Basic Electronics and Ews Lab Manual

8/10/2019 Basic Electronics and Ews Lab Manual

1/58

Department of

Electronics & Communication Engineering

Manual and Observation Book

Electronic Workshop & Basic Circuits Lab

By

www.engglabs.blogspot.in

K.SRIDHAR RAJU

09346202006


2/58

K.SRIDHAR RAJU www.engglabs.blogspot.o!

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

"let#oni $o#%s&op an' Basi (i#)its *ab

+a!e o, t&e st)'ent-

(lass B."-

Roll +o- Aa' ea#-

IDE!"l

o

ame of the E#periment Date

Conducted

Initials of staff

2


3/58


LI"$ O% E!E'IME$"

/a#t A

1. St)'y o, /assie o!ponents R.*.(.

2. St)'y o, atie o!ponents. esting o, 'io'es t#ansisto#s an' I(s.

3. 5eas)#e!ents o, R*( an' )sing *(R 5ete#.

4. St)'y o, basi elet#oni test !eas)#ing inst#)!ents inl)'ing sol'e#less b#ea'boa#'s an' t&ei#

)se.

7. St)'y o, (.R.8. :#ont panel ope#ation; Appliation o, (.R.8. in elet#oni !eas)#e!ents.

6. St)'y o, 'i,,e#ent types o, t#ans,o#!e#s 'esign < ,ab#iation o, t#ans,o#!e#.

=. /(B 'esign layo)t p#epa#ation )sing t&e so,twa#e pa%age

>. Sol'e#ing p#atie an' i#)it t#aing )sing 'is#ete o!ponents.

/a#t B

1. ?e#i,iation o, S)pe#position t&eo#e!.

2. ?e#i,iation o, &einin@s t&eo#e!.

3. ?e#i,iation o, 5ai!)! /owe# #ans,e# t&eo#e!.

4. ?e#i,iation o, ellegen@s t&eo#e!.

7. Design an' ?e#i,iation o, Se#ies Resonane.

6. Design an' ?e#i,iation o, /a#allel Resonane.

3


4/58


() "$*D+ O% ,""I-E COMOE$"

,IM.

o st)'y t&e /assie o!ponents li%e Resisto#s (apaito#s an' In')to#s.

,,',$*".

S.+o. ")ip!ent ty.

01.

02.

03.

5)lti!ete#

*(R

5ete#

Di,,e#ent typeso,

Resiste#s(apaito#s

In')to#s

01

01

1010

10

'E"I"$O'

&e opposition w&i& li!its t&e a!o)nt o, )##ent t&at an be p#o')e' by t&e applie'oltage is alle' #esistane. In !any elet#oni i#)it appliations t&e #esistane ,o#! t&e basi

pa#t o, t&e i#)it. &e #eason ,o# inse#ting a #esistane is to #e')e t&e )##ent o# to p#o')e t&e

'esi#e' oltage '#op. &ese o!ponents w&i& o,,e# spei,i al)e o, #esistane C R a#e %nown as

#esisto#s. Resisto#s !ay &ae a ,ie' al)e i.e. w&ose al)e annot be &ange' an' a#e %nown as,ie' #esisto#. &e #esisto#s w&ose al)es an be &ange' o# a#ie' a#e %nown as a#iable #esisto#s.

R"SIS8RS S5B8*

4


5/58


/"S 8: R"SIS8RS -

All #esisto#s &ae two !ain &a#ate#istis. :i#st one is al)e CR@ in o&!s seon' one is

powe# #ating. Resiste#s i, 'i,,e#ent al)es an' #ating a#e aailable in t&e !a#%et. Resisto#s ,#o! 1

to !any 5ega a#e aailable. &e powe# #ating !ay be as &ig& as see#al &)n'#e' watts to as

low as 0.1watt.

&e powe# #ating is e#y i!po#tant in t&e sense t&at t&e !ai!)! )##ent 'ete#!ines t&at a

#esisto# an wit&stan' wit&o)t being 'est#oye'. /owe# 'issipation !eans t&at t&e powe# is waste'as I2 R loss sine t&e #es)ltant &eat is now )se' too !)& &eat an !a%e t&e #esisto# b)#n open.

&e#e a#e two types o, #esisto#s aailable. &ey a#e

1. (a#bon #esisto#s

2. $i#e wo)n' #esisto#s.

(a#bon #esisto#s a#e )se' w&en t&e powe# 'issipation is less t&an 9$ bea)se t&ey a#e s!alle#an' ost less. $i#e wo)n' #esisto#s a#e )se' w&e#e t&e powe# 'issipation is abo)t 7$ to see#al

&)n'#e' watts.

In elet#oni e)ip!ent a#bon #esisto#s a#e wi'ely )se' bea)se o, t&ei# s!all siEe. Us)ally

&ig&e# RFal)es &ae s!alle# wattage #atings bea)se t&ey &ae less )##ent.

&e a#bon an' wi#e wo)n' #esisto#s an be eit&e# ,ie' o# a#iable. &e a#iable a#bon

#esisto#s a#e o!!only )se' as ol)!e ont#ol ,o# ont#ast ont#ol in ?. &e a#iable wi#e wo)n'#esisto# is )se' as a potential 'ii'e# t&at is to 'ii'e t&e oltage ,#o! so)#e.

(ARB8+ R"SIS8RS-

&e a#bon #esisto#s a#e !a'e o, ,inely 'ii'e' a#bon o# g#ap&ite !ie' wit& a pow'e#e'

ins)lating !ate#ial in app#oi!ate p#opo#tions nee'e' ,o# t&e ele!ent is )s)ally p#opo#tions nee'e',o# t&e e!ent is )s)ally enlose' in plasti> ase ,o# !e&anial st#engt& an' ins)lato#. &ei#

)s)al powe# #ating is 1G> 1G41G21$.

5"A* :I*5 R"SIS8RS-

Deointing a ,il! o, !etalli alloys on to a glass o# e#a!i p#o')es t&ese ,il! #esisto#s.&e !etal ,il! #esisto#s a#e o, two types.

1. &in ,il!

2. (#a%e' a#bon #esisto#s.

5"A* 8ID" :I*I5 R"SIS8RS-

&ese #esisto#s onsist o, oi'es o, tin an' anti!ony. &ese oi'es a#e ,)se' on to a glass

o# e#a!i s)bst#ate.

7


6/58


$IR" $8U+D R"SIS8RS-

$i#e wo)n' #esisto#s a#e apable o, 'issipating app#eiable a!o)nt o, powe#. &ese#esisto#s a#e aailable by powe# #anges as low as 1 $ to as &ig& as 1000$. &e #esistane wi#e is

!a'e )p o, nio!e >0 ni%el an' 20 o!i)!;. &e nio!e wi#e o##espon'ing to t&e

#e)i#e' al)e o, #esistane is wo)n' on a e#a!i t)be o# #o' apable o, wit&stan'ing t&e#!al

s&o%s.

&e#e a#e ,o)# !ain types o, onst#)tion. &ey a#e

1. 8pen wo)n' no p#otetion;

2. ?it#eo)s ena!ele'

3. (e!ent oate'4. *a)e#e'.

8/"+ $8U+D -

8pen wo)n' onsists o, solenoi' win'ing on a e#a!i t)be o# a #o'.

?IR"8US "+A5"**"D -

&ese #esisto#s &ae a oating o, it#eo)s ena!el oe# t&e #esistane wi#e. &is ena!el

oating gies t&e #esisto# p#otetion against !oist)#e an' ens)#es goo' !e&anial p#otetion to t&ewi#e. &e #esisto#s a#e s)itable ,o# )se )n'e# a'e#se on'ition o, te!pe#at)#e an' !oist)#e.

("5"+ (8A"D -

&ese #esisto#s &ae a !oist)#e p#oo, laye# o, la)e# o# o#gani a#nis&. &ese #esisto#s

an ope#ate only wit&in 1700(. &ese a#e aailable in t&e #anges 1to 1Kwit& 7 an' 10tole#ane.

:o# 4 ban's :o# 7 ban's

A L 1st'igit A L 1st'igit

B L 2n''igit B L 2n''igit

( L !)ltiplie# ( L 3#''igitDL tole#ane D L !)ltiplie#

6

$IR" $8U+D R"SIS8R


7/58


" L tole#ane

/8$"R RAI+M 8: A R"SIS8R -

&e !ai!)! )##ent a##ying apability o, a #esisto# is alle' its powe# #ating.

