BASELINE SURVEY REPORT OF THE PROJECT AREA ...

BASELINE SURVEY REPORT OF THE PROJECT AREA

Acknowledgement

It is my pleasure to bring out the revised Baseline survey report of the project

entitled Developing farming system models for pritorised micro watesheds in rain

fed areas of Jharkhand. The purpose of the baseline report is to know the status of the

farmers and present situation of the farming system, so that at the end of the project the

impact of project can be analysed. The aim of the project is to develop models of

sustainable farming system which can be replicated in the other areas of similar situation.

I am grateful to Dr.N.N.Singh Consortia leader & Vice-Chancellor, Birsa

Agricultural University, Dr. B.N.Singh, Nodal officer (NAIP) & Director of Research &

Dr. A.K.Sarkar, Dean Faculty of Agriculture for their support and encouragement.

I am thankful to the National Director Dr.Mruthyunjaya for the support

provided to the project. I am also thankful to National Co-ordinator

(Component III) Dr.A.P.Srivastava & M&E Consultant Dr.U.K.Srivastava for

their guidance to bring out this report.

Last but not the least I am thankful to Dr.S.K.Pal ex-PI of the project, whose strong

footing of the project paved the way for smooth execution of the work.

I am also grateful to all our farmers who provided the basic information

I am also thankful to all Co-PIs & Research Associates who helped me directly or

indirectly to bring out this report.

(A.K.Singh)

Principal Investigator

1

PROJECT TEAM S.No. Name Designation Area of Specialization

1. Dr.A.K.Sarkar Dean, Faculty of Agriculture

Natural Resource Management

2. Dr.S.K.Singh (upto 8.6.09) Dean , Veterinary sciences & AH

Animal husbandry

3. Dr.A.K.Singh Professor of Aquaculture Aquaculture

4 Dr. S.K.Pal Professor in Agronomy Farming System

5 Er. D.K.Rusia Sr. Scientist Agricultural Engineering

6. Dr. Arvind Kumar Assistant Professor Micronutrient/Soil pollution

7 Dr. R.P.Singh Professor in Agricultural Economics

Agricultural Economics

7. Dr.R.K.Singh Principal Scientist Farming System

8. Dr.A.K.Jaiswal Principal Scientist Lac

9. Dr.R.S.Pan Sr. Scientist Horticulture

10. Dr. P.B.Saha Sr.scientist Soil fertility

10. Dr.Sunil Kumar Research Associate Animal husbandry

11. Mr. Ajeet Kumar Research Associate Soil Science

12. Mr. Upendra Kumar Research Associate Agronomy

13. Mr. Hemant Kumar, Research Associate Fisheries

14. Er. Piyush Srivastava Research Associate Agricultural Engineering

15. Mr. Dhirendra Kumar Research Associate Lac

16. Mr. Narendra Kumar Sharma Research Associate Agricultural Extension

17 Smt. Padmaja Gupta Research Associate Agronomy

2

List of Tables

Sl.no Title Page no. 1 Activity Schedule/Work Plan (Objective wise/year wise) 11 2 Activities schedule and work plan (Cluster wise) 14 3 Activities schedule/work plan (Centre wise) 19 4 Expected Output/ Outcome/ Impact 22 5 Villages selected for the project 24 6 Caste composition of the target area (household %) 25 7 Availability of ponds in different cluster 27 8 Source of water in different land situation 27 9 Cropping pattern in the target area 28 10 Crops grown during 2007-08 29 11 Methods of rice cultivation 31 12 Rice varieties grown during 2007-08 32 13 Productivity of the important crops (Q/ha) 33 14 Farm tools use in agricultural operations by farm families 34 15 Community Structure. 35 16 Schools present in selected micro watershed areas 35 17 Infrastructure existes in thé cluster 35 18 Schemes/works running in the Villages 36 19 Family size of the household in the adopted cluster 38 20 Occupation in the adopted cluster 38 21 Family assets of the sampled farmers 38 22 Annual family expenditure/household(Rs) 39 23 Fruit trees in different land situation 40 24 Timber and other trees in different land situation 41 25 Land classification by revenue class, local class and by hydrology 42 26 Cropping intensity in the selected cluster 51 27 Gross revenue from agriculture & horticulture 52 28 Total income income/household(Rs.) 52 29 Animal population in adopted villages 55 30 Farm family preference of rearing animals & birds 56 31 Rearing of birds in adopted villages 56 32 Different livestock stakes in different farm holdings 57 33 Gross income from milk production 58 34 Income from other than milch animals 59 35 Average income from livestock 59 36 Income from other subsidiary occupation and wage employment 61 37 Total employment ( man days) available in a year in the selected cluster 62 38 Source of information 63 39 Drudgery in the marketing of horticultural crops 65 40 Constraints in vegetables and fruits growing 66 41 Average earnings from migration 68 42 Present source of credit 70 43 Average annual income from all sources(Rs./household) 73

