Basic life support

Dr . Samer Sara

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Basic life support

• First aid given to a victim with heart or breathing arrest and often called resuscitation.

• BLS is needed for :Heart attack.

Drowning.

Choking.

Others injuries.

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Resuscitation

• A victim who is not breathing needsCPR (Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation) to move O2 into his body and to circulate oxygenated blood in order to keep vital organs alive.

• A victim who is choking also needs first aid to clear the airway to allow natural breathing or rescue breaths.

• In case of ventricular fibrillation an automated electrical defibrillator AED is needed to restore a normal rhythm.

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Rescue Breaths• Blowing air into a non breathing

lungs to oxygenate the blood.

• Given with first aider own air , when he blows air into victim`s mouth or nose in a manner similar to inspiration and let him do expiration before the second blow.

• Air around us contains 21% O2, the breath we exhale contains 16% O2 which is enough to increase victim`s blood O2 level to maintain life.

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Respiratory Emergency

• Ineffective breathing is a respiratory emergency because it leads to receive not enough O2.

• Brain cells are very susceptible to low level of O2 and begin to die 4 minutes after O2 cut off. Within 6 minutes brain damage occurs and death is likely soon after.

• Two primary types:• Respiratory arrest breathing has completely stopped.

• Respiratory distress breathing is difficult and ineffective, which may occur in different illnesses like asthma and allergic reactions.

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Respiratory EmergenciesNervous system depression:

o Electrical shock.

o Drug overdose.

Airway obstruction: (Ex: food blocking the pharynx).

Chest trauma:

o Chest wall damage.

o Lung injuries.

Carbon monoxide: fire smoke inhalation.

Cardiac problems: can reduce circulation resulting in O2 loss.

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Prevention of Respiratory arrest

by preventing its common causes:

Drowning.

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Chocking.

cardiac arrest.

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Preventing drowning

Don’t leave a child alone in bathroom, pools, otherwise supervised by an adult who maintains continuous visual contact.

For adults ( up to 50% of drowning death) the use of alcohol before swimming is the first reason, so:

don’t drink and go into or near the water.

never dive into unknown or shallow water.

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First aid for drowning

• Drowning causes: airway obstruction, hypothermia.

• First aid:

• Don`t try to rescue the victim if you are not trained to do.

• If not a good swimmer, try to help victim by throwing a rope, stick, rescue vest.

• If you are on a boat, pull victim from one end of the boat not from the sides.

• Hold victim from his wrists to pull him out of water.

• If you are in deep water don`t begin resuscitation unless arriving to shallow water.

• Begin by clearing airway from water and other obstructing objects.

• Do CPR and if victim return breathing put him in recovery position.

• Cover the victim after taking off his wet clothes.

• Call EMS.

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Preventing SIDSsudden infant death syndrome

• It occurs in infants under the age of 1 year, most commonly (between 2-4 months) of unexplained causes.

• Etiology:

•Congenital differences.

• Infant Position (lying on stomach with nose covered by soft bedding ).

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Preventing sudden infant death syndrome

Place infants on their back when sleep.

Use a firm flat crib and remove pillows, toys and other soft objects.

Don’t cover infant`s head during sleep.

Use thin blanket and tuck it under the edges and keep it at chest level.

Avoid smoking (during pregnancy, when infant exposed) .

Maintain normal room temperature.

Don’t have the infant sleep with sibling or parents.

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Techniques of rescue breaths

• Victim position on his back.

• Head tilt- chin lift.

• Use a barrier device if available.

• Blow slowly and not forcefully.

• Give each breath over about one second.

• Watch the chest rise.

• After each breath let the air escape and the chest fall.

• Give two rescue breaths ,if victim still not breathing => begin CPR.

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Rescue breathes techniques:

Mouth to barrier.

Mouth to mouth.

Mouth to nose.

Mouth to stoma.

Mouth to nose and mouth.

Potential problems with rescue breaths :

air enters the stomach( risk of vomiting and aspiration).

lose the dentures( better to let them in place if not loose).

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Unresponsive Victim not breathing

Tilt head lift chin

No breathing within 10 sec

Rescue breath

Passes through the lungs

Another breath

Return breathing

Recovery Position

No breathing

CPR

Doesn't pass

Choking care

Return breathing

Recovery position

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Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation CPR

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Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

• A combination of:

1. Rescue breaths. (Artificial respiration)

2. Chest compression.

• To maintain the flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart.

