HSSEQ DivisionFirst Aid Services Section

BASIC FIRST AID & CPR TRAINING

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Outline First Aid Aims of First aidScene Survey CPR Heart attack StrokeCommon First Aid cases

First Aid What Is First Aid?

The immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill person.

Why learning First Aid?There are three main aims of first aid:Preserve(safe) life: by carrying out emergency first aid procedures (for example, opening a casualty’s airway or performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation).Prevent deterioration: to prevent the casualty’s condition from getting worst. For example ask casualty not to move to prevent movement of possible fractures.Promote recovery: by arranging prompt emergency medical help. In addition, simple first aid can significantly affect the long-term recovery of an injury. For example, quickly cooling a burn will reduce the risk of long term scarring.

Scene Survey (Safety First) When confronted with an accident or

illness any where, it is important to assess the situation to determine what kind of emergency situation you are dealing with, for your safety, the victim’s safety and others.

Do a quick survey of the scene that includes looking for three elements:Hazards that could be dangerous to you, the

victim, or bystanders.The cause (mechanism) of the injury or illness.The number of victims.

Note: This survey should only take a few seconds.

CPRWhat is CPR? C: Cardiac (heart) P: Pulmonary (lungs) R: Resuscitation (revive, animation)

Heart

Lungs

When & why we do CPR?We do CPR when we find someone’s heart

stop beating which is called “cardiac arrest”

Cardiac arrest is not the same as a heart attack

Cardiac arrest Heart attack

Cardiac arrest occurs when electrical impulses in the heart become rapid or chaotic, which causes the heart to suddenly stop beating.

Heart attack occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is blocked

The purpose of CPR is to keep oxygenated blood flowing around the body to keep the vital organs alive.

CPR itself will not restart someone’s heart, it just keeps them alive until a defibrillator arrives. A defibrillator is a device which delivers an electrical shock to the heart to restart it.

(only used by authorized person)

CPR

Adult CPRCheck response (Tap & shout)

No

Shout for help, call or send

someone to call 998/999

21

3

Look for no breathing or only gasping

(not more than 10 second)

Placed your hands to the middle of the chest- Start chest compression- push hard and fast-Give 30 compression

Open the airway and give 2 breaths

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5

6

Correct body position to perform CPR (Adult)

1. Kneeling beside the person’s upper chest, placing your hands in the correct position.

2. Keep your arms and elbows as straight as possible so that your shoulders are directly over your hands. 

3. Compressing the person’s chest straight down will help you reach the necessary depth. Using the correct body position also will be less tiring for you.

Correct hand positions during CPR (Adult)

1. placing the heel of one hand at the center of his or her chest. 

2. Place your other hand directly on top of the first hand and try to keep your fingers off of the chest by interlacing them or holding them upward.

If you have arthritis in your hands, you can give compressions by grasping the wrist of the hand positioned on the chest with your other hand

How to open airway?

Tongue backward, airway block

How to open airway?1. Move the patient to his/ her back. Position the head so that it faces upwards.

2. Tilt the victim's head backwards, opening all the airways so you'll be able to force air into the lungs. The patient's head should be tilted into the "sniffing" position.

3. Position the patient's jaw so that the mouth is opened. Perform a "chin lift" to pull the jaw forward so the mouth falls open

- What if I am scared to give breaths? Just keep going with chest compression.

- How does the victim get oxygen with Chest Compression Only?

When someone’s heart has stopped, blood is no longer

circulated through the body and therefore hardly any of the

oxygen in the blood is used. The person was breathing normally

only seconds ago, so their blood contains enough oxygen to tide

them over for several minutes. However, it is crucial to deliver

blood and oxygen to the brain by performing chest

compressions continuously.

Your hands become their heart and each chest compression becomes their heart beat. Performing adequate chest compressions also increases the likelihood that the patient will gasp or continue to gasp, allowing the lungs to obtain fresh oxygen.

