRD MODULE OF PRESENTATION Alright. At this point, hopefully you understand how the bottom line of your electricity bill is calculated and have a better understanding of the various processes that are employed by water and wastewater systems and the variables that influence energy use. During the third module of this presentation we’re going to walk you through, at a fairly high level, the steps that you need to take to develop and implement energy improvement measures.

Development of Energy Efficiency Plan

1. Understand Your Energy Use

2. Evaluate the System

3. Identify Energy Efficiency Opportunities

4. Prioritize Opportunities for Implementation

5. Implement Measures

6. Monitor Results

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO OUTLINE THE FOUR STEPS TO DEVELOPING AN ENERGY EFFICIENCY PLAN There are four basic steps that are followed to develop an energy efficiency plan for your system – each of these will be discussed in greater detail on the following slides. The first step is to gain a thorough understanding of your energy use. The second step is to evaluate your system. The third step is to use the information gathered during the first two steps to identify energy efficiency opportunities. The fourth and final step is to prioritize the opportunities identified during step 3 for implementation. I don’t care how much you think you’ve done to address energy use at your facility, you will always be able to identify additional opportunities for improvement. However, through the fourth step you will single out those opportunities that offer the most attractive payback, provide supplemental process benefits, best align with the overall goals of the facility, or otherwise make the most sense to implement at this time and weed out those that are less attractive.

The Electric Bill

How and where is energy used?

1. Understand Your Energy Use

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO REMIND ATTENDEES THAT THE FIRST TWO MODULES ADDRESSED THESE ITEMS The first two modules took a closer look at what goes into your electric bill and the types of things that can influence electric use. The first step in developing and implementing your own energy efficiency process is to review your electric bills and think about how, when and where energy is used in your system. The types of things you should consider: Electric Bill What are the charges identified on the bill? What are the terms of service? Are there benefits to off-peak usage? Does the demand charge seem disproportionate? Have you considered purchasing power from a third party energy provider or aggregating your usage with any other facilities? How and where is energy used: What are the major components of the system? What are the daily, seasonal, and annual operating conditions and trends? Are there wide fluctuations in variables that could significantly influence energy use by any of the system components? Would submetering of any system components provide significant additional insight?

1. Understand Your Energy Use (continued)

• Develop an equipment inventory• An equipment inventory should be

organized by process and include:– nameplate horsepower– hours of operation per year– field measured power– kilowatt hours per year

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO REMIND ATTENDEES THAT THE FIRST TWO MODULES ADDRESSED THESE ITEMS The first two modules took a closer look at what goes into your electric bill and the types of things that can influence electric use. The first step in developing and implementing your own energy efficiency process is to review your electric bills and think about how, when and where energy is used in your system. The types of things you should consider: Electric Bill What are the charges identified on the bill? What are the terms of service? Are there benefits to off-peak usage? Does the demand charge seem disproportionate? Have you considered purchasing power from a third party energy provider or aggregating your usage with any other facilities? How and where is energy used: What are the major components of the system? What are the daily, seasonal, and annual operating conditions and trends? Are there wide fluctuations in variables that could significantly influence energy use by any of the system components? Would submetering of any system components provide significant additional insight?

• Collect Data and Understand Why You’re Collecting Data

• The evaluation should answer three questions:

– How much energy is being used?

– Where is the energy being used?

– When is the energy being used?

2. Evaluate the System

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO PROVIDE AN UNDERSTANDING OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BENCHMARKING, THE ROLE OF BENCHMARKING, AND HOW THEY AID SYSTEM EVALUATION Once you’ve gained an understanding of your utility bill and the types of things that can influence costs and have thought about where and how energy is used in your system, the next step is to assess your performance to get a handle on how you’re currently performing. This process is called benchmarking. There are essentially two types of benchmarking: Internal benchmarking, which enables a utility to track the long-term performance of their system and identify areas where there is an apparent performance gap or trend, and External benchmarking, which takes the information gathered during internal benchmarking and compares it to other, similar facilities to evaluate how the facility performs relative to its peers. An example of internal benchmarking might be monitoring the kWh of electricity used per pound of BOD removed on a daily basis. Internal benchmarking is a useful tool to identify energy efficiency opportunities that may be available to you as a result of process or operating variability and allows you to assess performance on a day-to-day basis. External benchmarking is useful in establishing long-term goals for your facility by comparing the performance of your facility with that by another, similar facility that is noted for its exemplary performance. With external benchmarking, it is imperative that you recognize possible differences between your operations and those of the facility to which you are comparing yourself. For example, if you are a 5 MGD wastewater treatment facility that accepts hauled wastes and you compare your performance to another 5 MGD wastewater treatment facility that does not accept hauled wastes based on kWh/MG treated, you could get a skewed perspective about your current performance.

