Basic Grammar for 7,8&9
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Transcript of Basic Grammar for 7,8&9
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Present simple
DefinitionThe present simple is used for:
and a) permanent or long-term situations
Usage b) facts
c) habits
d) feelings
e) timetables and schedules
Time Line past now future
Examples a) I work for Marks Electronics.
b) Water boils at 100C.
c) Do you smoke?
d) She doesnt like long meetings.
e) The meeting starts at 8:30.
Form We add an "-s" to the 3rd person singular form (he, she, it)
I/ you/ we/ they work
he/ she/ it works
And use do/does as a helping verb in negative sentences and questions
Present continuous
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DefinitionThis tense is used for actions
and a) for an action happening now
Usage b) future plans and arrangements
Time Line past now future
FormTo form the present continuous use am/ is/ are + verb + -ing.
To build questions change the word order and put the verb
am/ is/ are before the subject.
Examples a) Dont disturb me! I am working on a report.
b) Hes meeting the CEO next month.
c)What are you working on?
Add a "not" after am/ is/ are to build a negative sentence.
Example We are not working on any projects at the moment.
Present Perfect
Definition Present perfect tense is used for
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anda) giving news of recent events
Usage b) past actions with results in the present
c) life experience
d) unfinished actions
Time Linepast now future
Form To form the present perfect, we use has (for he, she, it) orhave (for I,
you,
we, they) +past participle (the third form of the verb).
Examples a) The temperature has increased this year.
b) We havent achieved our objectives.
c) Hes visited all the European countries.
d) Weve been in business for 25 years.
In questions, the word order changes so thathave orhas comes before the
subject.
Example How long have you been here?
You add a not afterhave orhas to make a negative sentence.
Example We have not met before.
PAST
Past simple
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Definition We use the simple past for a finished action which happened
and in the past.
Usage
Time Line past now future
Form Regular verbs are put into the past simple by adding an -ed at the end of
the verb. Irregular verbs change form.
Regular verbs Irregular verbs
walk walkedbuy bought
work workedteach taught
carry carriedcome came
plan plannedthrow threw
Examples a) I watched TV last night.
b) How long did you work on the presentation last week?
c) They bought a new house last year.
We use did not (didnt) to build negative sentences and did to ask
questions.
Examples a)The company didnt get the contract.
b)He didnt come to the party.
c) When did you arrive?
Past continuous
DefinitionThis tense is used to talk about
and a) an action in progress at a point in time
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Examples b) an interrupted action
c) an action in progress for a period
Form For positive sentences we use was (for he, she, it) or were (for I, you, we,
they) + verb + ing
Examples a) I was working on the presentation at 10.00 yesterday morning.
b) We were having a meeting with our suppliers when you rang.
c) I was cleaning the house all morning yesterday.
In example b) the past continuous is used for the interrupted action, which lasts
longer and
past simple for the action which interrupts the first one.
Negative sentences are built by adding a not:
was/were + not + verb + ing
Questions are was/were + subject + verb + ing
Examples She wasnt paying any attention.
Were you talking on the phone when I walked in?
Past perfect
Definition When two things happen in the past we use the past perfect
and for the first action (A1) and the simple past for the second
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Usage one (A2) to show the sequence of events.
Time Line past now future
A1 A2
past perfect past simple
Form Past perfect is had + past participle
in negative sentences had + not + past participle
in questions had + subject + past participle
Examples a) She had already attended two computer courses before she joined
the
company.
b) After we had carried out a market survey, we started planning our
marketing strategy
c) I met John yesterday. We hadnt (had not) seen each other for a very long
time.
d) Had you heard about her before you met her?
It is also possible to use only the simple past tense in both
After we carried out a marketing survey, we started planning our marketing
strategy.
FUTURE
There are four different ways of talking about the future:
a)Present simple for timetables and schedules
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The plane takes off at 9:45 tomorrow morning.
b)Present continuous for arrangements
Hes making the presentation next month.
c) am/ is /are + going to + verb for arrangements and planned actions
He is going to make the presentation next month.
d) will + verb for decisions made at the moment of speaking about future
actions
a) The washing machine isnt working.
b) Ill (will) repair it tomorrow.
We usually use will for future predictions.
Robert will win the race.
We use going to + verb if there is something in the present situation which
shows what
the future will be like:
Marie is studying very hard. Shes going to pass her exams.
PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS ?
The present simple is used forpermanent situations.
People often make the mistake of saying:
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"I am working for Marks Electronics" - This is WRONG!
We use the present continuous to talk about temporary situations.
So the correct way of saying this sentence would be (using the present simple):
"I work for Marks Electronics"
The present continuous is often used for current projects, for example:
"We are installing a new computer system."