Recovery Position 1. Place the person’s arm that is nearest you at a right angle to their body, so it is bent at the elbow with the hand pointing upwards. This will keep it out of the way when you roll victim over. 2. Gently pick up the

other hand with your palm and place the back of victim hand onto the opposite cheek. Keep your hand there to guide and support victim’s head as you roll him/her.

3. Use your other arm to reach across to the person’s knee that is furthest from you, and pull it up so that leg is bent and foot is flat on the floor

4. Gently pull victim’s knee towards you so he/she roll over onto the side, facing you. Victim’s body weight should help him/her to roll over quite easily.

5. Move the bent leg that is nearest to you, in front of their body so that it is resting on the floor. This position will help to balance them.

6. Gently raise victim’s chin to tilt head back slightly, as this will open up airway and help to breathe. Check that nothing is blocking the airway. If there is an obstruction, such as food in mouth, remove it if you can do so safely. Stay with victim until medical help arrives.

Practice SessionAdult CPR

Heart attack

A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is blocked

This happens because coronary arteries that supply the heart with blood can slowly become thicker and harder from a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances, called plaque.

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2 3

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Warning signs for heart attackChest pain or discomfort radiated to

neck and/ or left shoulder. Shortness of breath Light headache and sweating

Stroke

A stroke is a condition in which the brain cells suddenly die because of a lack of oxygen.

A stroke can be caused by an obstruction in the blood flow which called Ischemic stroke, or the rupture of an artery that feeds the brain which called Hemorrhagic stroke.

Stroke

Ischemic stroke Hemorrhagic stroke

The sudden signs of stroke F.A.S.T. is an easy way to remember the

sudden signs of stroke

F Face Drooping – Does one side of the face droop or is it numb? Ask the person to smile. Is the person's smile uneven?

S Speech Difficulty – Is speech slurred? Is the person unable to speak or hard to understand? Ask the person to repeat a simple sentence, like "The sky is blue." Is the sentence repeated correctly?T

A Arm Weakness/ drift – Is one arm weak or numb? Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?

Time to call 999 If someone shows any of these symptoms, even if the symptoms go away, call 999 and get the person to the hospital immediately. Check the time so you'll know when the first symptoms appeared

First Aid cases:Choking Choking is respiratory distress that occurs

when the airway is partially or totally obstructed (blocked) by the foreign body.

In adults, a piece of food often is the cause. Young children often swallow small objects.

HOW TO RECOGNIZE choking?The universal sign for choking is hands clutched to the neck. If the person doesn't give the signal, look for these indications:

Inability to talkDifficulty breathing or noisy breathingInability to cough forcefullySkin, lips and nails turning blue or duskyLoss of consciousness

COMMON SIGNS OF CHOKING

Clutch neck

Blueness of lip/nail

Choking in Adult and Child (clearing airway)Mild choking in adults and children over one

year oldIf the airway is only partly blocked, the person will

usually be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe. In this case an adult or child over one year old will usually be able to clear the blockage themselves.

To help with mild choking:Encourage the person to keep coughing to try

and clear the blockage. Remove any obvious blockage from their mouth,

using your first two fingers and thumb to grasp the object. (only if it’s near and you can see it)

Severe choking in adults and children over one year old

Where choking is severe, the person will not be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe. Without help, they will eventually become unconscious.

To help an adult or child over one year old who is choking severely:

1. Stand behind the person. Wrap your arms around the waist. Tip the person forward slightly.

2 3

If someone has severe bleeding, the main aim is to prevent further loss of blood and minimize the effects of shock.

First, dial 999 and ask for an ambulance as soon as possible.

If you have disposable gloves, then use them to reduce the risk of any infection being passed on.

First Aid cases:Bleeding

Bleeding…Check that there is nothing embedded in

the wound. If there is, take care not to press down on the object. Instead, press firmly on either side of the object and build up padding around it before bandaging to avoid putting pressure on the object itself. If there is nothing embedded:

Apply and maintain pressure to the wound with your hand, using a clean pad if possible.