/LI2R

So t&e powe# o, #esisto# 'epen's on t&e )##ent ,lowing to)g& it. An' $attage 'epen's on t&etype o, #esisto#s.

(a#bon #esisto#s - 1G> to 2 5$$i#e wo)n' #esisto# - 7 to 70 $

$i#e wo)n' #esisto#s o, wattage !o#e t&an 70$ a#e !a'e ,o# in')st#ial )se.

SABI*I- &e powe# ability o, a #esisto# o, !aintaining a stable al)e )n'e# a#iable on'itions

o, te!pe#at)#e an' &)!i'ity is alle' stability. &e stability o, wi#e wo)n' #esisto# is bette# t&an

t&at o, a#bon #esisto#.

R"*IAB*I-

&e ability o, a #esisto# o, !aintaining a stable al)e ,o# along pe#io' w&en in )se is alle'#eliability. A wi#e wo)n' #esisto# is !)& !o#e stable t&an t&at o, a a#bon #esisto#.

'E"I"$O' COLO*' CODI/

Bea)se a#bon #esisto#s a#e s!all p&ysially t&ey a#e olo)#Fo'e' to in'iate t&ei#

#esistane al)e in o&!s. &e basis o, t&is syste! is t&e )se o, olo#s ,o# n)!e#ial al)es as liste'.

(olo)# ?al)e

=

Bla% F 0

III

BA+DII

BA+D

I

BA+D I?

BA+D

B#own F 1

Re' F 2

8#ange F 3

ellow F 4

M#een F 7

Bl)e F 6

?oilet F =

M#ay F >

$&ite F 9


8/58


"a!ple ,o# olo)# o'e R al)e-

I Ban' B#own - Ist 'igit 1

II Ban' Bla% - IIn' 'igit 0 Resistane al)e L 1K

III Ban' Re' - 5)ltiplie# 102

?I Ban' Mol' - ole#ane 7

&is o'e is t&e !ost o!!on syste! )se' ,o# olo)# o'ing ins)late' a#bon #esisto#s&aing aial lea's. (olo)# ban's a#e p#inte' at one en' o, t&e ins)lating bo'y w&i& is )s)ally

#ea'ing ,#o! le,t to #ig&t t&e ,i#st olo)# ban' lose to t&e e'ge in'iates t&e ,i#st 'igit in t&e

n)!e#ial al)e o, #esistane. &e seon' ban' gies t&e seon' 'igit. &e t&i#' ban' is t&e'ei!al !)ltiplie# giing t&e n)!be# o, Ee#os a,te# t&e two 'igits. &e #es)lting n)!be# is t&e

#esistane in o&!s.

&ese a#e a#iable #esistane eit&e# a#bon o# wi#e wo)n' )se' to ont#ol t&e oltage an'

)##ent in a i#)it. &e ont#ols an be )se' ,o# eit&e# D( o# A( appliations.

A #&eostat a a#iable R wit& two te#!inals onnete' in se#ies wit& two te#!inals onnete'

in se#ies wit& t&e loa' is )se' to a')st t&e )##ent in t&e i#)it. De#easing se#ies R in#eases)##ent. &e powe# #ating !)st be eno)g& ,o# t&e &ig&est )##ent in t&e #&eostat.

C,,CI$O'

A apaito# is anot&e# basi o!ponent o!!only )se' in elet#oni i#)its. It is a 'eie

w&i& &as

1. &e ability to sto#e &a#ge.

2. 8pposes any &ange o, oltage in t&e i#)it in w&i& it is onnete'.3. Blo%s t&e passage o, 'i#et )##ent to)g& it.

"ssentially a apaito# onsists o, two on')ting plates sepa#ate' by an ins)lating !e'i)!

alle' 'ielet#i !e'i)! as s&own in ,ig)#e. &e 'ielet#i wo)l' be ai# !ia e#a!i pape#elet#olyte et.

(A/A(IA+("-

&e ability o, a apaito# to sto#e &a#ge is te#!e' as its apaitane. It !ay be 'e,ine' as

t&e a!o)nt o, &a#ge #e)i#e' #eating a )nit potential 'i,,e#ene /.D.; between its plates.

&e apaitane o, a apaito# 'epen's )pon t&e ,ollowing ,ato#s-

1. A#ea o, t&e plates- &e apaitane in#eases 'i#etly wit& in#ease in plate a#ea A;.2. Distanes between plates- &e 'istanes between plates 'e#eases apaitane in#eases an'

ieFe#sa.

>


9/58


3. ype o, 'ielet#i- It 'epen's on t&e #elatie pe#!itiity ; o, t&e 'ielet#i !e'i)! )se'.

Hig&e# t&e al)e t&e g#eate# t&e al)e o, apaitane.

/"S 8: (A/A(I8RS -

All apaito#s o!!only )se' in elet#oni i#)its !ay be 'ii'e' into two atego#ies.

1. :ie' apaito#s

2. ?a#iable apaito#s

:ie' apaito#s !ay be ,)#t&e# 'ii'e' into two types

1. "let#olyti apaito#

9

5"A* /*A"S

DI"*"(RI(

5A"RIA*

(A/A(I8R < IS S5B8*

"*"(R8*" (A/A(I8R < S5B8*

+

+


10/58


2. +onFelet#olyti apaito#s

It inl)'es e#a!i !ia an' pape#. S)& apaito#s &ae no pola#ity in eit&e# 'i#etion in ai#)it.

(A/A(I8R (8*8UR (8D" -

:o# i'enti,ying t&e al)e o, a #esisto# t&e#e is only on )nie#sal !et&o' b)t ,o# ase o,apaito# t&e#e a#e ,o)# !et&o's.

10

.004=:G100?

(01

f

("RA5I( (A/A(I8R

DIS( /"

/8*S"R (A/A(I8R

/8*S"R (A/A(I8R UB*AR


11/58


1. &e tee 'ot !et&o' o, "let#oni In')st#ial Assoiation-

&is is )se' ,o# 5ia apaito#s !ol'e';

:i#st 'ot ,i#st n)!be#

Seon' 'ot seon' n)!be#

&i#' 'ot 'ei!al !)ltiplie#

2. Si 'ot !et&o'-

&e ,i#st tee 'ots a#e )se' to #ep#esent apaitane al)e an' net one@s a#e )se' ,i#

#ep#esent apaitane al)e an' net one@s a#e )se' ,o# #ep#esenting oltage tole#ane an'!)ltiplie# #espetiely.

ID*C$O'"

In')tane is t&e ability o, a on')to# to p#o')e in'ee' oltage w&en )##ent a#ies.

(o!ponents w&i& a#e !an),at)#e' to &ae a 'e,inite al)e o, in')tane a#e alle' in')to#s.

I+DU(I8+ B A*"R+AI+M (URR"+-

In')e' oltage is #es)lt o, ,l) )tting a on')to#. &is ation an be a&iee' w&eneit&e# t&e !agneti ,iel' is in !otion o# t&at t&e on')to# is in !otion.

*ow ,#e)eny )##ent #e)i#es !o#e in')tane to p#o')e so!e a!o)nt o, in')e'

oltage as a &ig&e# ,#e)eny )##ent.

S"*: I+DU(A+("-

&e ability o, a on')to# to in')e oltage in itsel, w&en )##ent &anges is alle' sel,F

in')tane o# si!ply in')tane.

8ne Hen#y is t&e in')tane t&at allows one olt to be in')e' w&en )##ent &anges at t&e

#ate o, one a!pe#e pe# seon'.

11


12/58


5UUA* I+DU(A+(" -

I, t&e )##ent in an in')to# is &anging t&en t&e a#ying ,l) an )t a#oss any ot&e#

in')to# nea# by p#o')ing in')e' oltage in bot& in')to#s. &is is alle' C5)t)al In')tane@.

I+DU(8R -

A on')ting wi#e w&en wo)n' on a ,o#!e# gies an in')to#.

:A(8R-&e )ality o, o# #esistane o, a oil is !eas)#e' in te#!s o, its al)e gien by

L *GR L 2 , *GR

$&e#e * L In')tane #eataneR L Resistane D.(

* L (oil In')tane

: L :#e)eny o, A.(.

$ L Ang)la# :#e)eny

oil is p#e,e##e' as it in#eases s&a#pness o, t)ning an' it a''itionally in#eases its

sensitiity.

Observations

12


13/58


'esult

13


14/58


2) "$*D+ O% ,C$I-E COMOE$"

,IM . o i'enti,y atie o!ponents an' t&ei# lea's an' also to obse#e t&e 'i,,e#ent pa%ages 83 8 1> M 6 S8 30.