3

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement Project team Executive summary

Sl.no Chapter Page no.

1 Background

7

2 Baseline data of sample village

24

3 Socio-economic profile

38

4 Land & water use profile 42

5 Cropping pattern & net agriculture income 51

6 Post harvest activities

53

7 Live stock & Fisheries activities

55

8 Income from other subsidiary occupation & employment

61

9 Sources of knowledge

63

10 Perception of farmers

64

11 Migration status

68

12 Extension services

69

13 Access to micro credit & loan facilities 70

14 Conclusion

72

4

Executive Summary Jharkhand is a newly created state having immense potentiality for development of

agriculture and industries. Out of 24 districts of the state, 14 have been declared as

disadvantaged districts. The present baseline report has been prepared to assist in final

evaluation of the project on “Developing Sustainable farming system models for

prioritized micro watersheds in rain fed areas of Jharkhand”. The data for the baseline has

been collected from the target villages (21) from the four cluster of two districts ( Jamtara

& Dumka). The data collection was done through a questionnaire by a multidisciplinary

team through door to door survey method. The data were analysed to group the farmer in

different categories on the basis of landholdings and 25% sample were sampled from the

survey for further analysis.

The household in the target villages comprises of 60.42% ST, 6.21% SC, 30.28% OBC

and 3.0% upper caste.

There are in total 1338 households in the 21 villages of four clusters, on the basis of

landholding it has been found that 0.97% farmers are landless (land holding<0.01 ha)

66.89% marginal (land holding 0.01-1.00 ha) 22.65% are small (land holding between

1.00=-2.00 ha) 8.30% semi-medium (land holding 2.00-4.00 ha) and 1.20% farmers are

of medium categories (land holding 4.00-10.00 ha).

Population is mainly dependent on agriculture and allied sectors except that 7.0% and

11.73% had additional source of income through service and self employment (business).

Agriculture is mainly rainfall dependent and annual rainfall is 1376 and 1412 mm in

Jamtara & Dumka , respectively. The source of irrigation available in the villages are

ponds, small nalas etc. which are mainly seasonal in nature and holds water for about 6-9

months.

Out of total geographical area 2332 ha of the target village 29.88%, 5.25%, 8.93% and

3.25% are upland land, low land, bari land and are utilized for other purposes i.e. road,

school etc. out of 1226.563 ha 88.49% is cultivable and only 9.8% are barren and 7.40

has the irrigation facilities.

Paddy is the rain crop in area and wherever irrigation facilities are available, farmers goes

for second crop/ horticulture crops. The average productivity of the major crops ewre

15.74 quintal/ha paddy, 16.68 quintal/ha for maize, 17.58 quintal/ha wheat and 159.27

quintal/ha for potato.

5

The average annual income from agriculture and horticulture per household was Rs.

13839/- which varies depending upon the land holdings of the household.

The average total household annual income was Rs.24465/- (11608-42707) which vary

depending upon the landholding.

The average annual expenditure was Rs. 20834/household ranging from Rs. 14839-

43902. Income from subsidiary occupation and wage employment was Rs. 8560 (3352-

18540). The total employment (man days) was 207 in the own farm, wages and migration

etc. The engagement in own farm was only 94 man days. There were migration of

manpower for different duration ranging from one to six months.

The source of information to farmers was mainly radio in most of the villages and

information supplied by the shopkeeper of their locality for their different enterprises.

The access to micro credit & loan facilities was poor among farmers and very few

farmers had KCC facilities and most of the farmers were taking credit/loan from the

money lenders. Seven SHG was available in the villages and there was no vocational

training programme run by any agency.

