Basic Microprocessor

8/18/2019 Basic Microprocessor

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Saipunidzam Mahamad @ Computer Organization

TCB1043

COMPUTER ORGANISATION

Basic Microprocessor System


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Leari! Topics

" Litt#e Ma Comp$ter

" T%e &etc%'E(ec$te) Cyc#e

" T%e LMC istr$ctio Set

" T%e LMC a) t%e *o Ne+ma arc%itect$re

" Comp$ter B$ses, 1-s a) 0-s coti$o$s#y ot%e mo*e


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T%e Litt#e Ma Comp$ter ' LMC

" .ie+ o/ LMC

%at it is" Create) 2y r St$art

Ma)ic5 1678 o/ MIT" A a#most acc$rate

represetatio o/ t%e+or5i! o/ a comp$ter

" E*e a/ter 38 years o/

Comp$ter Io*atio

a) Creatio T%e LMC

arc%itect$re is at t%e

%eart o/ to)ay-s

comp$ter )esi!


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" %at are its compoet• A post room (ot too )$sty)

• A little man ( p%ysica##y /it99)

• A mailbox with many (100) pigeon holesnumbered from 00 to 99

• A calculator (/or simp#e arit%metic operatios)

• A counter

• A input booth (to iteract +it% t%e o$tsi)e +or#))

• A output booth (to iteract +it% t%e o$tsi)e+or#))


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" %at )oes t%e #itt#e ma )o• Tras/er or mo*e i/ormatio /rom oe part o/ t%e

post room to aot%er

• Iterpret :or )eco)e; a) Carry o$t istr$ctios t%at

i*o#*e mo*emet o/ i/ormatio or )ata

• Coti$o$s#y o t%e #oo5o$t /or e+ istr$ctios

" The little man must be very fit to do allthis running about !!!


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" %at are t%e pi!eo %o#es o/ t%e mai#2o( $se)

/or• A pi!eo %o#e cotais NOT #etters< 2$t istr$ctio s#ips

• Eac% pi!eo %o#e cotais oe a) o#y oe istr$ctio

s#ip at a time

• Some pi!eo %o#es may cotai )ata :ie simp#e

$m2ers; t%at )oes ot represet istr$ctios

• Eac% Pi!eo %o#e %as a $i=$e #a2e# :ca##e) a a))ress;

t%at is a $m2er /rom 00 to 66 Address Content


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" %at )oes ca#c$#ator )o

• Some istr$ctios i*o#*e arit%metic ca#c$#atios #i5e a))itio<

s$2tractio a) )i*isio

• T%e #itt#e ca e(ec$te istr$ctios t%at i*o#*e mo*emet o/ )ataBUT T%e #itt#e ma does not per/orm ay ca#c$#atios

• T%$s +e-re $si! a ca#c$#ator

" %at is t%e co$ter $se) /or

• T%e #itt#e ma ee)s to remem2er t%e a))ress :or #a2e# o/ t%e e(t pi!eo; to c%ec5 /or ay istr$ctios

• T%e #itt#e ma remem2ers t%e current value o/ t%e co$ter a) t%e

$p)ates t%e co$ter :2y incrementing it; before %e !oes to !et

aot%er istr$ctio




" Ip$t a) O$tp$t Trays• Some istr$ctios or )ata may 2e o2taie) /rom

o$tsi)e t%e post room t%ro$!% t%e input tray

• T%e #itt#e ma sometimes stores )ata i a pi!eo%o#e

i t%e mai#2o( Some ot%er times< %e may %a*e to

)e#i*er )ata o$tsi)e t%e post room t%ro$!% t%e

output tray

• T%e #itt#e ma iteracts +it% t%e +or#) o$tsi)e t%e post room t%ro$!% t%e $se t%e input tray a) t%e

output tray



T%e LMC Istr$ctio Set

" %at are t%e istr$ctio• 3-decimal co)e) istr$ctios

• T%e first digit represet t%e instruction code

• T%e last two digits represet a address of a pigeon %o#e it%e mai#2o(< or one of the input or output trays

• T%e istr$ctio co)e is a#so ca##e) t%e >peration ode? or

>p code?

• T%e #ast t+o )i!its are a#so ca##e) t%e >perand?

A))ress Cotet

Op co)e Opera)




" Istr$ctio Str$ct$re

Arit%metic 1(( A

@(( SUB

ata Mo*emet 3(( STORE

8(( LOA

Ip$tO$tp$t 601 INPUT60@ O$tp$t

Mac%ie Cotro#:co//ee 2rea5;

000 STOP

COB


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Ip$tO$tp$t

" Mo*e )ata 2et+ee ca#c$#ator a) io$t

2as5etsCotet

Op Co)e Opera)

:a))ress;

IN :ip$t; 6 01

OUT :o$tp$t; 6 0@


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LMC Ip$tO$tp$t

IN

OUT


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Itera# ata Mo*emet" Bet+ee mai#2o( a) ca#c$#ator

Cotet

Op Co)e Opera):a))ress;

