Basic Course in Friulan
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Transcript of Basic Course in Friulan
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Sandri Carrozzo
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Following the ratification of Regional Law no.15/96, the spelling standard devised by
professor Xavier La!ela, which had been already approved by the provincial
a!thorities of "din, #!ri$e and %ordenon, was adopted as the official spelling standard
of the Fri!lian lang!age. &his decision was ta'en on the gro!nds that the La!ela
spelling was ore consistent than its copetitor, the spelling adopted by the (ociet)
Filologica Fri!lana, and wo!ld be easier to learn. *owever, the (ociet) Filologica
appealed against the decision of the Region, aintaining that their spelling was ore
widely eployed by Fri!lian a!thors. &he two parties event!ally fo!nd an agreeent in
late 199+ the La!ela spelling was partially odified to accoodate s!ggestions
ade by the (ociet) Filologica Fri!lana, who withdrew their appeal. &he new spelling
standard for Fri!lian co!ld now be effectively !sed by all.
*ere is a short s!ary of the differences between the three spelling conventions.
New official spelling (FF La!ela
ducj d!c- d!c
cjase case case
zovin-$ovin $ovin
b b$ b0
bs b$ b0s
frut fr!t fr!t
fruts fr!$ fr!ts
piul pi$$!l pi0!l
nazionna$ion natsion
zucar $!car ts!car
&here are two 'inds of accents ar's in Fri!lian grave )2 and circ!fle3 42.
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The grave accent is used:
12 in polysyllabic words which are stressed on the last syllable and end in a vowel
l!i al viodar
2 in polysyllabic words which are stressed on the last syllable and end in vowel
followed by s
patrs
crodars
fins
bobors
cats
72 in polysyllabic verb fors ending in in, when the in ending is stressed
n8 o angn
l8r a angin
n8 o finn
l8r a finissin
2 in soe onosyllabic words where the spelling witho!t an accent ar' represents
another word
l!i al -he has- apreposition2
ladverb2 e laarticle2
The circumflex accent is used:
12 on long vowels when they occ!r in onosyllabic words or in the last syllable of
polysyllabic words
vocl
frt
in$ignr
disegnadr
brt
2 in infinitives and infinitives !sed as no!ns2 ending in accented vowels
ipar
cap
12 cis prono!nced soft as in -cherry-2 when followed by e and i
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:place: -s;!are-
or as the $ in the #eran word -$one-
+2 say indicate the voiceless s li'e in -rose-2, or the voiced s -s!n-, -star-2
&here are no do!ble consonants in Fri!lian, e3cept for the do!ble s which is !sed to
indicate a voiceless s in intervocalic position.
12 Fri!lian has preserved a distinction between short and long vowels> a circ!nfle3
accent ?2 indicates a long vowel
:crot: -na'ed-
:o crt: -< believe-
2 is !sed to represent the seivocalic i so!nd at the beginning of a word
:jerbe: -grass-
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"riulianis not a dialect of
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&here are no do!ble consonants in Fri!lian.
#talian "riulian
prograa pro!ra$e
Ss is !sed to represent the voiceless socc!ring in intervocalic position.
#talian "riulian
rosa rose
rossa rosse
Fri!lian words have preserved the Latin consonant cl!sters bl, cl,fl,pl,!lwhich have
becoe bi% c'i% fi% pi% !'i%in
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an ans
case cases casis
Hasc!line adectives/no!ns for the pl!ral in the sae way e3cept with words ending
with Lwhich change the Lin
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singular il / l- la / l-
plural i lis
indefinite articles a, an2
masculine femininesingular !n !ne
Personal pronouns
&hey vary according to the person, the n!ber, and the logical f!nction
person subjectstressed
e,yo!...2
direct object
e,yo!...2
indirect object
to e,to yo!...2
reflexive
< o e i i i
yo! t! te ti ti ti
he/yo! foral l!i l!i l! i si
she/yo! foral le i si
we n8 n8 n!s n!s si
yo! v8 v8 !s !s si
they 2 l8r l8r ! !r si
they f2 l8r l8r lis !r si
(tressed prono!ns are !sed after prepositions cun me, par te, in e3claations puar
me!'poor me!', or for ephasis in preference to the !nstressed direct obect prono!ns
mi ti lu... ti clami te no lui'I'm calling you, not him'.
Pleonastic pronouns
&he pleonastic prono!n is !sed between the s!bect and the verb as a reenforceent of
the s!bect.
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n o
v o
lr a
xample:
right:o i ipari il F!rlan
wrong:o o i ipari il F!rlan
Possessives
%ossessive adectives/prono!ns (my, your... mine, yours...)always agree in gender and
n!ber with the obect possessed. &he fors are the sae for adectives and prono!ns.
person masculine "s# masculine "pl# feminine "s# feminine "pl#
1st sing gno iei s
nd sing to tiei t8 t8s
7rd sing so siei s8 s8s
1st pl!ral nestri nestris nestre nestris
nd pl!ral v!estri v!estris v!estre v!estris
7rd pl!ral l8r l8r l8r l8r
$emonstratives
&here are two deonstrative adectives/prono!ns in Fri!lian. %hest(this)and chel(that). %hel chi, chel cahave the sae eaning as chest.
masculine feminine masculine feminine
singular chest cheste chel ch
plural chesc chestis chei chs
&ndefinites
&he indefinite adectives/prono!ns alc ogni ognisei cualchi cualsisei , ... have onlyone for> ciert diviers putrop dut nissun p'c tant altri stes t(l,change for
according to gender and n!ber.
The relative pronoun
&here is only one relative prono!n in Fri!lian, chethat, which, who, whom2.
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xamples:
s!bect o o ai !n ai cheal K i os furlans> la feine
furlane> lis feinis furlanis.
Adectives ay also be odified by s!ffi3es. &wo of the ost coon are )onand
)onon, eaning very, a lot> they are !sed in alternative to the for une vore
adective.
biel (eautiful)
bielonon
bielon
une vorebiel
(very eautiful)
&wo other s!ffi3es, )utand )in, are !sed as diin!tives, or to iply affection orsypathy. A third s!ffi3, )at, is !sed as a peorative.
&hese s!ffi3es ay be !sed with no!ns as well as with adectives.
casone (a ig house)
case (house) casute (either a po"y house, or a small and pretty house) casate (an ugly house)
Coparatives are fored by preceding the adectives by the adverbs plui(more)and
mancul(less).plui alt(higher)mancul alt(less high).
&he second ter of the coparison is introd!ced by di*che no
al + plui "mancul# alt di te * che no te he's taller (less tall) than you
&he for as ... asis e3pressed in a variety of ways
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al K alt compagndi te / compagn chete / tant chete / comete / sicutehe's as tall as you
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n!bers cardinals ordinals
@ $ero
1
!n 2
!ne f2
prin 2
prie f2
doi 2
d8s f2
seont, secont 2
seonde, seconde
f2
7 tr
tier0 2
tierce f2
c!atri c!art/e
5 cinc c!int/e
6 ss sest/e
+ siet seti/e
M vot
ot4f 2
otave f2
9 nEf novesi/e
1@ ds diesi
11 !ndis
!ndicesi
diesi prin 2
diesie prie f2
1 dodis dodicesi/e
17 tredis tredicesi/e
1 c!t!ardis c!t!ardicesi/e
15 c!indis c!indicesi/e
16 sedis sedicesi/e
1+ disesiet disesietesi/e1M disevot disevotesi/e
19 disenEf disenEfesi/e
@ vinc vincesi/e
1 vince!n vince!nesi/e
vincedoi vincedoiesi/e
7@ trente trentesi/e
n!bers cardinals ordinals
@ c!arante c!arantesi/e
5@ cinc!ante cinc!antesi/e
6@ sessante sessantesi/e
+@ setante setantesi/e
M@ otante otantesi/e
9@
nonante
novante
nonantesi/e
novantesi/e
1@@ cent centesi/e
11@ centeds centediesi/e
1@ centevinc centevincesi/e
@@ d!sinte d!sintesi/e7@@ tresinte tresintesi/e
@@ c!atricent c!atricentesi/e
5@@ cinccent cinccentesi/e
6@@ sscent sscentesi/e
+@@ sietcent sietcentesi/e
M@@ votcent votcententesi/e
9@@ nEfcent nEfcentesi/e
1@@@ il ilesi/e
1@@1 ile!n il!enesi/e
1@@ iledoi iledoiesi/e
1@1@ ileds ilediesi/e
@@@ doiil doiilesi/e
7@@@ tril trilesi/e
1@.@@@ dsil dsilesi/e
1@@.@@@ centil centilesi/e
1.@@@.@@@ !n ilion ilionesi/e
1.@@@.@@@.@@@ !n iliart iliardesi/e
Arithmetical s,mbols
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- pl!i, e
) anc!l, gave
x par, voltis
: dividEt
. al ven, av!4l, venast4i, al f4s
The infinitive
to be to 'ave )st conju!ation *nd conju!ation +rd conju!ation
essi, sei v scolt plas%crodi fin
The past participle
to be to 'ave )st conju!ation *nd conju!ation +rd conju!ation
st4t vEt scolt4t plasEt, crodEt fint/finEt
The present tense "active#
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o o
t! t!
l!i al
en8 o
v8 o
l8r a
to be to 'ave )st conju!ation *nd conju!ation +rd conju!ation
soi ai scolti pl4s, cr8t fins
ss 4s scoltis plasis%crodis finissis
K ) scolte pl4s, cr8t fins
e ) scolte pl4s, cr8t fins
sin vin scoltn plasn, crodn finin
ss vs scoltais plass, crods fins
son an scoltin plasin, crodin finissin
The present tense "passive#
Nerbjessi past participle
o o soi
t! t! ss
l!i al K
e K
n8 o sin
v8 o ss
l8r a son
scolt4t crodEt fint
scolt4t crodEt fint
scolt4t crodEt fint
scoltade crod!de finide
scoltats crodEts fints
scoltats crodEts fints
scoltats crodEts fints
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d!ar Er sc!en, sc!gni sint ten vai ven
d!aris !eris sc!gnis sintis tegnis vais vegnis
d!ar Er sc!en, sc!gne sint ten vai ven
d!rOn !rOn sc!gnOn sintOn tignOn vaOn vignOn
d!rs !rs sc!gns sints tigns vas vigns
d!arin !erin sc!gnin sintin tegnin vain vegnin
dur$t $uart scu!nt sintt% sintt ti!nt vat% vait vi!nt
P!estions ay be phrased in two ways in Fri!lian either following the odel
C, #S-./
or the odel
C, C0, -. ,1 /
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&he iperfect tense
&he only verbs to behave irreg!larly in the iperfect are f((to do, to ma"e)and d3(to
say, to tell)which for the iperfect on the e3tended stes fas)and dis)fasevi disevietc2 and act as if they belonged to the nd con!gation fasevi disevietc2.
o o
t! t!
l!i a
e
n8 o
v8 o
l8r a
essi, sei v scolt4 plas, crodi fin
eri vevi scoltavi plasevi, crodevi finivi
eris vevis scoltavis plasevis, crodevis finivis
ere veve scoltave plaseve, crodeve finive
ere veve scoltave plaseve, crodeve finive
erin vevin scoltavin plasevin%crodevin finivin
eris vevis scoltavis plasevis, crodevis finivis
erin vevin scoltavin plasevin, crodevin finivin
&he iperfect is !sed
1 to describe habit!al actions in the past, in the sae way as the =nglish -!sed to- for
di frut o lavi al m(r il m4s di 5ui
as a child I used to go the seaside in #uly
to describe incoplete actions in the past, siilarly to the =nglish past contin!o!s
alis d3s o spietavi ancjem6 l7autobusat ten o'cloc" I was still waiting for the us
7 to describe past states and sit!ations
al ploveve e la strade e jere bagnade
it was raining and the road was wet
al someave strac
he loo"ed tired
&he perfect tense
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Bifferently fro
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Qeside the perfect tense, Fri!lian also feat!res other copo!nd past tenses s!ch as the
pl!perfect o vevi st(t'I had een', o vevi v9t'I had had', o vevi scolt(t'I had heard'
etc2 and the past anterior o foi st(t, o vei v%t, o vei scolt(tetc2. A characteristic ofFri!lian are the bicopo!nd past tenses, fored by adding the past participle of the
verb to the perfect tense of 'to have'o ai v9t st(t o ai v9t scolt(tetc2 or to the
pl!perfect tense of 'to have'o vevi v9t st(t o vevi v9t scolt(tetc2.
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fasarai v!elarai disarai sc!gnarai sintarai tignarai vaiarai vignarai
fasar4s v!elar4s disar4s sc!gnar4s sintar4s tignar4s vaiar4s vignar4s
fasar) v!elar) disar) sc!gnar) sintar) tignar) vaiar) vignar)
fasarOn v!elarOn disarOn sc!gnarOn sintarOn tignarOn vaiarOn vignarOn
fasars v!elars disars sc!gnars sintars tignars vaiars vignars
fasaran v!elaran disaran sc!gnaran sintaran tignaran vaiaran vignaran
The present subjunctive
o o
t! t!
l!i al
n8 o
v8 o
l8r a
jessi 3 sei v scolt plas crodi fin
sedi vedi scolti plasi, crodi finissi
sedis vedis scoltis plasis, crodis finissis
sedi vedi scolti plasi, crodi finissi
sedin vedin scoltn plasn, crodn finn
sedis vedis scoltaisplass%crods fins
sedin vedin scoltin plasin, crodin finissin
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&rregular present subjunctives
4able )
f d d l st pod vol cir
fasi disi dedi ledi stedi p!edi v!eli ciri
fasis disis dedis ledis stedis p!edis v!elis ciris
fasi disi dedi ledi stedi p!edi v!eli ciri
fasOn disOn dedin ledin stedin podOn volOn cirOn
fass diss dedis ledis stedis pods vols cirs
fasin disin dedin ledin stedin p!edin v!elin cirin
4able *
dur$ $ur scu!n sint va ti!n vi!n
d!ari !eri sc!gni sinti vai tegni vegni
d!aris !eris sc!gnis sintis vais tegnis vegnis
d!ari !eri sc!gni sinti vai tegni vegnid!rOn !rOn sc!gnOn sintOn vaOn tignOn vignOn
d!rs !rs sc!gns sins vas tigns vigns
d!arin !erin sc!gnin sintin vain tegnin vegnin
4'e i$perfect subjunctive
o o
t! t!l!i al
n8 o
v8 o
l8r a
j essi 3 sei v scolt plas% crodi fin
fos ves scolts plass, crods fins
fossis vessis scoltassis plasessis%crodessis finissis
fos ves scolts plass, crods fins
fossin vessin scoltassin plasessin, crodessin finissin
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fossis vessis scoltassis plasessis, crodessis finissis
fossin vessin scoltassin plasessin, crodessin finissin
&rregular imperfect subjunctives
f d
fasKs disKs
fasessis disessis
fasKs disKs
fasessin disessin
fasessis disessin
fasessin disessin
Qeside the present and iperfect, there are also a perfect and a pl!perfect s!b!nctives,
fored by adding the past participle of the verb respectively to the present and
iperfect s!b!nctives of the a!3iliary verbs. ote that the present s!b!nctive is also
!sed to for a polite iperative with the second person foral.
Present conditional
o o
t! t!
l!i al e2
n8 o
v8 o
l8r a
sarKs varKs scoltars plasars, crodars finirs
saressis varessis scoltaressis plasaressis, crodaressis finiressis
sares varKs scoltars plasars, crodars finirs
saressin varessin scoltaressin plasaressin, crodaressin finiressin
saressis varessis scoltaressis plasaressis, crodaressis finiressis
saressin varessin scoltaressin plasaressin, crodaressin finiressin
&here is also a past conditional fored by adding the past participle of the verb to the
present conditional of the a!3iliary verb.
&rregular conditionals
f vol d scu!n sint ti!n va vi!n
fasarKs vorKs disarKs sc!gnarKs sintarKs tignarKs vaiarKs vignarKs
fasaressis voressis disaressis sc!gnaressis sintaressis tignaressis vaiaressis vignaressisfasarKs vorKs disarKs sc!gnarKs sintarKs tignarKs vaiarKs vignarKs
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fasaressin voressin disaressin sc!gnaressin sintaressin tignaressin vaiaressin vignaressin
faseressis voressis disaressis sc!gnaressis sintaressis tignaressis vaiaressis vignaressis
fasaressin voressin disaressin sc!gnaressin sintaressin tignaressin vaiaressin vignaressin
The gerund
tense jessi3sei v scolt plas% crodi fin
present sint vint scolt4nt plasint, crodint finnt
past sint st4t,vint st4t2 vint vEt vint scolt4t vint plasEt, vint crodEt vint finEt/fint
The imperative
t!
n8
v8
scolte pl4s, cr8t finOs
scoltOn plasOn, crodOn finOn
scoltait plast, crodt fint
&o for a polite iperative with the second person foral, Fri!lian !ses the present
s!b!nctive preceded by che che al scolti asc!line2, che e scolti feinine2.
&he negative of the iperative is e3pressed by the periphrases
t!2 no st4 a
n82 no stin a the infinitive
v82 no stait a