Farmers had lot of problems in agriculture but most important was lack of irrigation

facility, lack of knowledge of latest technology and access to training.

6

CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND

1. Introduction

Jharkhand is a new State with immense possibilities of development in

Industrial and Agricultural sector. Out of 10.13 million working population, 76.86% are

engaged in Agriculture. Vast working force and natural resources are able to produce

food grain to meet only 50% of the requirement. Water is the major constraint in

agriculture production system. On account of topography and agro-climatic conditions,

the region of Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas is suitable for horticultural crops.

39% of the total geographical area are waste lands and only 10% have

irrigation facility.. The productivity of principal crops is very poor because of the poor

soil fertility and rainfall dependent risk prone agriculture. Only 35% household target

area have rice to meet their requirement for six months.

Farmers use limited amount of chemical fertilizer during the transplanting

of rice. Otherwise farmers use farmyard manure as organic fertilizer on their field. In

general rice is grown once in a year, except in few areas where natural source of water

available summer rice production is in practice. The physical resources like population,

climate, rainfall, soils, and agrarian structure mostly influence the farming practices and

limit the productivity. Sloppy and undulating topography, rocky & hilly land utilized for

some low value crops cultivation. Aside from the physical constraints the population is

mainly tribal dominated whose literacy level is very low. According to 2001 census

report the literacy rate of Jharkhand was male 67.94%, female 39.38% and the total

54.13% only. Moreover, the poor access to infrastructure like road, electricity isolates

them from modernization. Due to lack of irrigation facilities, farmers seldom grow rabi

crops. To seek other sources of livelihood males migrate on a seasonal or permanent

basis to urban centers, brick kilns, tea gardens and high productivity areas in Punjab,

Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. In this situation, wives are left behind and become de facto

heads of households and managers of their farms. However, they are faced with several

constraints such as lack of access to technical knowledge and skills required by improved

varieties and crop management techniques and suffer the increasing burden in farming,

household and childcare responsibilities.

7

Rain-fed rice farmers in Jharkhand are trapped in a cycle of poverty in

which high risks from drought, flood, and other stresses prevent adoption of improved

technologies for rice production, diversification of rice systems and investment in non-

farm activities. Reducing poverty in these areas requires that average productivity be

greatly increased and stabilized in rainfed rice systems. The experience of Asian

economic development in last 50 years indicates that the achievement of large and stable

increases in rice yields by poor farmers leads to greater income and food security, freeing

them to engage in other income-generating activities. With recent advances in genomics

and genetics the probability of research success in developing appropriate technologies

for these ecologically unfavorable environments is much greater today than in the past.

Thus increasing rice productivity, increasing cropping intensity and crop diversification

through the validation and promotion of improved technologies through

farmer/community participatory approach are important entry points for reducing poverty

and increasing food security.

On this background, the present project proposal entitled farming

system models for pritorised micro watersheds in rainfed areas of Jharkhand

had been developed to improve livelihood of the resource poor farmers in the selected

villages of Dumka & Jamtara districts through a consortium mode led by BAU, Ranchi.

1.1 Role of this project?

X The degeneration of natural resources particularly in rainfed areas is assuming on

alarming proportion. Associated with this are the social, economic, ecological and

environmental issues.

X Watershed based development approach is highly relevant in rainfed areas for

livelihood security through stabilization of crop yields & farming system based

innovations.

X Rainfed rice farmers need measures to minimize risks from intermittent drought,

diversification in farming systems & promotion of non-farm activities.

X Stability in crop yields will lead to food security, freeing farmers to engage in

other income generating activities. Thus developing and promoting appropriate

agricultural technologies for these ecologically unfavorable environments is of

greatest relevance at present.

8

X Validation and promotion of improved technologies through farmer/community

participatory approach are important entry points for reducing poverty &

increasing food security.

a. New methodologies/procedures

X Integrated crop management and resource efficient technologies for rice based

cropping system promoted with farmers to enhance productivity & income,

improve natural resource (soil & water) & minimize adverse effects on the

environment.

X Plan for an effective on-farm input Supply system through a cluster and

participatory approach.