Bleeding…Use a clean dressing to bandage the wound firmly. If the wound is on a limb and there are no fractures, raise the limb to decrease the flow of blood.

If bleeding continues through the pad then apply another pad over the top and bandage it in place. Do not remove the original pad or bandage.

If a body part has been cut off, such as a finger, do not put it in direct contact with ice. Wrap it in a plastic bag, then wrap it in a soft material and keep it cool. Once it is wrapped, if possible, place the cut off body part in crushed ice.

Always seek medical help for the bleeding unless it is minor. If someone has a nosebleed that has not stopped after 20 minutes, go to the nearest hospital's accident and emergency  department.

Bleeding…

Bleeding…Treating a nosebleedTo stop a nosebleed:sit down, lean forward and firmly pinch

the soft part of your nasal cavity, just above your nostrils

breathe through your mouth, maintain the pressure on your nose for up to 10 minutes.

place a covered ice pack on the bridge of your nose

avoid blowing your nose, bending down and strenuous activity for at least 12 hours after a nosebleed; try to keep your head up.

Bleeding…

First Aid cases:Burn and scalds

In the event of a burn or scald:Cool the burn as quickly as possible with

cold (but not ice-cold) running water for a minimum of 10 minutes or until the pain is relieved.

While cooling the burn, carefully remove any clothing or jewelry, unless

it is attached to the skin.

First Aid cases:Burn and scalds

Cover the burn by use a sterile dressing or gauze then bandage but do not tight it

(if burn cream available apply it before covering)

Burn and scalds..

Do not put toothpaste , lotions or sprays on the burn.

Keep the person warm using a blanket or layers of clothing (avoiding the injured area) to prevent hypothermia (low body temperature). This is a risk if you are cooling a large burnt area, particularly in

babies, children and elderly people. 

Burn and scalds…

Call 999/998 or seek medical help if necessary.

For chemical burns, wear protective gloves, remove any clothing affected, brush the chemical off the skin if it is a powder and rinse the burn with cold running water for a minimum of 20 minutes. If possible, determine what has caused the injury.

Burn and scalds…

Poisoning is potentially life threatening. Most cases of poisoning occur when a person has swallowed a toxic substance such as bleach, an overdose of a prescription drug or eaten wild plants and fungi. 

If you think someone has swallowed a poisonous substance, call 999 /998 to get immediate medical help.

First Aid cases:Poisoning

Poisoning…The effects of poisoning depend on the

substance swallowed but can include vomiting, loss of consciousness, pain or a burning sensation

Find out what has been swallowed so you can tell the paramedic or doctor.

Do not give the person anything to eat or drink. Never try to cause vomiting.  Stay with the person as their condition may get

worse and they could become unconscious.

If the person is unconscious, while you wait for help:

Make sure the airway is open and he/she is breathing. You open the airway by gently tilting the head back and lifting the chin to move the tongue away from the back of the mouth.

If victim is breathing, turn him/her into the recovery position, preferably with head down so any vomit can escape without being swallowed or inhaled.

If victim is not breathing, perform CPR until start breathing or medical help arrives.

Poisoning…

Anaphylactic shock

Anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic shock) is a severe and serious allergic reaction that can occur after an insect sting or after a person eats certain foods or medication. The reaction can be very fast, happening within seconds or minutes of contact with the thing a person is allergic to.

During anaphylactic shock, a person may find it difficult to breathe and their tongue and throat may also swell, obstructing their airway.

If you suspect a person is experiencing anaphylactic shock, call 999 or 998 immediately .

Check if the person is carrying any medication. Some people who know they have severe allergies may carry an adrenaline injector, which is a type of pre-loaded syringe.

Anaphylactic shock…

Things you should not do:Don’t cut and suck the wound.Don’t apply an arterial tourniquet. Don’t cool the area of the bite.Don’t try to catch the snake, we don’t

want another victim.