,,',$*" ,D M,$E'I,L" 'E3*I'ED

S.+o- 5ate#ialG")ip!ent ty.

1. Dio'es Si 'io'e B 12= 1+ 4001 1 +o.

2. Me 'io'e 8A=9 DR 27 1 +o.

3. Nene# 'io'e 4.=? 1G4$ 12? 1G2$ 1 +o.

4. #ansisto#s 83 /a% BU207 1 +o.

7. 8 1> < 8 7 /a% SK 100 1 +o.

6. S8 30 FB(74= 1 +o.

=. Digital !)l!ete# wit& pat& a#'s 1 +o.

'OCED*'E.

a%e a t#ansisto# i'enti,y t&e n)!be# an' pa%age type an' tab)late t&e in,o#!ation i, it isEene# 'io'e its oltage an' wattage.

DIODE

4 5*C$IO DIODE

Dio'es a#e !a'e ,#o! se!ion')to# !ate#ials li%e Si Me I# MaFAs et. I, 'ono#

i!p)#ities a#e int#o')e' into one si'e an' aepto#s into t&e ot&e# si'e o, a single #ystal o, a

14

OL

LO

O

OL

LO

O

OLLO

O

OLLO

O

"*"(R8+

H8*"

/F/" +F/"

A(("/"R I8+

D8+AR I8+

A+8D" (AH8D"

CI'C*I$ "+MBOL %O' DIODE


15/58


se!iFon')to# a pFn )ntion is ,o#!e'. Initially t&e#e a#e no!inally only pFtype a##ie#s to t&e

le,t o, t&e )ntion an' only nFtypes a##ie#s to t&e #ig&t. Bea)se t&e#e is a 'ensity g#a'ient a#oss

t&e )ntion &oles will 'i,,)se to t&e #ig&t a#oss t&e )ntion an' elet#ons to t&e le,t. As a #es)lt o,t&e 'isplae!ent o, t&ese &a#ges an elet#i ,iel' will appea# a#oss t&e )ntion. &e )nF

ne)t#aliEe' a#e #e,e##e' to as )noe#e' &a#ges. Sine t&e #egion o, t&e )ntion is 'eplete' o,

!obile &a#ges it is alle' t&e 'epletion laye# t&e spaeF&a#ge #egion o# t&e t#ansition #egion

&e essential elet#ial &a#ate#isti o, a pFn )ntion is t&at it onstit)tes a 'io'e w&i&pe#!its t&e easy ,low o, elet#ons i.e. ,low o, )##ent in one 'i#etion b)t #est#ains t&e ,low in t&e

opposite in bot& ,o#wa#' an' #ee#se' bias. &e o!!only )se' 'io'es a#e si 'io'e Me 'io'e

an' Eene# 'io'e.

%O'W,'D BI," -

An ete#nal oltage applie' wit& t&e pola#ity Oe te#i!inal to pFtype an' negatie bias. In t&is bias

#elatiely a la#ge )##ent will ,low. Resistane will be less.

'E-E'"E BI," .

An ete#nal oltage applie' wit& t&e pola#ity Fe te#i!inal to nFtype an' negatie te#!inal to pFtype

is alle' a #ee#se' bias. A s!all a!o)nt o, )##ent ,lows ')e to !ino#ity &a#ge a##ie#s an' is

%nown as #ee#se sat)#ation )##ent. &e #esistane a#oss t&e 'io'e will be e#y &ig&.

17


16/58


C*$I COL$,/E 6-r 7 . &e oltage below w&i& t&e )##ent #ises #api'ly is %nown as )tFin

o,,set b#ea%F point o# tes&ol' oltage ?#.

8EE' DIODE - &e Eene# 'io'e is )s)ally ope#ate' in #ee#se' bias. w&en t&e 'io'e is in

#ee#se' bias a s!all )##ent alle' #ee#se sat)#ation )##ent ,lows. &is )##ent #e!ains #elatiely

onstant 'espite an in#ease in #ee#se

Bias )ntil t&e Eene# b#ea%'own #egion in t&e iinity o, t&e Eene# oltage ?Eis #ea&e'. In t&isiinity #ee#se )##ent sta#ts #ising #api'ly bea)se o, aalan&e e,,et. :inally Eene# b#ea%'own

a s&a#p in#ease in )##ent; o)#s w&en t&e Eene# oltage ?Eis #ea&e'.

Nene# 'io'es a#e )s)ally in'iate' by t&e se#ies BN BN an' so on.

Us)ally b#ea%'own oltage is in'iate' on t&e 'io'e itsel,. &e b#ea%'own oltage is s)ppose 3.3

t&en t&e lette#ing on t&e 'io'e will be 33 in'iating 3.3. $e &ae e#tain stan'a#' oltage

b#ea%'own 'io'es. &e ?Eal)es a#e2.1 2.= 3.3 4.= 7.1 an' so.

LI/9$ EMI$$I/ DIODE" 6LED:s7 . t&e lig&tFe!itting 'io'e *"D; is a soli'Fstate lig&tso)#e *"Ds &ae #eplae' inan'esent la!ps in !any appliations bea)se t&ey &ae t&e

a'antages o, low oltage *ongFli,e 9!o#e t&en 20 yea#s an' ,ast on o,, swit&ing nanoseon's;.

In *"Ds se!it#anspa#ent !ate#ials a#e )se' instea' o, silion in a ,o#wa#' biase' le' &eat an'li>g&t again a#e #a'iate' w&en ,#ee elet#ons an' &oles #eo!bine at t&e )ntion. Bea)se t&e!ate#ial is se!it#anspa#ent so!e o, t&e lig&t esapes to t&e s)##o)n'ings. By )sing ele!ents li%e

galli)! a#seni an' p&osp&o#o)s a !an),at)#e an p#o')e *"Ds t&at #a'iate #e' g#een yellow

a!be# o# in,#a#e' lig&t. *"Ds &ae a typial oltage '#op ,#o! 1.7 to 2.7? ,o# )##ent between 10< 70!A.

16

CI'C*I$ "+MBOL %O' 8EE' DIODE

A+8D"

(AH8D"

(AH8D"A+8D"

A+8D" (AH8D"

LI/9$ EMI$$I/ DIODE "+MBOL


17/58


9O$O DIODE.&e p&oto'io'e is one ea!ple o, a p&oto 'eteto# a 'eie t&at an one#t

ino!ing lig&t into an elet#ial )antity. A p&oto'io'e is opti!iEe' ,o# its sensitiity to lig&t. Int&is 'io'e a glass win'ow lets lig&t pass to)g& t&e pa%age o, t&e )ntion. &e ino!ing lig&t

p#o')es ,#ee elet#ons an' &oles. &e lig&t in#eases t&e n)!be# o, !ino#ity &a#ge a##ie#s.

-,',C$O' DIODE".&e ba##ie# apaitane is not a onstant b)t a#ies wit& applie' oltage.

&e la#ge# t&e #ee#se oltage t&e la#ge# is t&e spaeF&a#ge wi't& an' &ene s!alle# t&e

apaitane. So t&e 'io'es !a'e base' on t&e oltageFa#iable apaitane a#e alle' a#ato#

a#yFaps o# oltFaps.

,LIC,$IO".

1. Nene# 'io'es a#e )se' as oltage #eg)lato#s an' as oltage #e,e#ene stan'a#'s.2. *"Ds t&at p#o')e isible #a'iation a#e )se' in inst#)!ent 'isplays al)lato#s an' 'igital

lo%s.3. &e in,#a#e' *"D ,in's appliation in b)#gla# ala#! syste!s an' ot&e# a#eas #e)i#ing inisible

#a'iation.

$',"I"$O'"

#ansisto# is a teeFele!ent 'eie w&i& is s!all an' lig&t pe#!itting !iniat)#iEation o,

elet#oni e)ip!ent. It ope#ates wit& low s)pply oltages an' )ses little powe#. It 'oes not #e)i#eany wa#!F)p pe#io' an' ope#ates as soon as powe# is applie'. It &as ,ewe# i#)it onnetions.