STO :store; 3 ((

LA :#oa); 8 ((


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LMC Itera# ata

LDA

STO


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ata stora!e #ocatio

" P%ysica##y i)etica# to istr$ctio mai#2o(

" Not #ocate) i istr$ctio se=$ece

" I)eti/ie) 2y DAT memoic


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Arit%metic Istr$ctios

" Rea) mai#2o(

" Per/orm operatio i t%e ca#c$#ator

Cotet

Op Co)e Opera)

:a))ress;

A 1 ((

SUB @ ((


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LMC Arit%metic Istr$ctios

ADD

SUB


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Pro!ram Cotro#

" Brac%i! :e(ec$ti! a istr$ctio o$t o/

se=$ece;

C%a!es t%e a))ress i t%e co$ter

" a#tCotet

Op Co)e Opera):a))ress;

BR :D$mp; 7 ((

BR :Brac% o 0; F ((

BRP :Brac% o ; H ((

COB :stop; 0 :i!ore;


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Istr$ctio SetArit%metic 1(( A

@(( SUB

ata Mo*emet 3(( STORE

8(( LOABR 7(( DUMP

BR F(( BRANC ON 0

BRP H(( BRANC ON

Ip$tO$tp$t 601 INPUT60@ OUTPUT

Mac%ie Cotro#:co//ee 2rea5;

000 ALT

COB


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S$mmary

" Istr$ctio ca 2e e(presses $si! Op Co)es

or as #itera# a22re*iatios ca## MemoicsMnemoni

cs

Op

Code

Description

LDA 5xx ;Load the content of location/pigeon-holexxinto the calculator

STO/STD 3xx ;Store the content of calculator into location/pigeon-holexx

ADD 1xx ;Add content of location/pigeon-hole xxto the current content of thecalculator

SUB 2xx ;Subtract content of location/pigeon-holexxfrom the current contenof calculator

IN 901 ;Obtain the data from the Input Trayand put it in the calculator

OUT 902 ; Send to the current data in the calculator to the Output Tray. COB or

HLT

000 ;Coffee Break or Halt i.e.Stop execution!

BRZ 7xx ;"ump to location/pigeon-holexxif the content of the calculator is #

BRP 8xx ;"ump to location/pigeon-holexxif the content of the calculator is $

BR 6xx ;"ump to location/pigeon-holexx&ithout an' conditions

DAT yyy ;(ata Storage Location


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Simp#e Pro!ram, A)) @ N$m2ers

" Ass$me )ata is store)

i mai#2o(es +it%

a))resses 60" rite istr$ctios

Input a #

Store the #

Input a #

Add

Output thenumber


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Pro!ram to A)) @ N$m2ers,Usi! Memoics

Mai#2o( Memoic Istr$ctio escriptio

00 IN Jip$t 1st N$m2er

01 STO 66 Jstore )ata

0@ IN Jip$t @) N$m2er

03 A 66 Ja)) 1st K to @) K

04 OUT Jo$tp$t res$#t08 COB Jstop

66 AT 00 J)ata


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Pro!ram to A)) @ N$m2ers

Mai#2o( Co)e Istr$ctio escriptio

00 601 Jip$t 1st N$m2er

01 366 Jstore )ata

0@ 601 Jip$t @) N$m2er

03 166 Ja)) 1st K to @) K

04 60@ Jo$tp$t res$#t08 000 Jstop

66 000 J)ata


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" Samp#e LMC pro!ram to ca#c$#ate N@'N1,


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&i) Positi*e i//erece o/ @ N$m2ers

00 IN 601

01 STO 10 310

0@ IN 601

03 STO 11 311

04 SUB 10 @10

08 BRP 0H H0H Jtest

07 LA 10 810 Ji/ e!ati*e< re*erse or)er

0F SUB 11 @11

0H OUT 60@ Jprit res$#t a)

06 COB 000 Jstop

10 AT 00 000 J$se) /or )ata

11 AT 00 000 J$se) /or )ata


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T%e &etc%'E(ec$te Cyc#e

• The Fetch-cycle: go and look for thenext instruction and nd out hat theinstruction means

• !efore the little man can carr" out aninstruction# he needs to nd out hichinstruction he has to carr" out$

• %e does this &" rst getting the 'alue fromthe counter# and then fetching the 'alue

from the corresponding pigeon hole inmail&ox$

• The little identies hat the instruction is$


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• The Eecute-cycle: execute the instruction• Once the little man knos hich instruction he is going to

perform# he has to start executing it$ This is the !Eecute! phaseof the "etch - eecute c"cle$

• (or each instruction# the little man ill perform a series of tasks$(or instance# for an nput instruction# the little man ill go to thenput tray# take the 'alue he nds there# and go and put it intothe calculator$ (or an add instruction# he ill take a 'alue fromthe mail&ox# and add it to the 'alue presentl" in the calculator

• Once the eecute phase is complete# the little man ill start thec"cle again# and go to the counter to get the address of the nextpigeon hole containing the next instruction he has to fetch$


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" T%e &etc%'E(ec$te cyc#es, !eera# pat%