First Aid cases:Snake bite

Snake biteTreatment of snake bite:Immediately have the victim lie flat without moving. Apply a tight bandage over bitten limb.Immobilize the bitten limb, using a splint if possible and position it below the level of the heart.Get victim to hospital urgently, lying flat.If possible try to get the description of the snake.

Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system fails and, as a result, deprives the vital organs of oxygen. This is usually due to severe blood loss, but it can also happen after severe burns, severe vomiting, a heart attack, bacterial infection or severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).

Note: bleeding can be internal

First Aid cases:Shock

In the case of a serious injury or illness, it is important to watch for signs of shock which include:

pale, cold, clammy skin sweating rapid, shallow breathing weakness and dizziness feeling sick and possibly vomiting thirst sighing

Shock…

Shock… Call 999/998Lay the victim downCoverElevate feetDo not give anything to drink.Monitor the person. If stop breathing start CPR.

Don’t touch! Turn mine power off Call 999 Remove person from live wire Check for breathing, if no breathing start CPR

First Aid cases:Electrical shock

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Is a break or crack in the bone caused by a powerful force.

It can be difficult to tell if a person has a broken bone, or a joint or muscle injury. If you're in any doubt, treat the injury as a broken bone.

If the person is unconscious, has difficulty breathing or is bleeding severely, these must be dealt with first.

First Aid cases:Fracture

If the person is conscious, prevent any further pain or damage by keeping the injury still until you get victim safely to hospital.

Assess the injury and decide the best way to get victim to hospital.

If they have a broken finger or arm, you may be able to drive them yourself without causing more harm.

Fracture…

If victim have a broken leg, do not move the him/her but keep them in the position you found in.

Support the injured part with anything you have handy, for example rolled up blankets or clothes. Call for an ambulance.

If you suspect injured or broken spine (back) do not move victim and call for an ambulance.

Fracture

• A faint is a brief and sudden loss of consciousness, normally due to a reduction in the blood flow to the brain. Normally, a faint results in a person falling to the floor.

• Generally once a person has fainted and fallen to the floor, they regain consciousness very quickly. This is because when lying down, the heart finds it easier to pump blood to the brain

as it isn’t working against gravity.

First Aid cases:Fainting

Fainting Raise the legs to improve the blood supply to the brain. If the person fallen, check for any injuries such as fractures. Once victim recover, help him/her sit up gradually. Don’t let the casualty stand up straight away as he/she may just faint again!

If the casualty does not wake up, you should open the airway by tilting head backwards and check the breathing. If casualty breath, put into recovery position and call 999/998

It is a heat-related illness that can occur after the body have been exposed to high temperatures and loss of salt and water through excessive sweating.

First Aid cases:Heat exhaustion

Recognition:The most common signs and symptoms of

heat exhaustion include:Confusion, headache, dizzinessSweating with pale, clammy skinLoss of appetite and nauseaFaintingRapid heartbeat and breathing

What to do?Move to cool placeLay victim downElevate feetLoosen clothingGive fluidsApply cool compresses

Heat stroke Heatstroke occurs when the body fails to

regulate its own temperature and body temperature continues to rise.

Heat stroke….After calling 999/998, follow these first aid steps.Move the person into a cool place, out of direct

sunlight.Remove the person's unnecessary clothing, and

place the person on his or her side to expose as much skin surface to the air as possible.

Cool the person's entire body by sponging or spraying cool—not cold—water, and fan the person to lower the body temperature.

If the person is awake and alert enough to swallow, give the person fluids

Heat Stroke Vs Heat Exhaustion

Cooling, running water

Direct pressure

Elevate feet

Abdominal Thrust

CPR

Burn

Choking

Not breathing

Shock

Bleeding

Match the problem with the correct first-aid procedure.

Medical emergency can happen anytime. Assess safety first.Call for help when necessary.Act quickly and try to remain calm and do

not panic.Stabilize the situation until help arrives.

End of the course

Thank You

Questions?