X Promoting small scale post harvest processing units for agriculture, horticulture,

lac and animal products with market tie ups.

b. Institutional mechanisms

A consortium based approach involving different organizations will help in

achievement of the above objectives. The consortia partners are ICAR Institutions

(HARP, CURRUS, IINRG) SAU, ATMA, KVK, ZRS, NGO, State Department

of Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, RKVY,NHM,NSHM farmer

groups, & progressive farmers, NABARD & Marketing Institutions.

c. Issues to be addressed by research

X Amelioration of acidic soils.

X Rainwater conservation & its judicious use to increase the cropping intensity.

X Conservation of soil by checking soil erosion.

X Managing excess water in lowlands.

X Promoting fisheries in seasonal as well as perennial ponds.

X Promoting piggery, goatary & poultry in the area.

X Augmenting vegetable production, off season vegetables cultivation with

introducing low cost poly houses etc.

X Encouraging processing & value addition of produce.

X Lac cultivation in existing Palas & Ber trees & encouraging its processing.

X Improving rice production by appropriate interventions.

X Improving pulses & oil seeds production by introducing new cultivation

technologies.

9

X Advocating fruit based farming systems in the villages.

X Upgrading the skills of stakeholders by training, demonstrations & exposure

visits.

X Discussions on innovative ideas with stake holders.

X Continuous technology assessment & refinement.

X Addressing market linkages.

1.2 Objectives of the Project

X To develop appropriate land & water use plan in the selected micro-watersheds

for conserving natural resources.

X To improve productivity of crops, promote horticulture, animal husbandry

fisheries & lac cultivation for livelihood security.

X To promote entrepreneurship for value addition to reduce migration &

employment generation at farm level.

X To develop sustainable farming system models for the micro-watershed &

improve market linkages.

10

1.3 Activity Schedule/ Work Plan (Objective wise/ year wise)

Year Objectives Activities 1 2 3 4 5

Base line survey (PRA) of 4 micro watershed. R Identification of farmers need & constraints in about 20 villages at project site.

R

Reorientation of existing farmers groups Available in agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture,fisheries and lac cultivation and formation of newfarmers groups (SHGs, WIGs, CIGs) in all four selected micro watersheds.

R

Identification of critical erosion prone area and assessment of various quality parameters of soil and water in project area.

R

Preparation of design separately in each Micro watershed for intervention of various activities.

R

ø To develop appropriate land and water use plan in selected micro watersheds for conserving natural resources.

Livelihood analysis of the communities and identification of livestock and suitable crop as per soil & climate suitability and farmers preference.

R

• Training and exposure visit of rural youth of 4 micro watershed on IFS, Agriculture Business Management, Watershed & Rain water Management.

R

Training and exposure to master trainers for continuing the skill upgradation programme on multitier cropping, rice-fish-duck system, piggery, poultry, fisheries, animal husbandry and lac cultivation.

R

Introduction & improvement of goatry in project area by supplying improved goat breed (`1 unit = 3 goat + 1 buck) among 75 interested farmers of project area providing all health care facility for one year

R R

• Supply of 2 male & 6 female (total eight) piglet of improved pig breed (T&D) among 100 interested family of project area with feed supplement, health care & miscellaneous items for exploring this beneficial enterprise among poor tribal farmers.

R R

ø To improve productivity of crops, promote horticulture,animal husbandry, fisheries and lac cultivation for livelihood security.

• Introduction and strengthening of poultry activity in project area by introduction of improved poultry breed @ 10 chicks per family among 1200 interested farmers of project area with vaccination & medication and management upto 6 weeks.

R R R

11

• Demonstration on zero till rice cultivation (24 unit in two years)

R R R

• Improved off season vegetable and fruit cultivation based on multitier model (24 unit in 2 years)

R R R

• On farm water management technology demonstration in farmer field (24 unit in 2 years).

R R R

• Demonstration on rice-fish-duck farming system (24 unit in 2 years).

R R R

• Rainfed intercropping in upland soil (24 unit demonstration in 2 years)

R R R

• Demonstration on Papaya cultivation (24 unit in 2 years)

R R R

Technology backup on acid soil reclamation at field level (24 unit in 2 years)

R R R

• Improved cultivation of Tomato, Brinjal, Cauliflower, Cabbage & other vegetables as per farmer preference (24 unit in 2 years).

R R R

• Construction of OFRS in project area (Total unit 40)

R R

• Construction of ring well on farmers field (Total unit 40).