• Effective CPR delay tissue death and extend the brief window of opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent brain damage.

• Most needed in cardiac arrest resulting from heart attack.

• Heart attack is usually caused by cardio-vascular disease.

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cardiovascular risk factors

Unpreventable risk factors

1. Increasing age.

2. Male gender.

3. Race.

4. Heredity.

Preventable risk factors

1. Smoking.

2. High cholesterol levels.

3. Hypertension

4. Obesity.

5. Stress.

6. Diabetes mellitus.

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Maintaining Cardiovascular Health• Life style: Habits typically begin in childhood

Good diet:1. Healthy: fruits, vegetables, whole grains and cereals.2. Unhealthy: High fat and sugar food.

Exercise: good not only for muscles but also for heart, lungs, and blood vessels . • Weight control: healthy diet + adequate physical activity.• Blood pressure control: (silent killer) reducing salt intake. •Maintain good cholesterol level : cholesterol deposits in the arteries along with other

substances as plaque causing atherosclerosis (narrow and hard arteries).• Avoid high cholesterol food( animal fat).• Exercise.• Medication if appropriate .

• Stress management.• Stop smoking.

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Cardiac Chain of Survival

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Cardiac chain of survival To save lives of cardiac arrest victims, CPR foundation created the concept of cardiac chain of survival:

1-Early recognition and access to EMS :

Recognize victim whose heart has stopped, call EMS.

2-Early bystander CPR :

To keep the brain and other vital organs alive

3-Early defibrillation :

AED can help get the heart beating normally after cardiac arrest .

4-Early advanced care :

The sooner the victim is treated by emergency care professionals, the better chance for survival .

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The need of CPR

1. Heart attack or other heart diseases.

2. Drowning.

3. Suffocation.

4. Stroke.

5. Allergic reaction.

6. Diabetic emergency.

7. Prolonged seizures(like asthma attack ).

8. Drug overdose.

9. Electric shock.

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Deference between CPR and rescue breaths (RB)

• Rescue breaths are given to oxygenate the blood of someone who has respiratory arrest but still has pulse.

• While CPR is to oxygenate blood and circulate it to vital organs by chest compression(cardiac and respiratory arrest).

• However, since people often have difficulty detecting the pulse, CPR must be used in both.

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CPR Technique

1. Hand position on the chest bone midway between the nipples.

2. Compress the chest hard and fast at a rate of 100 per minute. 1.5-2 inches deep.

in child 1/3-1/2 the depth of the chest.

3. Alternate compression to give rescue breaths by the rate (1/5) if two rescuers and (2/30) if one.

4. If you cannot give rescue breaths, you should still give chest compression. This gives the victim better chance to survive than doing nothing .

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Check response

Shake shoulders gently

Ask “Are you all right?”

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Shout for help

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Check breathing

Look, listen and feel for Normal Breathing

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Open Airway

Open airway and determine if the victim is not breathing normally

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2 rescue breaths

1) Pinch the nose . 2) Take a normal breath . 3) Place lips over mouth . 4) Blow until the chest rises . 5) Take about 1 second . 6) Allow chest to fall . 7) Repeat .

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30 chest compression

• Place the heel of one hand in the centre of the chest .

• Place other hand on top

• Interlock fingers .

• Compress the chest

– Rate 100 /min.

– Depth 4-5 cm .

– Equal compression and relaxation

• When possible change CPR operator every 2 min

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Continue cycles of 30 compression and 2 breaths

2 30

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Continue CPR until …

• Victim begins to move.

• AED is brought to the scene and ready to use.

• Professional help arrives.

• You are exhausted.

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IF VICTIM STARTS TO BREATHE NORMALLY PLACE HIM IN RECOVERY POSITION

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CPR IN CHILDREN

• Adult CPR techniques can be used in children.

• Compressions 1/3 of the depth of the chest.

• Compressions done with one hand.

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Alert…

If victim vomits while doing CPR: put him on his side to clear vomiting then continue CPR.

Don’t give compressions over the bottom tip of the chestbone.

Keep your elbows straight and keep your hand in contact with the chest wall.

Compress the chest hard and fast.

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Thank You

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