PAST SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect is used for an action which has some connection to the
past:
We have achieved many of our objectives this year.
This year started in the past but is not finished yet. Dont make the mistake of
saying:
We have achieved many of our objectives last year.
Last year is finished time. We use the past simple with finished time, so:
We achieved a lotlast year.
with present perfect: with past simple:
today yesterday
this week last week
this month last month
this year last year
SECTION 2: MODAL VERBS
These are the modal verbs:
can could might shall should ought will would must have to
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These verbs are always the first word in a verb group (i.e. could be done).There
is not an
-sending in the 3rd person singular
she can play the piano.
Questions and negatives are formed without do. Except for ought and need,
they are
followed by a basic form of the verb.
Can you give me a hand?
Possibility
a) You use can to say that something is possible.
He can cause problems.
b) You use could, may, might to say that you are not certain if something is
possible, but
you think it is:
That could be right.
He might come.
They may call us.
Ability
a) You use can to talk about ability in the present and in the future:
I can play the piano.
He can learn to write.
b) You use could to talk about ability in the past:
He could run faster than anybody else.
Modal Verbs Continued
Permission
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a) You use can, could, may to give or to ask for permission
Can I ask a question?
Could I interrupt?
b) Can is used for asking permission in a simple or direct way.
Could is more polite. May is more formal.
May I smoke?
Obligation, Necessity and Advice
You use have to, must, mustnt to talk about obligation and necessity.
a) You say have to when you give information about what someone else
considers to be
an obligation or necessary.
You have to go to the dentist twice a year.
b) You use must to talk about your own opinion.
We must go now.
c) You use must not to say it is important something is not done or does not
happen:
You mustnt smoke.
d) had to is the past of have to and must
I have to go to the dentist tomorrow.
I had to go to the dentist yesterday.
I must write him a letter.
I had to write him a letter.
You use should and ought to to talk about mild obligation, that is when you are
talking
about what is the right or a good thing to do or you give advice:
You use not have to to say that it is not necessary to do something (compare to
must not)
SECTION 3: THE PASSIVE
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The passive is used to describe actions without saying who does them. It is often
used to
describe processes. The subject of the passive sentence is the object of the
active
sentence.
active sentence Daniella mails the letters in the afternoon.
passive sentence The letters are mailed in the afternoon.
The basic form of the passive is: be + past participle (the third form of the
verb). But the
form ofbe depends on the tense you use, for example:
is done or was done
Changes to the basic form for different tenses are:
Present simple am/ is/ are + past participle
The cards are organised alphabetically
Present continuous am/ is/ are + being + past participle
The books are being sorted out.
Present perfect has/have + been + past participle
The police have been notified by us.
Past simple was/ were + past participle
The meeting was held in the big conference room.
Past continuous was/ were + past participle
I didnt have my car yesterday. It was being repaired.
Past perfect had+ been +past participle
The tree had been blown down by the storm.
Modal verbs modal verb + be + past participle
The damage can be repaired.
In passive sentences, you use by+ noun or pronoun to say who did the action,
but often
this is not necessary.
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SECTION 4: CONDITIONALS
Usage:
There are four kinds of conditional sentences:
0. Conditional for giving instructions and stating facts.
I. Conditional for talking about future possibilities.
II. Conditional for speaking about hypothetical situations.
III. Conditional for hypothetical situations in the past.
Forms
The conditional sentence consists of two clauses:
The main clause can come before or after the if clause.
In the second case, it is connected to the if clause with a comma.
The tenses in the conditionals are as follows:
0. Conditional: If + present simple, present simple.
If you are not busy, come into my office.
I Conditional: If + present simple, will + infinitive.
I will give her your love if I see her.
II. Conditional: If + past simple, would + infinitive.
If they offered me a job, I would accept it.
III. Conditional: If + past perfect, would + have + present perfect.
I would have called you if I had known you were ill.
SECTION 5: GERUND OR INFINITIVE
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If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually
verb + to + infinitive.
agree decide learn promise
dare manage refuse tend
arrange fail offer seem
appear hope pretend
We decided to wait.
They arranged to meet next week.
If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually
verb + ing.
admit delay fancy involve postpone risk
avoid deny finish mind practice suggest
consider enjoy imagine miss regret
I enjoy going out with friends.
He denied driving too fast.
You can use an infinitive or a gerundwith these verbs without any changesto the
meaning.
attempt continue intend love start
begin hate like prefer
I started working or I started to work.
You can use an infinitive or a gerundwith these verbs but the meaning
changes:
SECTION 6: MAKE OR DO
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You use make for a constructive or creative action.
make a decision
You use do with unspecified actions.
do a favor
Things you do:
a favor homework/some work
damage /ones best
research business
something/anything you like
Examples:Can you do me a favor?