Mene#ally t&e#e a#e two types o, t#ansisto#s 'epen'ing on t&ei# )ntions. &ey a#e +/+ an'

/+/. &ese t#ansisto#s will o!e in 'i,,e#ent pa%ages 'epen'ing on t&ei# ,)ntion an' )ses. So!e

o, t&e pa%ages a#e to 2 to 22 an' to 10 pa%ages. &e t#ansisto#s &ae tee lea's t&ey a#e basee!itte# olleto#. &ese tee &ae to be i'enti,ie' ao#'ing to type o, t&e pa%age. &e pa%age

al)es an' t&e t#ansisto# lea's in t&e t#ansisto# 'iag#a!s o, so!e o, t&e! w&i& a#e o,ten )se' a#e

s&own in 'iag#a!s.

1=

(AH8D"A+8D"

A+8D" (AH8D"

9O$O DIODE "+MBOL


18/58


8, t&e aboe t#ansisto#s to3 t#ansisto#s a#e &ig& powe# t#ansisto#s an' t&ey gene#ate &eat.

&is &eat !)st be 'issipate' )sing a &eat sin% !a'e o, al)!in)! plate. $it& bla% oating on

w&i& t&ese t#ansisto#s a#e !o)nte'. &is al)!in)! plate abso#bs &eat to)g& a t&in !ia s&eet,il! an' 'issipates t&e &eat wit& t&e ai# entilation. 5ia is )se' in between t&e t#ansisto# an' &eat

sin% bea)se !ia is a ba' on')to# o, elet#iity an' ats li%e a goo' on')to# ,o# &eat.

$&e#eas al)!in)! is a goo' on')to# ,o# bot& elet#i an' &eat. o aoi' s&o#t between

t#ansisto# an' al)!in)! !ia is )se'. &is signi,iant o, lette#.

:i#st lette# 5ate#ial )se'

A Me#!ani)!

B Silion( Malli)!FA#seni'e

D I#i'i)!

R (a'!i)! s)lp&ate

Seon' lette# :)ntional 'es#iption

A Detetion 'io'e

B ?a#iap 'io'e

( A)'ioF,#e)eny nonFpowe# t#ansisto# D A)'ioF,#e)eny powe# t#ansisto#

: Ra'io ,#e)eny nonFpowe#

t#ansisto#

&e tee po#tions o, a t#ansisto# a#e %nown as e!itte# base an' olleto#. &e a##ow on t&e

e!itte# lea' spei,ies t&e 'i#etion o, t&e )##ent ,low w&en t&e e!itte#Fbase )ntion is biase' int&e ,o#wa#' 'i#etion. &e e!itte# base an' olleto# )##ents I" IB< I( #espetiely a#e ass)!e'positie w&en t&e )##ents ,low into t&e t#ansisto#.

IDE$I%+I/ , DIODE ,D $',"I"$O'.

By )sing a !)lti!ete# we an i'enti,y t&e pFtype an' nFtype si'es o, a 'io'e. In !ost

o, t&e 'io'es a !a#%ing is !a'e. &e si'e &aing t&e !a#%ing is onsi'e#e' to be nFtype an' ot&e#pFtype. o ,in' t&e! )sing a !)lti!ete#. wo o#'s one ,o#!s o!!on an' ot&e# ,#o! positie

te#!inals a#e ta%en. &ese two &o#'s a#e onnete' to two en's o, t&e 'io'e. I, t&e #esistane in

t&is bias is &ig& t&en t&e 'io'e is sai' to be #ee#sing biase' an' so t&e en' onnete' to o!!on

te#!inal is pFtype an' t&e ot&e# nFtype < ieFe#sa.

In ase o, a t#ansisto# in so!e o, t&e t#ansisto#s a not& will be in'iate'. &e

te#!inal at t&e not& is onsi'e#e' to be e!itte# t&en base t&en olleto#. It is teste' by ta%ing twote#!inals an' in t&e sa!e !anne# as a 'io'e.

In bot& ases i, t&e 'io'e o# t#ansisto# s&ows &ig& al)e it is sai' to be 'a!age.

1>


19/58


19


20/58


1) ME,"*'EME$ O% ' L C -,L*E"

*"I/ LC' ME$E'

,IM. o get a)atinte' wit& *(R !ete# ope#ation an' to !eas)#e R * ( al)es )sing *(R

!ete#.

,,',$*".

S.+o. ")ip!ent ty.

01.

02.

03.

04.

07.

06.

Digital *(R

!ete#

:*(R 20;

Analog

5)lti!ete#

Digital

5)lti!ete#

Resisto#s

(apaito#s

In')to#s

01

01

01

10

10

10

'OCED*'E.

&e :*(R 20 Digital *(R !ete# swit& 8+ so#t t&e two pai#s o, )##ent sense te#!inalswit& ables. A')st t&e o,,set ont#ol ,o# Ee#oFo##etion

5"ASUR"5"+ 8: R"SISA+("-

Keep t&e !o'e seletion swit& in #esistane !o'e. a%e a #esisto# an' onnet t&e twolea's to two lea's o, *(R !ete# inp)t. +ote t&e #ea'ing on 'igital 'isplay. :in' t&e al)es o,

#esistane )sing analog 5)lti!ete# a#e tab)late'.

20


21/58


S.+o. Resistane al)e

by olo)# o'e

Resistane al)e

by Analog !ete#

Resistane

al)e by D55

Resistane

al)e by *(R

!ete#1.

2.

3.

4.

5"ASUR"5"+ 8: I+DU(A+(" -

a%e a 'ea'e in')tane bo set t&e al)e in Hen#y@s. Be,o#e onneting t&e in')tane

ens)#e t&at t&e two points o, (URR"+ an' S"+S" te#!inals a#e s&o#te'

Keep t&e !o'e swit& in in')tane %eep t&e #ange seletion swit& in !H. (onnet t&eDIB te#!inals to t&e *(R an' note t&e #ea'ing o, In')tane on 'igital 'isplay o, *(R !ete#.

?a#y o, t&e in')tane o, DIB bo an' #epeat t&e p#oe')#e. &e !eas)#e!ents a#e

tab)late'.

S.+o. ?al)e o, in')tane ,#o! DIB

,#ont panel

*(R !ete#

#ea'ing

L 1GD Deiation

5"ASUR"5"+ 8: (A/A(IA+(" -

a%e t&e 'igital *(R !ete#. &e two pai#s o, (URS"+(" te#!inals a#e bot& s&o#tF

i#)ite'. A')st t&e o,,set ,o# Ee#o o##etion. Keep t&e o'e swit& in apaitane.

a%e a 'i,,e#ent al)e apaito# obse#e t&e al)es set t&e #ange in *(R !ete# onnet t&eapaito# an' #ea' t&e al)e ,#o! 'isplay tab)late t&e al)es.

S.+o. ?al)e o,

apaitane by

obse#ation

F :ato#

?al)e o,

apaitane by

*(R

Deiation

1.

2.

21


22/58


3.

4.

R"SU* -

22


23/58


;) "$*D+ O% B,"IC ELEC$'OIC $E"$ ,D ME,"*'I/ I"$'*ME$"ICL*DI/ B'E,D BO,'D" ,D $9EI' *"E

,IM . o st)'y t&e ope#ation an' get a)atinte' wit& t&e basi !eas)#ing inst#)!ents.

,,',$*" .

S.+o. ")ip!ent ty. Range

1. /anel olt!ete# 01 0F10!?

2. /anel A!!ete# 01

3. Analog 5)lti!ete# 01

4. Digital 5)lti!ete# 01

7. B#ea' boa#' 01

6. /owe# s)pply 01

'OCED*'E .

?8*5""R -

a%e a 0F10!? panel analog; olt!ete# an' 0F10? olt!ete#. I'enti,y t&e positie an'

negatie te#!inals. Apply ,ew olts D.(. oltage ,#o! a powe# s)pply to t&e two te#!inals o, t&e

panel olt!ete#. +ote t&e #ea'ing ,#o! t&e panel 'e,letion. (&ange t&e oltage leel an' again

note 'own t&e new #ea'ing. ab)late t&e obse#ations.

5eas)#e t&e sa!e oltage )sing analog 5)lti!ete# an' 'igital 5)lti!ete#. Si!ila#ly ta%e a

#esisto# an' ,in' its al)e by olo)# o'e by AA55 an' D55 an' tab)late.

23


24/58


BR"AD B8ARD -

a%e a b#ea'boa#'. 8bse#e t&e s&o#t i#)it onnetions. est t&e s&o#t i#)its in ea&

e#tial g#o)p o, points in t&e !i''le o, b#ea'boa#'s an' also in ea& &o#iEontal g#o)p on t&e e'ges

o, t&e b#ea'boa#'. wo s&o#t i#)it points an be i'enti,ie' by !eans o, C0@ 'e,letion o, oltage.

