basic first aid

Basic First Aid for Medical Emergencies

© Business & Legal Reports, Inc. 1110

Session ObjectivesRecognize the benefits of obtaining first-aid

Identify proper procedures for a variety of medical emergencies

Assist in administering first aid when a co-worker is injured

Do no further harm


What is First Aid?

A measures to be taken immediately after an accident not with an idea to cure but in order to prevent further harm being done.


Goals of First Aid


Four Basic Rules

1. Call for help immediately2. Bring help to the victim4. Do no further harm3. Check the ABCs


This Action Plan is a vital aid to the first aider in assessing whether the victim has any life-threatening conditions and if any immediate first aid is necessary.

They are DRABC .

D - Check for DANGER To you To others To victim


R - Check RESPONSE Is victim conscious? Is victim unconscious?

A - Check AIRWAY Is airway clear of objects? Is airway open?


B - Check for BREATHING Is chest rising and falling? Can you hear victim's breathing? Can you feel the breath on your cheek?

C - Check for CIRCULATION Can you feel a pulse? Can you see any obvious signs of life?


Help! Emergency!

Minutes could make a

difference



After an accident, immediately move the victim to a comfortable position.

If a person is bleeding, use a tourniquet.

Signs of a heart attack include shortness of breath, anxiety, and perspiration.

All burns can be treated with first aid alone; no emergency medical attention is necessary.

Prequiz: True or False?


No Breathing


Administer CPR:• Lay the person on his or her back• Give chest compressions• Tilt head slightly• Breathe into the person’s mouth• Continue until EMS personnel arrive


Bleeding due to cuts,scrapes & puncture

• Stop the flow of blood

• Wear gloves• Cover the wound• Apply pressure• If a body part has

been amputated, put it on ice



- lay the victim down (fainting), elevate the bleeding area

- remove any obvious loose debris or dirt from a wound

- apply pads and bandages and maintain pressure

- if bleeding continues place another cloth over the first one

- Ask for medical assistance

First Aid, Institute of Nursing Theory and Practice

SEVERE BLEEDING

Marie Bártová

STEPS TO PREVENT SHOCK"- immobilize the injured body part - lay the victim flat- raise the feet about 12 inches- cover the victim with a coat or blanketDo not place the victim in this position if there has been a head, neck, back, or leg injury or if the position makes the victim uncomfortable. Get medical help as soon as possible.

Marie Bártová

Call immediately for emergency medical assistance if: - the bleeding can't be controlled, or is associated with a serious injury- the wound might need stitches- embedded gravel or dirt cannot be removed easily with gentle cleaning- internal bleeding or shock is suspected- signs of infection develop including increased pain, redness, swelling, discharge, swollen lymph nodes, fever, or red streaks spreading from the site toward the heart. (This is usually treated with topical or oral antibiotics. If untreated, an infection can cause a skin abscess or other complications.) - the injury involves an animal or human bite- you are not up-to-date on tetanus immunization (within 5-10 years).


Nosebleed

Nosebleeds are common. Most often they are a nuisance and not a true medical problem. But they can be both.


Nosebleed careSit upright and

lean forward. By remaining

upright, you reduce blood pressure in the veins of your nose. This discourages further bleeding. Sitting forward will help you avoid swallowing blood, which can irritate your stomach

ADULT

CHILDREN


Pinch your nose. Use your thumb

and index finger to pinch your nostrils shut. Breathe through your mouth. Continue to pinch for five to 10 minutes. Pinching sends pressure to the bleeding point on the nasal septum and often stops the flow of blood.

To prevent re-bleeding, don't pick or blow forcefully your nose and don't bend down for several hours after the bleeding episode. During this time remember to keep your head higher than the level of your heart.

If re-bleeding occurs, blow out gently to clear your nose of blood clots and spray both sides of your nose with a decongestant nasal spray containing oxymetazoline (Afrin, Mucinex Moisture Smart, others). Pinch your nose again as described and consult Doctor.


