Basic First Aid Guidelines and Principles Terry Slattery, ATC Instructor/Head Athletic Trainer...
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Transcript of Basic First Aid Guidelines and Principles Terry Slattery, ATC Instructor/Head Athletic Trainer...
Basic First Aid Guidelines and Principles
Terry Slattery, ATC
Instructor/Head Athletic Trainer
Theodore Roosevelt High School
Overview
Emergency Action StepsEmergency Action PlansRecognizing and Responding to an
EmergencyPrevention of Disease TransmissionBasic First Aid Skills
In any emergency or non-emergency situation, always follow the three Emergency Action Steps to help minimize the confusion and provide a structure for appropriate care
Emergency Action Steps
1. CHECK
2. CALL
3. CARE
• CHECK the scene:– Is it safe?
– What happened?
– How many people are involved?
– Is there immediate danger involved?
– Is anyone else available to help?
• CHECK for life-threatening conditions, such as:– Unconsciousness
– No breathing or trouble breathing
– No signs of life (breathing or movement)
– Severe bleeding
Emergency Action Steps - CHECK
CHECK the scene for safety CHECK the ill or injured person
Emergency Action Steps - CALL
• Land Line – Land line:
• Directly to local EMS dispatch
• Displays address to EMS
• Phone location and access
• Know how to access outside line
• Best option to use
• Cell Phone– Cell phone:
• Directly to least busy cell tower
• Answered by State Highway Patrol
• Transferred to local EMS
• Slight delay
CALL 9-1-1 or local emergency number When in doubt….CALL for help!
Calling for help is something anyone can do
Emergency Action Steps - CALL
EMS Dispatch Information1. Location?2. Telephone #?3. Caller’s name?4. What happened?5. How many victims?6. Victim(s) condition?7. Help being given?8. Answer dispatcher questions clearly and
concisely as possible
Notes:• Do not hang up first. Let EMS dispatcher tell you
when or leave phone off hook• Never assume 911 has been called• Assign bystanders clear directions
– AED, First Aid supplies– Meet EMS– Retrieve forms/info– Alert parents, admin, supervisor, etc– Crowd/scene control
Emergency Action Steps - CALL
• When to call 9-1-1 for an Adult (>12-yrs old): Incomplete listing Unconscious Trouble breathing or breathing in a strange way Not breathing No signs of circulation Persistent chest pain Severe bleeding that does not stop Deep burn to face and neck Pressure or pain in the abdomen that does not go away Vomiting blood or passing blood Multiple seizures or seizures that last longer than 5 minutes Possible head, neck or back injuries Apparent poisoning Broken bone with obvious deformity or broken thru skin Sudden severe headache or slurred speech
Emergency Action Steps - CALL
• When to call 9-1-1 for a Child or Infant (<12-yrs old) Sudden silence No breathing Difficulty breathing No signs of circulation Non-responsive to stimuli Upper torso deep burn Apparent poisoning
Call 9-1-1 if Fire or explosion Downed electrical lines Presence of poisonous gas Swiftly moving or rapidly rising water Motor vehicle accidents Persons who cannot be easily moved
Emergency Action Steps - CALL
Emergency Action Steps - CARE Care for the ill or injured person
• Do no further harm…do not move unless absolutely needed Act as a “reasonable, prudent, person” to the best of your
ability or training level• Good Samaritan Law• Obtain consent to help if conscious• Know expectations of your contract vs volunteer
Monitor the “ABCs” – Airway, Breathing and Circulation Protect yourself and others
• Follow universal precautions (gloves,barriers,hand washing, etc.)• OHSA Standards• For copy of OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (CFR
1910.1030) see link: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/hazards/bbp/bbp.html
A little education goes a long way!
Time for a 10 minute break!
CPR or UPS video clip here
Emergency Action Plan (EAP)• Must be structured, yet flexible enough to be easily
followed1. Posted
2. Practiced
3. Practical
• OSHA resources• http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/index.html
• http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/docs/eap_checklist.pdf
• Examples Roosevelt Athletics (Athletic Health Care)
Theodore Roosevelt High School
Kent City Schools
Transportation Services??
Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
Basic First Aid Skills
Checking an Ill or Injured Person– Conscious vs Unconscious– Adult vs Child or Infant– Head to Toe Assessment– Give Care
Basic First Aid Skills Recognizing and Caring for Shock
• Decrease of oxygenated blood to the vital organs of the body • Signals of Shock
• Restlessness/irritability
• Altered level of consciousness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Rapid breathing and pulse
• Pale or ashen, cool, moist skin
• Excessive thirst
• Care for Shock• 9-1-1
• Elevate legs 8-12” if no head, neck, back injury
• Maintain body temperature
• Do not give anything to eat or drink
Soft Tissue Injuries• Closed Wounds = PRICE = Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
• Contusions = bruise, protect
• Internal bleeding = vomit/pass blood, tender abdomen, EMS
• Open Wounds = Stop bleeding, sterile dressing, bandage, protect• Abrasion = clean, staph/MRSA issues
• Laceration = stitches or not?
