Basic Hematology
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Transcript of Basic Hematology
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SYED BASHEER UDDIN
BASIC HEMATOLGYPRESENTED BY
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WHAT IS HAEMATOLOGY ?Is the branch of biology, concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.
WHAT IS BLOOD ?Is a specialized bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
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BLOOD components
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COMPLETE BLOOD PICTURE
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RED BLOOD CELLS also known as erythrocytes. mature red blood cells are
flexible biconcave disks. has a disk diameter of 6–8
µm and a thickness of 2 µm. Male: 4.50–6.50 x 106/µL Female: 3.80–4.80 x 106/µL Life span:- 120 days.
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RED BLOOD CELL INDICES:-
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)o Is the average size of a red blood cell and is calculated by dividing the
hematocrit (Hct) by the red blood cell count.
Normal range: 76 - 96 fLMean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) Is the average amount of hemoglobin (Hb) per red blood cell and is
calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the red blood cell count.
Normal range: 27-31 pg/cell.Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Is the average concentration of hemoglobin in the given volume of
packed red blood cells and is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the hematocrit.
Normal range: 33-37 g/dL.
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PLATELET (Thrombocytes)
are small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA)
Diameter :- 2–3 µm . Life span:- 7 – 14 days. Thrombocytosis: elevated
platelet count > 4.5 lakhs. Causes: infection, malignancy,
inflammatory disease. Deep venous thrombosis. Thrombocytopenia : decreased
platelet count < 1.5 lakhs. Causes: bone marrow
dysfunction, malignancy, auto-immune response, medication, chemotherapy.
Haemophilia
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HEMOGLOBIN Is the iron-containing oxygen-transport
metalloprotein in the red blood cells. Male:- 13.0 – 17.0 g/dL Female:- 12.0 – 15.0 g/dL Childerns:- 11.5 – 15.5 g/dL Increased Hemoglobin :-Polycythemia Decreased Hemoglobin :- Anemia
Hematocrit:-is the percentage (%) of the concentration of red blood cells in blood.Male:- 42.0 – 52.0%, Female :-37.0 – 47.0 %
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White blood cells ( Leukocytes)
Definition: blood cells that fight infection. Ref. ranges: 4.0 – 11.0 x 103
Increased = leukocytosisDecreased = leukopenia.Sub-divided into two categories viz. Granulocytes.Agranulocytes
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NEUTROPHIL (GRANULOCYTE)
Characteristic Functions:- Primary defense against bacterial
infection◦ Phagocytizes and digests
microorganisms.Morphology on Blood Smear:
◦ Granulocyte with neutral staining.◦ Nucleus with 3 to 5 lobes
connected by thin chromatin,◦ Cytoplasm with fine granules.Average diameter : 12-15 µm.
Normal range: 45-75%.
Increased: - neutrophilia.Cause: pyogenic bacterial infection.Decreased:- neutropenia.Cause: Vitamin B12 & folate deficiency,
blood cancer etc..
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EOSINOPHIL(GRANULOCYTE)
Characteristic Functions: Response to Allergic and Parasitic
InfectionMorphology on Blood Smear:
◦ Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin.
◦ cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.
Average diameter: 12-17 µmNormal Range: 2 - 6%.Increased: . eosinophilia. Cause: asthama, hypersensitivity
reaction.Decreased : eosinopenia. Cause: alcohol intoxication, over
production of steroids in body (Cortisols).
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BASOPHIL(GRANULOCYTE)
Characteristic Functions: Play a role in parasitic infections
and allergies.Morphology on Blood Smear:o contain large cytoplasmic
granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope.
o when unstained, the nucleus is visible and it usually has 2 lobes.
Average diameter: 10 – 14 µm.Normal range: 0 – 1 %.Increased: basophilia.Cause: chronic myeloid leukemia.Decreased:- : basopenia.Causes: Hyperthyroidism,
pregnancy, irradiation etc..
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MONOCYTECharacteristic Functions: Phagocytizes dead or damaged cells
◦ Monocytes move into tissue and become Macrophages
◦ Macrophages directly perform the phagocytosis
Morphology on Blood smear:◦ Mononuclear Leukocyte ◦ Slightly larger than a
Lymphocyte◦ Kidney shaped nucleus
Average diameter: 10 - 30 µm.Normal Range: 2-8% of White Blood
Cells.Increased : Monocytosis
Cause: tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid & Kala azar.
Decreased: MonocytopeniaCause: Aplastic anemia, Lymphocytic
Anemia, Glucocorticoids.
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LYMPHOCYTECharacteristic Functions: Primary source of viral defense and
AntibodyMorphology on Blood Smear : Mononuclear Leukocytes Small cells with minimal cytoplasm.Average diameter: 6- 15 µm. Normal Range: 20 – 45 %. Increased : lymphocytosis.Cause: viral infection, leukemia, bone
marrow cancer, radiation therapy etc..
Decreased: lymphocytopenia .Cause: acute stages of infection, excess
irritation etc..
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INTERPRETATION
Type of Cell Increase Decrease
Red Blood Cell (RBC)
Erythrocytosis or Polycythemia
Anemia or erythroblastopenia
White Blood Cells (WBC): leukocytosis Leukopenia
Lymphocytes lymphocytosis lymphocytopenia
Granulocytes Granulocytosis Granulocytopenia or agranulocytosi s
Neutrophils Neutrophilia neutropeniaEosinophils Eosinophilia Eosinopenia Basophils Basophilia Basopenia Platelets Thrombocytosis Thrombocytopenia All cell lines - Pancytopenia
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THANK YOU !!!
Syed Basheer uddin