R R

• Formation of ditches on farmers’ field. (Total unit 400).

R R

• Renovation & disitation of old existing ponds of farmers (Total unit 20).

R R

• Seepage control measures in ponds (Total unit 20)

R R

• Gabian structure for soil conservation (Total unit 20)

R R

• Drainage channel to control excess water loss (Total unit 8)

R R

• Establishment of rice-fish-duck unit in project area (Total unit 16)

R R R

• Production of fish cum prawn farming in perennial ponds (Total unit 10)

R R

• Demonstration & training of progressive farmers on production of stunted finger lings in farm pond (Total unit 20)

R R

• Establishment of ten decimal model of off season vegetable in project area (Total unit 200)

R R

Introduction of one acre model of fruit based multitier model on farmers field (Total 40 units)

R R

• Initiation of lac cultivation activities on existing Palas & Ber tree (Total unit 400)

R R

12

• On farm trial of improved rice cultivation with INM & IPM (Total unit 480)

R R

• Demonstration of crops at multilocation for high yielding varieties of pulses & oil seed crop with application of bio-fertilizer, sulphur, lime, IPM & INM on soil test basis (Total unit 160).

R R

• Programme on increase yield and expand area under green fodder in project area (Total unit 8)

R R

Technology of lime application to address acid soil problems along with indigenous technology intervention (recycling of forest litter and crop residues) to increase organic matter (100 units).

R R R

• Diagnostic study of markets, assessment of marketable surplus of each commodity & identifying alternate market opportunity for each commodity in project area.

R R

• Assessment of new technological options regarding post harvest handling at farm level.

R R

• Demonstration of lac processing technology (1 unit)

R

• Development of seed production units (Total 16 units of 1 ha. Area)

R R

Training on post harvest technology, value addition, processing & preservation of fruit & vegetables.

R R

• Establishment of pig meat processing unit with slaughter house (1 unit).

R

ø To promote entrepreneurship for value addition to reduce migration and employment generation at farm level.

• Establishment of model small lac processing unit (Total 2 units)

R

• Study of input use & removal in each enterprises (Piggery, Lac, Horticulture, crop, fisheries etc.)

R R R

• Monitoring & evaluation of production, processing & value addition under each enterprises in present implemented area.

R R R

• Multilocation testing of technologies & farming system models under similar environments.

R R R

• Impact assessment. R R • Analysis of data. R R

ø To develop a sustainable farming system model for the micro watershed and improve market linkages.

• Report writing. R

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1.4 Activities schedule and work plan (Cluster wise)

Cluster District Activities

To be carried out

by • Base line survey & resource mapping and

stackholder workshop at project site. CRURRS,

BAU • Identification of possible intervention and

execution of entry point activities. CRURRS,

BAU • Reorientation of dormant groups of farmers

engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture, fisheries, lac cultivation and in other profitable enterprises.

BAU

• Encouraging formation of community oriented groups in all possible intervention with more emphasis on women interest groups.

BAU

• Formation of village level organization for rain water harvesting and their proper utilization.

CRURRS, BAU

• Identification of opportunity for establishment of seed village programme.

CRURRS

• Training and exposure visit of farmers on IFS, Watershed management and Rain water Management.

BAU

• Planning and execution of resources conservation measures as per need of the area (upland eroded soil, medium land rainfed condition, medium land irrigated condition and low land rain fed condition).

BAU, CRURRS,

HARP, ILRI

Improved production of pig, goat and poultry. BAU • Improved agriculture production system with

intervention of INM, IPM, Short duration cultivars, HYV and other new technology.

BAU

• Renovation of village pastures with seasonal and draught resistant fodder cultivation.

BAU

• Diagnostic study of markets assessment of marketable surplus of each commodity and identifying alternate market opportunity of each commodity.

BAU by consultancy


HARP, BAU

• Training on Post harvest technology, value addition, processing, presentation of fruit and vegetables.

BAU, HARP

• Schedule programme for health care at village level for pig, goat, poultry and others livestock.

BAU

C1 Jamtara Block: Jamtara (Barakar sub catchment)

• Establishment of pig meat processing unit for value addition and employment generation.

BAU

14

• Awareness programme among farmers to initiate scientific lac cultivation on abundantly available Palash and Ber tree.