• Avulsion = preserve avulsed area and transport with victim
• Puncture = do not remove item, easily infected
Basic First Aid Skills
Bleeding and Wound Care• Use a protective barrier (Universal Precautions)
• To stop/slow external bleeding1. Direct pressure
2. Elevation
3. Pressure point
4. Tourniquet (last resort)
• Wash/irrigate/clean wound if possible
• Cover wound with dressing and bandage
• Refer for proper medical care
Basic First Aid Skills
Burns• Can damage one or more layers of skin, fat, muscle, bone
• 1st degree = superficial, red skin
• 2nd degree = blisters
• 3rd degree = charred, black, deep
• Burn type and tx options • Heat = cool area with cold water, cover loosely with sterile dressing
• Chemical = flush with cool water
• Electrical = turn off power source, cover with sterile dressing, refer
• Radiation (sun) = remove from source, cool, cover lightly
• Lightning• Have a warning plan
• Do not rely on “flash-to-bang” method
Basic First Aid Skills
Bone and Joint Injuries• Fracture
• Obvious deformity = splint/keep in position found in, do not straighten
• No obvious deformity = error on side of caution, movement means nothing
• Open vs. Closed = thru skin or not
• Dislocation = completely out of joint, do not reduce, support
• Subluxation = popped out and then back in, support
• Sprain = stretch of ligament, PRICE, Dr. referral
• Strain = stretch of muscle/tendon, PRICE, Dr. referral
Basic First Aid Skills
Head, Neck and Back Injuries:• Always suspect there is head, neck, back injury
• Numbness or tingling in both arms or legs
• Partial or complete loss of strength and movement
• Care for:• Call EMS
• Do not move
• Stabilize head/neck in position found
• Monitor ABCs
Basic First Aid Skills
Heat-Related Emergencies• Heat Cramps = muscle spasm, dehydration, fluids
• Heat Exhaustion = cool, moist, pale skin, disoriented, electrolytes
• Heat Stroke = red, hot, dry skin, Medical Emergency
Cold-Related Emergencies• Hypothermia = body temp, apathy, weakness, warm body
• Frostbite = freezing of tissue cells, gradual warm, do not rub
Basic First Aid Skills
Sudden Illnesses• Fainting = treat for shock, quick recovery• Diabetic Emergency = hyper/hypo, tx as directed,
glucagon pen, fast absorbing sugar• Seizure = do not resist, protect head, let run course,
slow recovery, EMS if first one or >5 min.• Stroke = F.A.S.T. = Face, Arm, Speech, Time• Poisoning = 800-222-1222, collect bottle/substance• Allergic Reactions = Epi-pen, benydryl, EMS, ice• Asthma = inhaler, EMS
Basic First Aid Skills
Splinting• Splint in position found• Immobilize the joint above and below injury• Check distal circulation
• Anatomic splints = affix to another body part• Soft splints = pillow, folded blanket, sling• Rigid splints = vacuum, air, board, metal
Basic First Aid Skills
Basic First Aid Skills
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)• Function is to sustain circulation to vital organs
• New CPR standards (2006)• Simplified to be less intimidating to learn and/or perform
• No pulse check
• 30:2 compression/ventilation rate for Adult, Child, Infant (15:2 old)
• See chart for specifics
CPR Skill Comparison Chart
Skill Components Adult CPR Child CPR Infant CPR
Hand Position Two hands in center of chest (on lower ½ of
sternum)
One or two hands in center of chest (on lower
½ of sternum) dependant on victim
size
Two or three fingers on lower half of chest (one
finger width below nipple line)
Chest Compression Depth
1 ½” to 2” 1” to 1 ½” ½” to 1”
Breaths
Until the chest rises (full breath)
About 1 second per breath
Until the chest rises (less than full breath) About 1 second per
breath
Until the chest rises (less than full breath) About 1 second per
breath
Compression to Breath Cycle
30 compressions 2 breaths
30 compressions 2 breaths
30 compressions 2 breaths
Rate of Compressions
30 compressions in about 18 seconds
(100 compressions per minute)
30 compressions in about 18 seconds
(100 compressions per minute)
30 compressions in about 18 seconds
(100 compressions per minute)
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)• Device that analyzes the hearts electrical rhythm
• Sudden Cardiac Arrest vs Standard Heart Attack (MI)
• Public access = early defibrillation = > saves• 10% < chance of survival for every minute of not breathing, no circulation
• Precautions• Electrical conductors: water, metal, touch, etc.
• Most pads specific to adults (55 lbs/8 yrs/3rd grade)
• Easy to use• Open lid and follow directions
• Becoming “Expected Standard of Care” in public facilities
• If have AED must have policy/procedure/training protocols
Basic First Aid Skills
Common Sense RulesCheck – Call - Care
Act as a reasonable prudent person to the best of your training level
If conscious and breathing…do not move!
Follow your gut instinct!
Document everything you do!
Call 9-1-1 if any doubt
If you think it is wrong it probably is!