When to seek emergency care The bleeding lasts for more

than 20 minutes

The nosebleed follows an accident, a fall or an injury to your head, including a punch in the face that may have broken your nose


Eye Injuries• Splashes• Particles in eye• Blow to eye• Cuts near eye• Penetrating objects



Burns

• First-degree burns—Reddened, painful skin• Second-degree burns—Blistering• Third-degree burns—Charring, deep tissue damage



Electrical ShockDon’t touch!Turn power offCall 911Remove person from live wireCheck for breathing



Heatstroke• Immediately call 911 or

medical assistance• Cool the person down• Monitor


Do’s :•Lower the body temperature by removing/loosing the clothing or fanning the person.•Put ice pack or cold compresses to the neck, under the armpits and to the groin area.•Drink lots of fluid and those who perspire more should drink as much fluid as possible.•Stay away from places that are hot.•Monitor frequently


DislocationsA dislocation is a separation of the end of a bone and the joint it meets. Bones that touch in the joints sometimes separate when they are overstressed.

Causes of dislocations include:Injuries from contact sportsRheumatoid arthritisJoints weakened by previous injury


Common dislocation Finger elbow shoulder


Dislocations, like other joint injuries, are often best treated by R.I.C.E. (rest, ice, compression and elevation) during the first 24 to 48 hours after the injury.Rest. Rest the injured joint as much as possible.Ice. Place crushed ice in a plastic bag, wrap it in a towel and apply to injured area for 20 to 30 minutes. Repeat each hour until the swelling eases. Ice helps to reduce the bleeding, swelling and pain.Compression. Apply a snug, wet elastic bandage to the injured joint. Numbness, tingling or increased pain means the bandage is too tight.Elevation. Raise the injured ankle or knee above the level of the person's heart. Place it on a pillow, folded blanket or stack of newspapers.


Give the person acetaminophen, ibuprofen or naproxen sodium for pain according to the recommended dosage on the label. Do not give aspirin if there is any bleeding because aspirin is a mild blood thinner that may worsen the bleeding

[Note: Do not give aspirin or any medication with salicylates to anyone 19 years of age or younger unless a doctor tells you to.]


CPR

Match the problem with the correct first-aid procedure.

Bleeding

Dislocation

No breathing

Heat Stroke

Burn

Sweeten deal

Cool down the victim

Direct pressure

Do the RICE

Don’t break blisters


Broken Bones



Choking• Ask a person to speak

or cough• Deliver 5 back blows• Perform abdominal

thrusts• Repeat sequence of back

blows and abdominal thrusts


If Abdominal Thrusts Don’t Work•Call 911•Finger sweep•Abdominal thrusts•Check ABCs•Perform CPR if

not breathing


Fainting is a brief loss of consciousness and is the result of an interference with the function of the brain. The most common of which are: head injury, poisoning, low blood sugar, stress and condition that is associated with lack of oxygen,etc.


Don’ts :Don’t give the patient anything to eat or drinkDon’t allow the person who has just fainted to get up until the victim is fully consciousIf the area is warm, don’t crowd around the victim


Do’s :•Catch the person before he/she falls•Pinch the person and see if she moves or opens her eyes• Check a person who has fainted for

breathing. • If the person is not breathing, begin

CPR.• If the person does not regain

consciousness within a few minutes after fainting, call for emergency medical assistance and continue to monitor breathing.

• Otherwise, if the person quickly regains consciousness, have the person lie down with feet slightly elevated. Loosen any tight clothing. Then allow the person to rest for 10 or 15 minutes until normal blood flow is restored, and the person feels all right again.

The aim of First Aid in case of dog bite is to prevent rabies, to reduce the risk of infection and to get medical aid as soon as possible.

Do’s : ★ Wipe the saliva away from the

wound using a clean cloth or handkerchief.

★ Do not come in contact with the saliva that gets wiped away.

★ Wash the wound thoroughly with plenty of soap and running water.

★ Cover the wound with a dry, sterile dressing.

★ Get medical aid or send the patient to the hospital / animal bite center as soon as possible


Don’t assume the dog is healthy.

Don’t put any on the wounds (garlic,ash,coffee etc)

Don’t bring the victim to alternative medicine (tandok)


Most of the snakes are harmless. Snakebites generally occur on the limbs and most often on the legs. Always assume the bite to be from a venomous snake. Suspected snakebite must be treated with a pressure immobilization bandage.


Which is the worst kind of burn?

For a particle in the eye:

For victim of dog bite:

For broken bones:

Multiple choice

a. second degree

a. Flush with water

a. Assume the dog is healthy

a. Call 911

b. Third degree

b. Rub eye

b. Animal bite center

b. Immobilize the affected part


Key Points to RememberMedical emergencies can happen anytime.

Act quickly, calmly, and correctly.

Consider being certified in first aid and CPR.


Thank You

basic first aid

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