Establish Benchmarks to assess your performance:

– Internal Benchmarking • Energy use trends at a facility• Submetering, kWh/MG, kWh/lb BOD, etc.

– External Benchmarking• Comparison of system

and component demands to baseline energy use and energy use of similar facilities

2. Evaluate the System (continued)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO PROVIDE AN UNDERSTANDING OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BENCHMARKING, THE ROLE OF BENCHMARKING, AND HOW THEY AID SYSTEM EVALUATION Once you’ve gained an understanding of your utility bill and the types of things that can influence costs and have thought about where and how energy is used in your system, the next step is to assess your performance to get a handle on how you’re currently performing. This process is called benchmarking. There are essentially two types of benchmarking: Internal benchmarking, which enables a utility to track the long-term performance of their system and identify areas where there is an apparent performance gap or trend, and External benchmarking, which takes the information gathered during internal benchmarking and compares it to other, similar facilities to evaluate how the facility performs relative to its peers. An example of internal benchmarking might be monitoring the kWh of electricity used per pound of BOD removed on a daily basis. Internal benchmarking is a useful tool to identify energy efficiency opportunities that may be available to you as a result of process or operating variability and allows you to assess performance on a day-to-day basis. External benchmarking is useful in establishing long-term goals for your facility by comparing the performance of your facility with that by another, similar facility that is noted for its exemplary performance. With external benchmarking, it is imperative that you recognize possible differences between your operations and those of the facility to which you are comparing yourself. For example, if you are a 5 MGD wastewater treatment facility that accepts hauled wastes and you compare your performance to another 5 MGD wastewater treatment facility that does not accept hauled wastes based on kWh/MG treated, you could get a skewed perspective about your current performance.

2. Evaluate the System (continued):

Useful Metrics:• Energy use based upon plant flow

– Energy used per million gallons treated (kWh/MG)• Peak energy use based upon pumping requirements

– Energy used per million gallons pumped (kW/MG)• Energy use based upon contaminant removal

– Energy used per pound of biological oxygen demand removed (kWh/lb BOD )

– Energy used per pound of total suspended solids removed (kWh/lb TSS)

– Energy used per pound of biosolids handled (kWh/lb biosolids)• Oxygen Transfer Efficiency (OTE)

– Ratio of the amount of oxygen dissolved into the water to the total amount of oxygen pumped into the water

Tracking Performance with Operation and Process Trends

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO PROVIDE ATTENDEES WITH USEFUL METRICS FOR TRACKING PERFORMANCE USING OPERATION AND PROCESS TRENDS This slide summarizes some of the key metrics that can be used for both internal and external benchmarking. Useful Metrics include: Energy use based upon plant or pumping system flow Energy used per million gallons treated (kWh/MG) Peak energy use based upon pumping requirements Energy used per million gallons pumped (kW/MG) Energy use based upon contaminant removal Energy used per pound of biological oxygen demand removed (kWh/lb BOD ) Energy used per pound of total suspended solids removed (kWh/lb TSS) Energy used per pound of biosolids handled (kWh/lb biosolids) Can you think of any other metrics that may be worth tracking? What about: Oxygen Transfer Efficiency (OTE) Ratio of the amount of oxygen dissolved into the water to the total amount of oxygen pumped into the water Equipment run times versus flow or loading rates Ratio of equipment run time to volume or loading being handled – Hours run per MG processed, Hours run per pound of contaminant removed or processed. Number of backwash cycles per MG produced.

3. Identify Energy Efficiency Opportunities

• Building operations – lighting upgrades– HVAC upgrades

• System Operations– equipment upgrades – process upgrades– equipment prioritization & optimization– automate process monitoring & operational control

• Equipment maintenance and upkeep –Integrate into Asset Management Planning

Reducing Energy Consumption/ Improving Energy Efficiency

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: PROVIDE ATTENDEES WITH AN OVERVIEW OF THE TYPES OF AREAS THEY SHOULD CONSIDER FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT In general, there are three main areas to reduce energy consumption or improve energy efficiency: Through building system/site lighting improvements Through process improvement using equipment and process upgrades, operational optimization, or process automation. Through better equipment maintenance and upkeep. As part of the equipment prioritization and optimization, equipment performance should be compared to original design performance and actual operating conditions should be compared to original design conditions. For example, if the original design conditions for a pump were 500 gpm at 50’ head and the current operating conditions require only 200 gpm, this is a good opportunity for a variable speed drive or replacement with a smaller pumping system. Similarly, if a pumping system was able to deliver 500 gpm against 50’ of head when initially installed and can now only deliver 400 gpm under the same pressure, the pump and motor should be evaluated for wear and updated. With regard to equipment maintenance and upkeep, of equal importance to proper maintenance and upkeep is sound asset management. You should know which pieces of equipment are nearing the end of their useful life and should have identified the piece of equipment that is going to replace it prior to the moment it fails. This allows you to continuously improve the efficiency and performance of your plant simply through equipment turnover.

3. Identify Energy Efficiency Opportunities (continued)

Reducing Demand Charges• Supplement energy use with co-gen or biogas• Demand flattening throughout day (or shift)

20 KW

10 KW

30 KW20 KW

10 KW

20 KW

Equipment or Process AEquipment or Process B

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: PROVIDE ATTENDEES WITH AN OVERVIEW OF HOW TO REDUCE ELECTRICITY COSTS THROUGH LOAD SHIFTING Earlier in the presentation I illustrated the significance of the demand charge in your overall electricity bill. Generally, if demand costs represent greater than 20% of your total bill each month then there are opportunities for savings through operational and equipment modifications to reduce your facility’s peak demand. While load shifting and demand flattening do not necessarily result in reduced energy use, they do result in reduced electricity costs. This slide provides a simple example of how demand flattening can be accomplished. Alternatively, demand (and use) can be reduced by shifting intermittent peak loads to on-site generators or co-gen systems. However, it is important to consider applicable electric utility and air emissions requirements prior to regularly operating on-site electrical generating equipment.


Cost Impact of Demand Charge (Simplified Illustration)

• Scenario 1:100 HP motor runs for 1 hour per day


27,385 kWh/Y x $0.10/kWh = $2,739/Y

Demand Cost:100 HP x 0.75 kW/HP x $16.65/KW x 12 M/Y = $14,985/Y


Presenter

Presentation Notes



Cost Impact of Demand Charge (Simplified Illustration)

• Scenario 2:10 HP motor runs for 10 hours per day


27,385 kWh/Y x $0.10/kWh = $2,739/Y

Demand Cost:10 HP x 0.75 KW/HP x $16.65/KW x 12 M/Y = $1,499/Y


Presenter

Presentation Notes


Typical Energy Improvements

• Proper Maintenance and Upkeep• Lighting and HVAC• VSDs on Pumps, Blowers,

Compressors, etc.• Asset Management Planning

– Pump Optimization & Prioritization– Reduction in Pipe Leakage

• DO Oxygen Sensors• Fine Bubble Aeration• Correctly Sized High Efficiency Motors

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO PROVIDE ATTENDEES WITH GUIDANCE ON THE TYPES OF PROJECTS THAT ARE OFTEN “LOW HANGING FRUIT” ( OR IN OTHER WORDS, THOSE THAT ARE EASIEST TO IMPLEMENT AT LITTLE OR NO COST OR RESULT IN TREMENDOUS ENERGY SAVINGS) This slide summarizes some of the most typical opportunities for energy improvement. Proper maintenance and upkeep (including adherence to a repair and replacement schedule) offers a low or no-cost means of maintaining equipment at its peak performance. Lighting and HVAC improvements, while only representing a small portion of the total energy use in the sector, often can be implemented at relatively low cost with significant savings. VSDs on pumps, blowers, compressors, etc. are not always the answer. But, used correctly, offer significant opportunity for savings and improved operating flexibility with relatively low costs. Pump optimization and prioritization relies upon you identifying those pumps that are most critical to your system and that consume a significant amount of energy. You then need to assess the actual operating conditions relative to the original design conditions and evaluate the pump performance relative to its original performance. Reduction in pipe leakage can provide a direct reduction in energy use (less water is being treated/moved therefore less energy is being used). However, unless there is an isolated, sizeable leak, it is unusual to be able to justify the costs of widespread leakage repair based solely on electrical savings that will be realized. Incorporation of dissolved oxygen sensors and either manual or automatic controls as well as use of fine bubble aeration rather than coarse bubble or mechanical mixing can often improve process performance and often results in significant savings. Costs for aeration improvement are relatively high, but the savings often justify the investment. Finally, the use of correctly sized high efficiency motors can incrementally improve overall energy efficiency. Replacing standard efficiency motors as they become outdated or obsolete with premium efficiency motors can, over time, add up to substantial energy savings.

4. Prioritize Opportunities for Implementation

• Capital cost• Equipment condition• Operational cost/savings• Energy savings• Payback period• Effects on plant processes

and labor, chemical costs• Risk• Financing, funding and rebates• Sustainability/Environmental Stewardship Initiatives

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE: TO PROVIDE ATTENDEES WITH AN OVERVIEW OF THE ITEMS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN PRIORITIZING OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION As I mentioned earlier, I don’t care how much you think you’ve done to address energy use at your facility, you will inevitably be able to identify additional opportunities for improvement. While it would be great if the sector could implement every possible energy conservation measure that is available - in reality, that is not possible and we know it. What we’d like to see is that every facility make energy efficiency a consideration in the way they operate and invest in their system and that utilities capitalize on the “low hanging” opportunities that are available to them. ��Capital cost and simple payback are the criteria that are most often relied upon for project prioritization and to assess project feasibility. However, there are a number of other considerations that should be made to ensure the most appropriate and cost-effective measures are being undertaken and that good projects are not overlooked. In addition to capital cost and simple payback, you need to consider: The condition/age of the equipment or process Operational cost/savings associated with the measure Overall energy savings and future volatility in energy prices Effects on plant processes, labor, and chemical costs Project risk Financing, funding and rebates available to support evaluation or implementation

Energy Efficiency Process Summary• Understand your energy use by

becoming familiar with the structure of your electric bill and by recognizing where and how energy is used.

• Evaluate your system using internal and external benchmarking.

• Identify energy efficiency opportunities in building and system operations and through maintenance and equipment upkeep. Reduce costs through demand flattening.

• Prioritize energy efficiency measures focusing on low hanging fruit first.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

OBJECTIVE – SUMMARIZE INFORMATION FROM THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROCESS MODULE The last module was intended to introduce you to the steps that need to be taken to develop and implement an energy efficiency program and to provide you with general guidance on the types of things that need to be considered when evaluating potential opportunities and the areas that often represent the “lowest hanging fruit.” In summary, Understand your energy use by becoming familiar with the structure of your electric bill and by recognizing where and how energy is used. Evaluate your system using internal and external benchmarking. Identify energy efficiency opportunities in building and system processes. Don’t overlook potential savings that can be achieved through maintenance and equipment upkeep or demand flattening. Prioritize energy efficiency measures focusing on low hanging fruit first. But, don’t use capital cost or simple payback as your only criteria for assessing project feasibility.

Basic Operator TrainingBasic Operator Training Matthew Yonkin, P.E., BCEE Associate Silvia...

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Transcript of Basic Operator TrainingBasic Operator Training Matthew Yonkin, P.E., BCEE Associate Silvia...