ILRI

• Ensure good quality lac seed. ILRI Technical support and close monitoring of lac cultivated area.

ILRI

Scientific lac cultivation demonstration at village level.

ILRI

Establishment of small lac processing unit at district level.

ILRI

• Construction of OFRS and others structure as per need for water harvesting with suitable catchments area for life saving irrigation of high value crops and control seepage and percolations losses.

BAU

• Establishment of rice-fish-duck unit. BAU • Introduction of integrated pisciculture and

duckery. BAU

• Production of fish cum prawn farming in perennial pond.

BAU

• Training of master trainers on production of stunted fingerlings in farm ponds.

BAU

• Awareness among the farmer organization to check stray cattle grazing.

BAU

• Ten decimal model of off season vegetables as per farmer preference (Tomato, Brinjal, Okra, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Palak, Coriander, Bitter groud, Brocolli, Radish etc.)

•

HARP

• One acre model of fruit based multitier model suitable for agro climatic zone-IV (Mango, Guava, Custard Apple, Citrus etc.)

HARP

• Training on over coming technology gap in vegetables like Tomato, Bitter gourd, Brinjal, Okra, Onion, Cole crops and fruit crops).

HARP

Area expansion under Papaya plantation. HARP Linkage of farmers with marketing agencies financial institution and insurance agencies (Associated programme).

BAU

• Stakeholder workshop in the project site. BAU

• Identification of farmers need and constraints. CRURRS,

BAU • Carryout resource mapping work and initial

bench mark survey. CRURRS

• Formation of new farmers group. BAU

C2 Jamtara Block: Narayanpur (Barakar sub catchment) • Assessment of prevailing system of food

production. CRURRS

15

• Programmes for soil conservation, run off control and water harvesting.

BAU

• Area expansion under Papaya cultivation. HARP

• Intensification of crop and vegetable cultivation. HARP, BAU

• Improved production of goat and poultry. BAU • Training on post harvest technology, value

addition, processing, preservation of fruit and vegetables.

HARP

• Renovation and desiltation of existing ponds. BAU • Health care camp for goat, poultry and others

livestocks. BAU

• Skill upgradation programme in different enterprises at village level.

BAU, CRURRS,

HARP, ILRI


HARP

• Pig improvement programme only limited to tribal populated village.

BAU

• Introduction of poultry rearing programme among selected farmers families.

BAU

• Introduction of zero till rice cultivation. CRURRS • Overcoming technology gap in vegetables like –

Tomato, Bitter gourd, Okra, Onion, Cole crops, Brinjal and Fruit crops.

•

HARP

• Adoption of conservation measures through bunding, cross ploughing, growing cover crops and mulching.

BAU

• Introduction of rice-fish-duck farming system. BAU • Establishment of food crops/ vegetable seed

village. CRURRS

• Awareness and technology backup on acid soil reclamation programme.

BAU

• Provision of farmers training and ensure good quality lac seed to initiate scientific lac cultivation on abundantly available Palash and Ber tree.

ILRI

• Production of fish cum prawn farming in perennial pond.

BAU

• Introduction of integrated pisciculture. BAU • Training of progressive farmers on scientific

management in fishery. BAU

• Establishment of off season fruit and vegetable model for high economical return.

HARP

16

• Linkage of farmers with marketing agencies, financial institution and insurance agencies (Associated Programme)

BAU

Stakeholder workshop in project site before execution of entry point activity.

BAU

Livelihood analysis of the community as per need and constraints.

CRURRS

• Planning and execution of resource conservation measures as per need of the area.

BAU

• Introduction of HYV and hybrid rice cultivation in low land water lodged soil.

CRURRS

• Training and exposure visit of farmers on IFS, watershed management and rain water harvesting and management.

BAU

• Encourage rearing of improved goat, pig and poultry.

BAU

• Identification of suitable crops as per farmers preference in tribal populated village and intervention to increasing agriculture production system.

CRURRS, BAU

• Introduction of new technology and supply of input to minimize considerable gap in crop production.

•

CRURRS, BAU

• Water harvesting/conservation programme in-situ and ex-situ and its interaction with farming system components.