We dont do business with them anymore.
Things you make:
a profit/ an offer /a phone call/ a choice/ an effort
enquiries/ a mistake/ money/ a complaint /a suggestion
a joke/ a loss/ progress/ decision/ friends
excuses /an appointment
Examples: Some people find it hard to make a decision.
Catherine made some suggestions at the beginning of the meeting.
II. NOUNS AND DETERMINERS
A noun is a word used for a person, a thing, an idea or a feeling, for example:
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Janet
radio
love
A determiner is a word used before a noun; for example:
much
both
a
COUNTABLE NOUNS AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns are nouns we can count. They have a singular and a pluralform.
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Singular countable nouns take a singular verb and plural countable nouns take a
plural
verb.
Some examples of countable nouns are:
fact The facts are clear.
tool That tool is for cutting wood.
machine The machine has just broken down.
Note that we use "a", "an" and numbers with countable nouns:
a car two cars
Uncountable nouns have only one form and take a singular verb. They usually
refer to
things which we dont see as separate objects.
food , Food is expensive these days.
Water, Water is on the table.
Research, Research is important.
Do not use "a", "an", or numbers with these nouns.
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Some nouns can be countable or uncountable
time
experience
currency
We spent a lot of time on this project.
How many times have you been to Italy?
Cal has a lot of experience.
It was an interesting experience.
PLURALS
You add "-s" to form the plural of most nouns:
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apple apples
table tables
You add "-es" to nouns ending in "-ss", "-ch", "-s", "-sh", or "x":
glass glasses brush brushes
watch watches fox foxes
gas gases
You add an "-s" to some nouns ending in "-o" and an "-es" to others:
piano pianos
potato potatoes
Nouns ending in a consonant + "-y" change to "-ies":
country countries
party parties
The plural of some nouns is irregular:
child children half halves foot feet
man men knife knives tooth teeth
woman women thief thieves
COLLECTIVE NOUNS: TEAM IS OR TEAM ARE
With some nouns that refer to a group of people or things, the same form can beused with
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singular or plural verbs; for example:
company audience government group staff
team media public press
The staff is waiting.
The press are here.
MUCH,MANY OR A LOT OF
You use a lot of for both countable and uncountable nouns.
a lot of money a lot of books
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You use a in front of a word that begins with a consonant.
a book
You use an in front of a vowel and a silent h
an apple
an honest person
You dont use an in front of words that begin with eu or u if the first sound
is
pronounced /yoo/:
a university
a European capital
The is the definite article. It is used in front of nouns to specify which person
or thing is
being talked about:
The book you gave me was very good.
Do not use it to make general statements.
People are good.
But you use it when you talk about something in particular.
The people at the party were very nice.
Use the with countries that have plural nouns as their names or have a
Kingdom,
Republic, States or Union in their name:
the Philippines
the Czech Republic
Usethe also with regions of the world, or of a country, that include north,
south, east
or west
the Middle East
the north of England
Use the with names of mountain ranges, groups of islands, rivers and seas
the Alps, the Bahamas
III. ADJECTIVES
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Adjectives are words that give more information about nouns; for example:
good a good book
small a small problem
young a young person
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
Sometimes we use more than one adjective to describe a person or thing. In
these
situations, we have to pay attention which adjective comes first. The order of
adjectives is
as follows:
size shape age color nationality material
a small round table
a brown wooden table
an old French table
There are adjectives that give an opinion of someone or something, for
example:
nice beautiful horrible ugly
These adjectives come before the descriptive adjectives:
a beautiful old wooden table
a nice English lady
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ADJECTIVES WITH "-ING" or "-ED"
You use many ingadjectives to describe the effect something has on your
feelings.
an interesting movie
This means that the movie interests you.
Manyedadjectives describe peoples feelings:
I was interested.
Compare:
1) It was an interesting movie.
I was interested.
2) Johns presentation was boring.
I was bored.
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IV. ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that give information about when, how, where or in what
circumstances
something happens:
We do not use adverbs but adjectives after these verbs:
be feel smell taste sound seem look
ADVERBS OF MANNER
Most of these adverbs are formed by adding "-ly" to the end of the adjective:
quick quickly
beautiful beautifully
easy easily
Sometimes the adverbs have the same form as the adjective:
fast hard late early
When comparing two things or people, these adverbs follow the same rules as
the
adjectives.
He began to walk faster than before.
Note that the adverb ofgoodis well.
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
You use adverbs of frequency to say how often something happens.
always (100% of the time), usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes,
occasionally, rarely, hardly ever, never (0% of the time).