START

&etc% Ne(t

Istr$ctio

E(ec$te

Istr$ctio ALT

&etc% Cyc#e E(ec$te Cyc#e


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"igure #$%a The fetch of the

instruction cycle

:@;+a#5s o*er t%e mai#2o( t%at

correspo)s to t%e #ocatio co$ter

:1;T%e Litt#e Ma rea)s t%e

a))ress /rom t%e #ocatio co$ter


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"igure #$%a The fetch of the

instruction cycle

:3;a) rea)s t%e $m2er o t%e

s#ip o/ paper :e t%e p$ts t%e s#ips

o/ paper 2ac5< i case %e s%o$#) ee)

to rea) it a!ai #ater


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"igure #$%b The execute portion of the instruction cycle

(&' instruction)


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"igure #$%b The execute portion of the instruction cycle

(&' instruction)


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E(ercise" Co*ert t%e /o##o+i! LMC,

00 60101 366

0@ 601

03 166

04 366

08 60107 @66

0F 60@

0H 000

a Mac%ie co)e Memoic co)e a Memoic co)e Mac%ie co)e

00 IN01 ST 66

0@ IN

03 A 66

04 ST 66

08 IN

07 ST 6H0F LA 66

0H SUB 6H

06 OUT

10 COB

11 AT 01


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T%e *o Ne$ma arc%itect$re

" haracteristics of the von ewman

'rchitecture• Memory %o#)s 2ot% pro!ram istr$ctios a)

pro!ram )ata T%is is 5o+ as t%e store) pro!ram

cocept

• Memory is a))resse) #iear#y I ot%er +or)s< a##

memory #ocatios are $i=$e a) %a*e $merica#

se=$etia# a))resses

• E*ery memory ce## is $i=$e#y a))resse) 2y its

#ocatio $m2er re!ar)#ess o/ i/ormatio is store)

isi)e it


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T%e LMC a) t%e *o Ne+ma

arc%itect$re

" The concept of the *+ ,egisters• T%e Re!ister is a si!#e stora!e #ocatio +it%i t%e CPU

• T%ere are $s$a##y may re!isters +it%i t%e CPU

• &or e(amp#e< t%e ca#c$#ator a) t%e co$ter $se) i t%e LMC

+o$#) 2e imp#emete) isi)e t%e CPU $si! t+o separate

re!isters

• Re!isters are a))resse) 2y t%eir ames ot 2y a #ocatio

$m2er T%at is +%y t%ey )i//eret /rom or)iary memoryce##s


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" The *+ (entral *rocessing +nit)• T%e CPU a) memory are itimate#y re#ate)

• Ay )isc$ssio o/ oe o/ m$st ic#$)e a )isc$ssio

o/ t%e ot%er" I t%e same t%at t%e Litt#e Ma caot +or5 +it%o$t

%is mai#2o( isi)e t%e post'room

The *+ (entral

*rocessing +nit)

omponent


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" Simi#arities 2et+ee t%e LMC a) t%e CPU

!*+

!omponents

(escription

Cotro# $it :CU; Iterpreti! a) maa!i! t%e e(ec$tio o/ istr$ctio ic#$)es a pro!ram co$ter PC

ALU :arit%metic

#o!ic $it;

Ca#c$#atio a) temporary stora!e

IO Iter/ace Comm$icatio +it% e(tera# )e*ices

Memory Pro!ram a) )ata stora!e

Pro!ram co$ter Part o/ t%e CU $se) to store t%e #ocatio o/ t%e

e(t istr$ctio to e(ec$te


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T%e *o Ne+ma arc%itect$re

" LMC

T%e post'room

T%e #itt#e ma

T%e ca#c$#ator

T%e ip$t tray

T%e o$tp$t tray

Mai#2o(

Pi!eo %o#e

T%e #ocatio co$ter

" CPU

isi)e t%e CPU

cotro# $it :CU;

ALU :arit%metic #o!ic $it;

IO iter/ace

IO iter/ace

Memory

Memory ce##s

Pro!ram co$ter :PC

imilarities between &. and the *+


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T%e LMC a) t%e *o Ne+ma

arc%itect$re

" /s the &. a von ewman-based

omputer• I/ +e o+ t%i5 o/ t%e mai#2o( isi)e t%e LMC as

Memory a) t%e pi!eo %o#es as )istict #iearmemory ce##s t%at are $se) to store 2ot% istr$ctios

a) )ata t%e

• 1es! T%e LMC is )e/iite#y a !oo) e(amp#e o/ t%e

*o Ne+ma arc%itect$re


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S$mmary

" T%e +or5i! o/ t%e comp$ter ca 2e sim$#ate) 2y a simp#emo)e# ' T%e Litt#e Ma Comp$ter Mo)e#

" T%e LMC meets a## =$a#i/icatio o/ *o Ne$ma

comp$ter arc%itect$re" T%e e(act steps per/orme) 2y t%e LMC are importat

2eca$se t%ey re/#ect c#ose#y t%e steps per/orme) i rea#CPU i e(ec$ti! a istr$ctio

" Rea)i!, Te(t2oo5 ' C%apter 7 F

Basic Microprocessor

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