BAU

• Introduction of lac cultivation on Ber tree. ILRI • Berseem can be introduced as fodder crop in low

lying water lodged areas. BAU

• Schedule programme for health care at village level for pig, goat, poultry and other live stock.

BAU

• Establishment of model small lac processing unit at district level.

ILRI

• Identification of un exploited area for vegetable and fruit cultivation and initiation of scheduled programme of horticulture production system for livelihood sustainability.

HARP

• Technology on improved method of rice cultivation with INM and IPM.

CRURRS, BAU

• Technology and awareness programme of lime application to address acid soil problem along with indigenous technology intervention (recycling of forest litters and crop residues) to increase organic matter content in soil.

BAU

• Intervention of fisheries as a profitable enterprise. BAU

C3 Dumka Block: Dumka (Maurakshi sub catchment)

• Diagnostic study of market assessment of BAU

17

marketable surplus of each commodity and identifying alternate market opportunity for each commodity.

• Linkage of farmers with marketing agencies, financial institution and insurance agencies (Associated Programme)

BAU

• Stakeholders workshop in the project sites before execution of entry point activity.

BAU

• PRA, prioritization and identification of possible intervention.

CRURRS

• More emphasis with intervention on NRM, soil water quality assessment and water harvesting/conservation.

BAU

• Encourage rearing of pig, goat and poultry breeds.

BAU

• Initiation of protected cultivation (in poly house/net house/green house of high value and low volume crops).

HARP

• Intervention of new technology to minimize considerable gap in crop.

BAU

Improved production and management of fisheries.

BAU

Technology intervention to improved agriculture production system with introduction of mixed cropping and short duration varieties.

BAU

• Acid soil reclamation programme. BAU • Technology intervention on ten decimal model of

off season vegetable and one acre model of fruit based multitier model.

HARP

• Establishment of pig meat processing unit with slaughter house at district level or in C4 cluster.

BAU

• Skill upgradation programme of farmers will continue for sustainability of the project by all Consortia Partners.

BAU, CRURRS, HARP, ILRI

• Initiation of green fodder programme. BAU • Assessment of new technology options regarding

post harvest handling at farm level. BAU, HARP

• Development of seed production unit with more emphasis on vegetable.

CRURRS, HARP

• Demonstration and training on lac production and lac processing unit at district level.

ILRI

• Technology intervention of lac cultivation on existing Palas and Ber tree.

ILRI

C4 Dumka Block: Jama (Brahmini sub catchment)

• Establishment of model small lac processing unit ILRI • Linkage of farmers with marketing agencies,

financial institution and insurance agencies . BAU

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1.5 Activities schedule/ work plan (Centre wise)

Centre Activities Clusterscovered

District covered

• Over all co-ordination and monitoring in all cluster. All 4 clusters

Dumka, Jamtara

• Prioritization & identification of possible interventions. • Soil & water quality assessment. • Formation of farmers groups. • Identification of unexplored area in all cluster for better

technical intervention related to crop farming, animal husbandry, piggery, goatry, fisheries and poultry.

• Identification of livestock and suitable crops as per soil, climate suitability and farmer preference.

• Training and capacity building of stake holders. • Encourage rearing of improved goat, pig & poultry breeds. • Intervention of new technology to minimize considerable

gap in crop production.

• Water harvesting/construction of structure in-situ and ex-situ and its interaction with farming system components.

• Establishment of rice-fish-duck unit. • Production of fish cum prawn farming in perennial ponds. • Training of progressive farmers on production of stunted

fingerlings in farm ponds.

• Technology on improved methods of rice cultivation with INM & IPM (Associated activity with CRURRS).

• Improved cultivation of pulses & oilseed with application of INM on soil test basis (Associated activity with CRURRS)

• Green fodder cultivation programme. • Technology of lime application to address acid soil problem

along with indigenous technology intervention (recycling of forest litters and crop residues) to increase organic matter content in soil.

• Assessment of new technological options regarding post harvest handling at farm level (Associated activity with HARP).

• Training on post harvest technology, value addition processing & preservation (Associated activity with HARP).

• Establishment of pig meat processing unit with slaughter house.

• Study of input use & removal in piggery, fishery, goatry, poultry intervention.

BAU

• Monitoring & evaluation of production processing & value

19

addition under each enterprise (Associated activity with HARP, CRURRS and ILRI).

• