Basic Concept of Basic Science for Nursing
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Transcript of Basic Concept of Basic Science for Nursing
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Bioscience for Nursing II:An introduction
Basic Science and Fundamental of Nursing Group
Faculty of Nursing Universitas Indonesia
2011
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Visi Prodi S1 Ilmu Keperawatan
Tahun 2013 menjadi pusat unggulan
pendidikan keperawatan professionalberbasis riset yang unggul dalam
IPTEK keperawatan yang peka budaya
sesuai kebutuhan kesehatanmasyarakat nasional dan internasional.
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Misi Prodi S1 Kep
1. Menyiapkan peserta didik menjadi sarjanakeperawatan yang mampu bersaing secaranasionaldan internasional;
2. Menggunakan hasil-hasil riset dalamkegiatan pendidikan keperawatan yang pekabudaya untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat;
3. Menerapkan evidence-based practicedalam bidang keperawatan.
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What we will cover today
To learn about the discipline of
Bioscience for nursing
To learn how Bioscience applies to
clinical practice
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Why should we study bioscience?The goal is also clearly to be a professional nurse:
- think rationally and scientifically
- bioscience (including pathology) is a
foundation for nursing professional science
- holistic care; illness is as a result of
abnormalities on biological (on cells,
tissue, & organ), psychological, social, &
spiritual factors.
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Component of Bioscience forNursing II
PathologyMicrobiology & Parasitology
Pharmacology
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PATHOLOGY
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What is Pathology?
Root Word:
Path(pathos) means suffering, disease
Suffix:
logy(logos) means study, science
The study of disease
The study of the functional, biochemical, and
morphological alteration in cells, tissue, and organsthat underlie disease
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DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY
Disease:1. a disorder of structure or function, especially that
produces specific clinical signs
2. any deviation from, or interruption of, the normalstructure or function of organ or one system of thebody; which may be clinical (characteristic set ofsymptoms & signs) or sub clinical and whose
etiology, pathogenesis and prognosis may be knowor unknown
(http://people.upei.ca/hanna/)
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DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY(2)
Symptom:
any indication of disease perceived
by the patient. Applicable to animal?Sign:
observed abnormality of structure or
function
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The key point of nursingscience
To prevent
To diagnose
To care
( Control)
Diseases
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The contents of pathologyv Etiology (the causes )
v Pathogenesis (mechanisms frominitiation to disease development)
v pathologic changes (structural &functional, biochemistry abnormalitiesthat are characteristic of the disease
v clinical significance (nature of the
morphologic changes & theirdistribution in organs/tissues influencenormal function and determine theclinical signs, course, and prognosis ofthe disease)
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1. Causes of disease
Identification of the causative factors that initiate thedisease process.
1). Genetic factors2). Environmental factors
Although the causes of disease are divided into above two main
groups, but both groups are interlaced in most diseases.
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2. Pathogenesis
Defining the disease mechanisms.How do the causative factors change normal physiologicalprocesses?
How do these functional changes cause changes in tissuestructure?
Most are still investigating. Some of them should be known,for instance:
Thrombosis
Myocardial infarction
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3. Pathologic changesWhat are the specific changes in function and structure that characterize each disease?
Level A.Naked eye level:
gross changes in diseased organs.
Level B.Light microscopic level:
in histological and cytological level.
Level C.Electron-microscopic(EM) level:
in the ultrastructure (cellular organelles).
Level D.Molecular level:
inspect aberrant in DNA, RNA, and protein.
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4. Manifestations
The functional consequences of the morphologic changes.
Can these changes from normal be detected by clinical tests such asexamination of the blood or urine?
Can the structural changes be identified by techniques such as x-ray,ultrasound, nuclear medicine, or examination of tissue samples (biopsies)?
What clinical signs and symptoms are produced by the disease process?
How does the disease process produce these signs and symptoms?
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5. Progress and sequels
Progress
simple intricate
short-term long-term
Sequels
healing
un-healing: delay & complications
spread even death
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CLINICAL TASKS
In clinical practice, the objective of the study of diseasehas several purposes:
Diagnosis: to determine the nature of the disease processand its causation, i.e. to establish a diagnosis if possible.
Intervention: To monitor the extent and progress of thedisease and provide an indication of prognosis. Caring ofthe patient's problem is very often based on thisinformation.
Prevention: To use knowledge of the mechanisms ofdisease to prevent disease in individuals or populations ofpeople or animals.
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The classification ofpathology
General pathology: the study of basic reactions ofcells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underliediseases
i.e. injury, repair, inflammation, neoplasia.
Systemic pathology: the study of the specificresponse of specialized organs and tissues to more orless well defined stimuli
i.e. cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases,endocrine diseases, etc.
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Diseases-->Pathology--> Nursing
Practice
Variations ofstructurefunctionoutsidenormal range
(1) Causes (etiology)(2) Mechanisms (Pathogenesis)(3) Pathological changes(4) Manifestations(5) Progress and sequels
Diagnosing
Caring/intervention
Preventing
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The location and importance ofbioscience in nursing education
Pathology is a bridge between basic science andclinical nursing. All of the nursing students haveto stride over the bridge!
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Selamat Belajar!!