Also test t&e open i#)its between any two points in'i,,e#ent e#tial g#o)ps C0@ )##ent o#

in,inite #esistane ,#o! open i#)it.

A55""R -

A!!ete# !eas)#es t&e ,low o, )##ent an' is onnete' in se#ies between t&e powe# so)#e

an' t&e loa'. &ey s&o)l' t&e#e,o#e &ae a e#y s!all #esistane an' t&is is o, pa#ti)la#

i!po#tane in &ig& )##ent lowFoltage i#)its s)& as e!ploye' ,o# elet#oplating.

$&en t&e )##ent to be !eas)#e' is g#eate# t&an t&at an oneniently be passe' to)g& t&e

inst#)!ent a p#opo#tion is ta%en t&e #e!ain'e# being 'ie#te' to)g& a s&o#t on D.(. o# a )##ent

t#ans,e# on A.(.

&e ,ollowing p#ea)tions s&o)l' be obse#e' w&en )sing an a!!ete# in !eas)#e!ent

wo#%.

1. +ee# onnet an a!!ete# a#oss a so)#e o, e!,. Bea)se o, its low #esistane it s&o)l' '#aw'a!aging &ig& )##ents an' 'est#oy t&e 'eliate !oe!ent. Always onnet an a!!ete# in

se#ies wit& a loa' apable o, li!iting )##ent.

2. 8bse#e t&e )##ent pola#ity. Ree#se pola#ity a)ses t&e !ete# to 'e,let against t&e

!e&anial stop an' t&is !ay 'a!age t&e pointe#.3. $&en )sing a !)lti#ange !ete# )st ,i#st )se t&e &ig&est )##ent #ange an' t&en 'e#ease t&e

)##ent #ange )ntil s)bstantial 'e,letion is obtaine'. o in#ease a)#ay o, obse#ations )set&e #ange t&at will gie a #ea'ing as nea# to ,)ll sale as possible.

24


25/58


?8*5""R -

?olt!ete#s a#e e!ploye' to !eas)#e t&e potential 'i,,e#ene in a i#)it an' !)st be

onst#)te' to wit&stan' t&e p#ess)#e in t&e i#)it eept in t&e ase o, "H syste!s w&e#e it is

)s)al to e!ploy an isolating step 'own t#ans,o#!e# so t&at t&e oltage applie' to t&e inst#)!ent is

s!all o, t&e o#'e# o, 100? an' t&e "H st#ess is a##ie' by t&e inte# win'ing isolation o, t&e

t#ans,o#!e#.

?olt!ete# !)st be !a'e to ope#ate wit& a s!all )##ent '#ain so t&at t&e powe# t&ey

ons)!e s&all be s!all. &is is o, i!po#tane in i#)it o, &ig& #esistane w&e#e t&e )##ent

#e)i#e' by t&e olt!ete# ,lowing to)g& t&e #esistane sets )p a olt '#op w&i& a)ses t&e

inst#)!ent to in'iate a lowe# oltage t&an at)ally t&e#e.

?olt!ete# is onse)ently &ig& #esistane inst#)!ent. ?olt!ete#s 'e#ie' ,#o! 5)lti!ete#

wit& a ,)llFsale 'e,letion o, 1!A a#e o!!on. I, s)& a !illia!!ete# is )se' in on)ntion wit&

a o##etly al)lato# se#ies !)ltiplie# #esistane. &en t&e inst#)!ent is sai' to &ae #esistane o,

1000 G?.

5U*I5""R -

5)lti!ete# is 'eie w&i& is )se' to ,in' t&e oltage )##ent an' t&e #esistane. &e#e a#e

two types o, 5)lti!ete#s na!ely Analog an' Digital 5)lti!ete#. +owFaF'ays Digital 5)lti!ete#

is o,ten )se'.

Analog 5)lti!ete# #e)i#es no powe# s)pply. &ey gie a bette# is)al in'iation o, &a#ge

an' s),,e# less ,#o! elet#i noise an' isolation p#oble!s. &ese !ete#s a#e si!ple an'

inepensie.

Digital 5)lti!ete# on t&e ot&e# &an' o,,e#s &ig& a)#ay &as &ig& inp)t i!pe'ane an' is

s!alle# in siEe. &ey gie an )na!big)o)s #ea'ing at g#eate# iewing 'istanes. &e o)tp)t

aailable is elet#ial ,o# inte#,aing wit& ete#nal e)ip!ent; in a''ition to is)al #ea'o)t.

All 'igital 5)lti!ete# e!ploys so!e %in' o, analog to 'igital AGD one#te# an' &as a

isible #ea'o)t 'isplay at t&e one#te# o)tp)t. A basi 'igital 5)lti!ete# D55; is !a'e o,

see#al AGD one#te#s i#)iting ,o# o)nting an alte#nation i#)it.

27


26/58


&e )##ent to be !eas)#e' is applie' to t&e s)!!ing )ntion at t&e inp)t o, t&e opa!p.

Sine t&e )##ent at t&e inp)t o, t&e a!pli,ie# lose to Ee#o bea)se o, t&e e#y &ig& inp)t

i!pe'ane o, t&e a!pli,ie# t&e )##ent IRis e#y nea#ly e)al to I I. &e )##ent IR a)ses a oltage

'#op w&i& is p#opo#tional to t&e )##ent to be 'eelope' a#oss t&e #esisto#. &is oltage is t&e

inp)t to t&e AGD one#te# t&e#eby p#oi'ing a #ea'ing t&at is p#opo#tional to )n%nown )##ent.

Resistane is !eas)#e' by passing a %nown )##ent ,#o! a onstant )##ent so)#e t&o)g&

an )n%nown #esistane. &e oltage '#op a#oss t&e #esistane is applie' to t&e AGD one#te#.

&e#eby p#o')ing an in'iation o, t&e al)e o, t&e )n%nown #esistane.

OWE' "*L+

*8$ DIS8RAI8+ SIM+A* M"+"RA8R

Front panel control - &e ,#ont panel g#o)ps a#e ,)ntionally g#o)pe' an' lea#ly 'esignate' ,o#

ea& ase o, ope#ation t&ei# ,)ntion a#e 'es#ibe' below.

1.:#e)eny 'ial - &is is a o)#se ,#e)eny ont#ol. &e o)tp)t ,#e)eny is !)ltipliation o,

t&e #ea'ing on 'ial :R" an' 5U* seletion.

2.:#e)eny !)ltiplie# swit&es - /)blis&ing one b)tton at a ti!e selets t&e 'esi#e' ,#e)eny

#ange ,#o! t&e signal gene#ato#s in 'ea'es.

3.$ae ,#o! seletion swit& - &e wae,o#! seletion swit& selets t&e 'esi#e' wae,o#! sine

wae ,#o! o# s)a#e wae ,o#!;.

4.Attent)ato# - Selets t&e o)tp)t leel o, signal.

7.:ine ont#ol - &e ,ine ont#ol p#oi'es t&e ont#ol ,o# t&e o)tp)t signal leel.

26


27/58


6.8)tp)t e#!inals - &e o)tp)t signal o, t&e gene#ato# is aailable a#oss t&e te#!inals !a#%e' HI

an' *8.

Rear panel controls -

1. /owe# 8+ G 8:: Swit& . $&e signal gene#ato# an be t)#ne' 8+ G8:: by t&is gea# panel

swit&

2. :)se .:o# so!e 230? ope#ation 270!AG ,ast blow 720!!; ,)se.

3. 5ains in . &is is !ain inp)t to t&e signal gene#ato# !ains powe# inp)t #e)i#e' is 230 O 10

70 HE.

M"+"RA8R S"I+MS - A,te# powe# )p p#ess RA+M" swit& to selet 'es#ibe' ,#e)eny

#ange. Using ,#e)eny 'ial an set t&e ,#e)eny. &e wae,o#! seletion swit& selets t&e

'esi#e' wae,o#!. &e gene#ato# o)tp)t leel is set by *"?"* ont#ol an' step atten)ate. eeF

step atten)ate along wit& leel pot an 'ei'e t&e o)tp)t leel o, gene#ato#. &e a#iable leel

ont#ol &as a #ange o, app#oi!ate 20'b.

2=


28/58


2>


29/58



30/58


(8+DII8+ 4. I, $ an' $y a#e #elate' by si!ple intege#s t&en

$e obtain lose' ,ig)#es wit& !)ltiple loops.

a; L 2y2Ly

b; L 3y

; 3 Ly

In gene#al nL nyygie lose' loop ,ig)#es w&e#e nan' nya#e intege#s.. nan' nya#e t&epoint o, tangenies o, t&e ,ig)#e wit& &o#iEontal an' e#tial ais #espetiely '#awn at t&e e'geeit&e# top o# botto!;

,G ,yL points o, angeny to a e#tial line G points o, tangeny to a &o#iEontal line L G y.

o !eas)#e t&e ,#e)eny o, an alte#nating oltage o, sin)soi'al wae s&ape it is applie' to one seto, 'e,letion plates to t&e ot&e# set o, 'e,letion plates is applie' t&e sin)soi'al oltages ,#o! a

a#iable ,#e)eny stan'a#' osillato#. &e ,#e)eny o, t&is osillato# is a#ie' )ntil. Single loop

stationa#y patte#n is obtaine'. In t&is t&e ,#e)eny o, t&e sin)soi'al oltage is t&e sa!e as t&e

,#e)eny o, t&e osillato# oltage. 8sillato# ,#e)eny !ay be ,o)n' ,#o! t&e alib#ate' 'ial o,t&e osillato#.

o#

A loope' *issao)s ,ig)#e !ay be )se' an' ,#e)eny o, alte#nating oltage !ay be al)late'

)sing t&e #elation gien in aboe e)ation.

/HAS" 5"ASUR"5"+- &e p&ase 'i,,e#ene between two sin)soi'al oltages o, t&e sa!e

,#e)eny an be !eas)#e' )sing a (R8. &e two oltages a#e applie' to t&e two 'e,letion plateso, t&e (R8 si!)ltaneo)sly. &e #es)lting *issaio)s ,ig)#es is an ellipse as s&own in ,ig. &e

!ai!)! 'isplae!ent is t&e 'i#etion < t&e inte#ept o, t&e ellipse wit& t&e ais a#e

!eas)#e'. I, t&e p&ase 'i,,e#ene between t&e two oltages is t&en it an be s&own t&at

SinL bGa

&e p&ase 'i,,e#ene an also be al)late' ,#o! t&e !ai!)! &o#iEontal 'isplae!ent 1an' t&e

inte#ept on t&e Fais 2. &)s

SinL 2 G 1

/R8("DUR" :8R :R"U"+( 5"ASUR"5"+ -

/ARFA

1. 5a%e t&e onnetions as pe# t&e ,ig)#e. :ee' a 1 KHE signal ,#o! t&e A: gene#ato#. A')st

sensitiity swit& to onenient position so t&at one yle an be !eas)#e' ,#o! t&e s#een.:#e)eny is gien by 1G 2,;. Repeat ,o# anot&e# 7 to 6 al)es t&e aboe p#oe')#e. a%e 7 to

6 #ea'ings.

30


31/58


ABU*AR (8*U5+ -

S.+o :#e)eny i!e +o.o, Di

i!e!se

:L 1Gti!eKHE

Deiation

/R8("DUR" - /ARFB

:R"U"+( 5"ASUR"5"+ 8: A+ U+K+8$+ SI+US8IDA* SIM+A* -

1. o one set o, 'e,letion plates say ; apply t&e %nown alte#nating signal. %nown in t&e sense

t&at its ,#e)eny an be !eas)#e';.

2. o t&e ot&e# set o, 'e,letion plates y; apply t&e )n%nown alte#nating signal.3. +ow a')st t&e ,#e)eny o, t&e signal to s)& a al)e s)& t&at t&e ,ig)#e obse#e' on t&e

s#een is a single loop.

4. +ow #ea' t&e ,#e)eny o, t&e signal gien to t&e plates ,#o! t&e osillation. &e ,#e)eny o,t&e )n%nown signal is e)al to t&e %nown signal ,#e)eny.

7. A loope' *issaio)s ,ig)#e !ay be obtaine' w&en t&e ,#e)eny o, t&e )n%nown signal bea#sso!e #elation to t&e ,#e)eny o, t&e %nown signal.

6. &e ,#e)eny o, t&e )n%nown signal !ay be ,o)n' ,#o! t&e e)ation gien below.

,G,y L points o, tangenies to a e#tial line G points o,

tangenies to a &o#iEontal line.

i.e. n,L ny ,y

=. :o# two ,ig)#es !eas)#e t&e ,#e)eny o, t&e signal an' tab)late

t&e #ea'ing as pe# tab)la# ol)!ns.

/AR (- /R8("DUR" :8R 5"ASURI+M H" /HAS" 8: A MI?"+ SI+US8IDA* SIM+A*

1. Apply t&e sin)soi'al signal ,#o! A.: gene#ato# to t&e plates

&annel 1; an' sin)soi'al signal wit& so!e p&ase s&i,t is ,eel to &annel 2 plates;.

2. &e neessa#y p&ase s&i,t is obtaine' )sing a &ig& pass R.(; i#)it.3. +ow obse#e an ellipse on t&e s#een.

4. 5eas)#e t&e !ai!)! 'isplae!ent in t&e 'i#etion an' te#! it as CA@. also !eas)#e t&e

'istane between t&e inte#epts o, t&e ellipse wit& t&e e#tial ais. e#! t&is 'istane as CB@.

7. "al)ate Sin1BGA; L

6. ?e#i,y t&e al)e o, t&eo#etially. &e t&eo#etial < p#atial al)es s&o)l' tally;

31


32/58


L tan1(G R (L 1 G 2,

S.

+o

.

:#e)eny ( R L an1(G R

(L 1 G 2, a b L Sin1bGa Deiation

'esult .

-I-, -OICE .

1. *ist t&e st#)t)#e' 'etails o, a (R8.

2. $&at is t&e ,)ntion o, aele#ating ano'e in a (RQ

3. $&at is t&e a!o)nt o, potential to be applie' at t&e ,inal ano'e an' state t&e #easons ,o#applying t&at oltageQ

4. $&at is t&e nat)#e o, t&e signal applie' to t&e &o#iEontal an' e#tial 'e,letion plates.

7. $&at a#e t&e a#io)s s#een olo)#s aailable. $&at is t&e &e!ial )se' ,o# ea& o, t&e olo)#.

6. *ist t&e a#io)s appliations o, a (R8.

=. $&at a#e *issaio)s ,ig)#es. How a#e t&ey ,o#!e'Q

>. How an yo) obtain an ellipse on a (R8 s#eenQ

32


33/58


=) "$*D+ O% DI%%E'E$ $+E" O% $',"%O'ME'"

$+E" O% $',"%O'ME' -

(onst#)tional t#ans,o#!e#s a#e o, two types base' on t&e !anne# in w&i& t&e p#i!a#y an'seon'a#y a#e plae' a#o)n' t&e la!inate' o#e.

1. (o#e type2. S&ell type

In o#e type t#ans,o#!e#s t&e win'ings s)##o)n' a onsi'e#able pa#t o, t&e o#e w&e#e as ins&ell t#ans,o#!e#. &e o#e s)##o)n's a onsi'e#able po#tion o, win'ing.

CO'E $+E $',"%O'ME' -

&e oils )se' a#e o, ,o#!Fwo)n' an' a#e o, ylin'#ial type. &e gene#al ,o#! o, t&eseoils !ay be i#)la# o# oal o# #etang)la#. In s!all siEe o#e type t#ans,o#!e#s a si!ple

#etang)la# o#e is )se' wit& ylin'#ial oils w&i& a#e eit&e# i#)la# o# #etang)la# in ,o#!. B)t,o# la#ge siEe o#e type t#ans,o#!e#s #o)n' o# i#)la# ylin'#ial oils a#e )se' w&i& a#e so

wo)n' so as to ,it oe# a )ni,o#! #ossFsetion. &ese i#)la# ylin'#ial oils a#e )se' ,o# t&ei#

!e&anial st#engt&. &ey a#e wo)n' in &elial laye#s ins)lating ea& laye# ,#o! ot&e# by pape#lot& et..

"9ELL $+E $',"%O'ME'" -

&e oils a#e ,o#! wo)n' b)t a#e !)ltiFlaye#s 'is type. Us)ally wo)n' in t&e ,o#! o,

pa%ages. &e 'i,,e#ent laye#s o, s)& !)ltiFlaye#s 'is a#e ins)late' ,#o! ea& ot&e# by pape#.&e o!plete win'ing onsists o, sta%e' 'iss wit& ins)late' ins)lation spaes between t&e oilst&e spaes ,o#!ing &o#iEontal ooling an' ins)lting ')ts. &is type o, !ay &ae a si!ple

#etang)la# ,o#! o# 'ist#ib)te' ,o#!. &e o#es o# oils o, t#ans,o#!e#s !)st be p#oi'e' wit& #igi'

!e&anial b#aing in o#'e# to p#eent !oe!ent an' possible ins)lation 'a!age. $oo' b#aing#e')es ib#ation an' obetionable F &)!!ing so)n' ')#ing ope#ations.

"I',L CO'E $+E $',"%O'ME'

O'

WO*D CO'E $+E $',"%O'ME' .

&e o#e in t&is type o, t#ans,o#!e# is asse!ble' in ontin)o)s st#ip o, #ibbon o, steelt#ans,o#!e# steel wo)n' in ,o#! o, i#)la# o# elliptial ylin'e#. S)& onst#)tion allows t&e o#e

,l) to ,ollow t&e g#ain o, i#on t&e a'antages o, s)& onst#)tion a#e

1. Relatiely !o#e #igi' o#e.2. *esse# weig&t an' siEe.

3. *owe# i#on losses at &ig&e# te!pe#at)#e ope#ating ,l) 'ensities.

4. *owe# ost o, !an),at)#e.

33


34/58


A t#ans,o#!e# wit& !o#e seon'a#y win'ing oil t&an p#i!a#y is step )p t#ans,o#!e#. I, it is

ot&e# way #o)n' it is step 'own t#ans,o#!e#. Depen'ing )pon !et&o' o, ooling a'opte' t&e

t#ans,o#!e#s a#e lassi,ie' as

1. 8il ,ille' sel,Foole'.

2. 8il ,ille' wate#Foole'.

3. Ai# type blast type.

:o# oilF,ille' sel,Foole' t#ans,o#!e#s win'ings an' o#es a#e !o)nte' in a wel'e' oil tig&t

steel tan% &aing a steel oe#. A,te# p)tting t&e o#e in p#ope# plae t&e tan% is ,ille' wit& p)#i,ie'ins)lating oil w&i& oneys t&e &eat ,#o! o#e an' win'ings to t&e ase w&e#e it is #a'iate' to t&e

s)##o)n'ings. :o# s!all siEe tan%s a#e s!oot& ,o# la#ge siEe tan%s a#e o##)gate'.

In oilF,ille' wate# oole' type win'ings an' o#e a#e i!!e#se' in oil b)t t&e#e is !o)nte'

nea# t&e s)#,ae o, oil a ooling to)g& w&i& wate# is %ept i#)lating. &e &eat is a##ie' by

wate#.

:o# oltages below 27000? t#ans,o#!e#s an be b)ilt ,o# ooling by !eans o, ai# blast. &et#ans,o#!e# is not i!!e#se' in oil b)t is &o)se' in a t&in s&eet o, !etal bo open at bot& en's

to)g& w&i& ai# is blown ,#o! botto! to top by !eans o, ,an o# blowe#.

In ' i#)its ,o# la#ge )##ent !eas)#e!ent low #ange a!!ete#s wit& s&)nts a#e )se'. :o#

&ig& oltages low #ange olt!ete#s wit& &ig& #esistane in se#ies a#e )se'. B)t t&is !et&o' annotbe )se' ,o# a an' alte#nating oltage inst#)!ents. :o# t&is p)#pose a)#ateF #atio inst#)!ent

t#ans,o#!e#s a#e )se' ,o# in on)ntion to low #ange a inst#)!ents. &ese inst#)!ents a#e o, two

%in's.

C*''E$ $',"%O'ME'" - In a''ition to ins)lating t&e inst#)!ent ,#o! &ig& oltage line

t&ey stepF'own t&e )##ent is %nown as #atio. &e )##ent o, se#ies t#ans,o#!e# &as p#i!a#y oil o,one o# !o#e t&i% wi#es seon'a#y wit& n)!be# o, t)#ns o, t&in wi#e.

O$E$I,L $',"%O'ME' - &ese a#e et#e!ely a)#ate stepFsown t#ans,o#!e#s an' a#e

)se' in on)ntion wit& stan'a#' low #ange olt!ete#s w&ose 'e,letion w&en 'ii'e' byt#ans,o#!e# #ation gies t&e t#)e oltage on &ig& oltage si'e. &e seon'a#y s&o)l' be o!pletely

ins)late' ,#o! t&e &ig& oltage p#i!a#y an' s&o)l' be g#o)n'e'.

#ans,o#!e#s a#e gene#ally &o)se' in tig&tly ,itte' s&eetF!etal tan%s ,ille' wit& speial

ins)lating oil t&e oil &as been &ig&ly 'eelope' an' its ,)ntion is two ,ol'. By i#)lation not

only %eeps t&e oils #easonably ool by also p#o i'es t&e t#ans,o#!e# wit& a''itional ins)lation not

obtainable w&en t&e t#ans,o#!e# is le,t in t&e ai#.

In ases w&e#e a s!oot& tan% s)#,ae 'oes not p#oi'e s),,iient ooling a#ea t&e si'es o,

t&e tan% a#e o##)gate' o# p#oi'e' wit& #a'iato#s !o)nte' on t&e si'es. Moo' t#ans,o#!e#s s&o)l'be absol)tely ,#ee ,#o! al%alis s)l,)# an' pa#ti)la#ly ,#o! !oist)#e. &e p#esene o, een s!all

pe#entage ,#o! t&e ins)lation iewpoint bea)se it lowe#s 'ielet#i st#engt& o, t&e oil

onsi'e#ably. "en >pp! o, wate# #e')e t&e ins)lating )ality o, t&e oil to a al)e gene#ally#eogniEe' as below stan'a#'s.

34


35/58


36/58


36


37/58


>) 'I$ED CI'C*I$ BO,'D

CB ./#inte' i#)it boa#'s a#e )s)ally te#!e' as /(B it is )se' to aoi' all t&e 'isa'antages o,

onentional b#ea'boa#'s. It gies all t&e in,o#!ation an' lea# oneption an' 'etails o, t&ei#)it be,o#e t&e at)al layo)t an 'o.

&e only 'isa'antage is t&at one t&e boa#' is p#epa#e' no !o#e &anges a#e possible.

/"S B8ARDS

&e two !ost pop)la# boa#'s a#e single si'e' an' 'o)bleFsi'e' boa#'s. &e single si'e'

boa#'s a#e wi'ely )se' ,o# gene#alFp)#pose appliation w&e#e ost is low an' layo)t is si!ple. o

)!p oe# a on')ting t#a% )!pe#s wi#es a#e )se'. I, t&e wi#es a#e o#e t&an 'o)bleFsi'e' /(B is

p#e,e##e'.

*A5I+A"S - A la!inate is a t&in s&eet obtaine' by p#essing laye#s o, ,ile#s i!p#egnate' wit&

#esin )n'e# &eat an' p#ess)#e.

/R8/"RI"S - A goo' oppe# la' la!inate !)st &ae goo' elet#ial an' p&ysial p#ope#ties.

(oppe# to ba#e la!inate an' st#engt&. &e !ost i!po#tant ,ato#s t&at a#e to be onsi'e#e' a#e'ielet#i st#engt& 'ielet#i onstant an' 'issipation ,ato# an' ol)!e s)#,ae #esistane. &e

elet#ial an' !e&anial p#ope#ties a#e e,,ete' by eni#on!ental on'itions s)& as &)!i'ity

te!pe#at)#e et. &)s t&e be&aio# o, t&ese !ate#ials is st)'ie' )n'e# 'i,,e#ent eni#on!entalon'itions.

9+"IC,L 'OE'$IE"

1. :*"URA* SR"+MH - &e is t&e ,o#e pe# )nit a#ea w&i& t&e la!inate an wit& stan'

wit&o)t getting #)pt)#e'.

2. /U+(HABI*I - A goo' oppe# la' la!inate s&o)l' be p)n& at #oo! te!pe#at)#e. &is

p)n&ing; is t&e si!plest !et&o' o, p#o')ing o!ple s&apes.

3. (leaning t&e boa#'s - &e p#inte' i#)it boa#'s &ae to be leane' an' p#epa#e' ,o# t&e layo)t

o, t&e i#)it. 9in s),,iient leaning t&e /(B !ay lea' to 'i,,i)lties in ,inal p#epa#ation. &e

i#)it is t&en '#awn on t&e boa#' an' et&e'. :inally plating is 'one t&e ,inge#p#ints ,o#!e'

w&ile s#)bbing o# et&ing an #e!oe &an'ling t&e /(Bs. "- p#i!aies salt sol)tion

It is t&e ,i#st step in t&e p#epa#ation o, /(B. A pe#,et '#awing oe#o!es p#oble!s li%e

ina)#ate #egist#ation b#o%en ann)la# #ings an' spaing. &e aailability o, sel,Fa'&esie steps

an' pa's. &e 'esign o, a#two#% &as beo!e si!ple an' !o#e e,,iient.

3=


38/58


4. /ADS - &e pa's a#e aailable in two a#ieties t&e sel,Fa'&esie an' t#ans,e# type. Sel,F

a'&esie pa's a#e s)pplie' by sti%ing on a bla% pape#. &ese a#e peale' ,#o! ba%ing pape#

an' positione' w&e#e #e)i#e' an' slig&tly p#eise.

7. A/"S - &e sel,Fa'&esie tapes a#e aailable in wi'e #ange o, wi't&s. &ese a#e s)pplie' in

#olls an' )se e#y ,leible nonFt#anspa#ent !ate#ial. It pe#!its a#two#% wit& ben's o#ne#s an'#o)n's.

6. BAS" :8I* - So!e stan'a#' pa's ,o# t#ansisto#s a#e also aailable. &e base ,oils a#e !a'e o,

polyeste# ,il! w&i& p#oi'es eellent 'i!ensional stability.

=. "(HI+M - "t&ing is a p#oess &e#e t&e ,inal oppe# patte#n is ,o#!e' an' t&e )nwante'

oppe# is #e!oe'. &e et&ing is not ont#olle' it an lea' to )n'e# et&ing an' oe# et&ing.

1. sp#ay et&ing

2. b)bble et&ing

:e##i &lo#i'e s)l,)#i &lo#i'e o!i ai' an' al%aline a!!onia a#e t&e o!!only

)se' et&ings.

>. /*AI+M - /lating is 'one oe# t&e oppe# oating in o#'e# to p#otet i, ,#o! being 'a!age'

on epos)#e to at!osp&e#e. Di,,e#ent plating te&ni)es a#e

1. I!!e#sion plating.

2. "let#oplating.

&e enti#e p#epa#ation o, /(B is 'one in a 'a#% #oo! )n'e# t&e sa,e #e' o# o#ange lig&t. Holes

a#e '#ille' by &ig& sp#ea' &an' '#ill. So!e ti!es t&e /(Bs a#e p)n&e' to !a%e &oles.

3>


39/58


Machines include : ta%en ,#o!- &ttp-GGwww.#esentweb.o!Gin'e.&t!l

PCB Artwork Film

maker

PCB Curing Machine

Photo Resist Dip

Coating Machine

U.V. Exposure Unit

Etching Machine

hearing Machine

PCB Drilling Machine

Roller tinning Machine

D!e"De#eloping Machine

Artwork $ Film %a&le

39
http://www.crescentweb.com/index.htmlhttp://www.crescentweb.com/index.html


40/58


40


41/58


?) "OLDE'I/ ',C$ICE ,D CI'C*I$ $',CI/

,IM . o ,iGlay t&e i#)it ele!ents on a /(B boa#' by p#ope# sol'e#ing app#op#iately.

,,',$*" .

S.+o. ")ip!ent ty. Range

1. Sol'e#ing I#on 01

2. :l) 01

3. lea' 01

4. /(B i#)it

ele!ents

01

'OCED*'E .

1. :i#st lean t&e gien /(B wit& a wi#e b#)s& so t&at t&e oil g#eases ,inge# p#ints 'i#ty et. a#e

#e!oe'.2. Re!oe t&e to)g& stains by s#at&ing wit& a s&a#p tool iE. Bla'e.

3. a%e t&e i#)it ele!ents an' ben' t&e lea's app#oi!ately t&at it gets pe#,etly installe' on t&e/(B.

4. &e &oie o, i#)it ele!ents p#ope#ly in t&e &oles an' a')st in asen'ing o#'e# o, t&ei#

&eig&ts.

7. Heat t&e sol'e#ing #o' an' plae t&e sol'e#ing #o' nea# t&e en' o, t&e lea's an' let t&e lea' bep)t in t&e isi'ity s)& t&at a b)bble so#t o, appea#ane ,o#!s by lea'.

6. ()t o,, t&e eess lea's by !eans o, )tte#.

=. Repeat t&e p#oess ,o# ot&e# i#)it ele!ents.

'EC,*$IO" .1. &e sol'e#ing #o' s&o)l' be &an'le' wit& a#e.2. &e sol'e#ing s&o)l' be 'one a#e,)lly t&at ,o#!ation o, '#y sol'e# is aoi'e'.

3. App#op#iate ,l) s&o)l' be a''e' at #eg)la# inte#als.

4. &e ele!ents s&o)l' be !o)nte' wit& #espet to t&ei# &eig&ts in o#'e#.

'E"*L$ . &e sol'e#ing p#atie is o!plete' an' lean sol'e# is a&iee'.

41


42/58


42


43/58


43


44/58


44


45/58


47


46/58


46


47/58


$9E-EI@" $9EO',M

,IM .o e#i,y t&e &eenin@s t&eo#e!.

,,',$*" .

")o) ,,',$*" ',/E 3*,$I$+

1. #aine# i#)it %it F 1

2. A!!ete# 0F105A 1

3. ?olt!ete# 0F10? 1

4. /at& a#'s F 10

$9EO'+ .

Any two te#!inal netwo#% onsisting o, linea# i!pe'anes an' gene#ato#s !ay be #eplae'by an "5: ating in se#ies wit& an i!pe'ane. &e "5: is open i#)it oltage at t&e te#!inals an'

t&e i!pe'ane is t&e i!pe'ane iewe' at t&e te#!inals w&en all t&e gene#ato#s in t&e netwo#% &ae

been #eplae' by i!pe'anes e)al to t&ei# inte#nal i!pe'anes.

CI'C*I$ DI,/',M.

&einin@s e)ialent (i#)it

4=


48/58


'OCED*'E .

1. Swit& 8+ t&e t#aine# by onneting t&e powe# o#'s to t&e A( !ains.

2. Apply D( oltage o, 20? ,#o! oltage so)#e to t&e inp)t te#!inals o, t&e netwo#% an'

!eas)#e t&e o)tp)t oltage ?t&. ?t&.FFFF open i#)it oltage a#oss A


49/58


49


50/58


70


51/58


71


52/58


53/58


$ELLI/E@" $9EO',M

,IM .o e#i,y t&e elligen@s &eo#e!.

,,',$*" .

")O ,,',$*" 3*,$I$+

1. DRB >

2. D)al powe# s)pply 1

3. 5)lti!ete# 2

$9EO'+ .

elligen@s t&eo#e! is one o, t&e !ost gene#al t&eo#e! w&i& is appliable ton any l)!pe'

netwo#%s. $it& linea# o# nonlinea# ti!e a#iant o# ina#iant. &is t&eo#e! base' on two Ki#&o,,@slaws an' is o!pletely in'epen'ent o, t&e ele!ents.

De,- onsi'e# a netwo#% wit& B b#an&es an' + no'es wit& ea& b#an& &aing a b#an& oltage

?Kan' )##ent IKwit& an a#bit#a#ily assigne' assoiate' 'i,,e#ent 'i#etionsT.

*et all t&e oltages satis,ying K?* an' all t&e satis,ying K(*.

K

?KIK L 0KL1

&e algeb#ai s)! o, powe# 'elie#e' by all so)#e S is e)al to t&e algeb#ai s)! o, powe#

obse#e' by all ele!ents.

CI'C*I$ DI,/',M .

73


54/58


H"8R"I(A* (A*(U*AI8+S -

I L ?GR L

/ L I2R L

/ L ?I L

/RA(I(A* ?A*U"S -

74


55/58


'OCED*'E .

1. (onnetions a#e !a'e as pe# t&e i#)it 'iag#a!.

2. (al)late t&e powe# at R1 R2 R3.

3. otal powe# is e)al to s)! o, all powe#.

4. (onnet t&e i#)it as pe# gien ,ig)#e.7. :in' t&ey )##ent an' tab)late t&e all al)es.

6. &is powe# is e)al to t&e p#eio)s powe# w&i& is we a#e al)late.

'E"*L$ .&e elligen@s t&eo#e! &as been e#i,ie'.

77


56/58


76


57/58


7=


58/58


Basic Electronics and Ews Lab Manual

Documents

Transcript of Basic Electronics and Ews Lab Manual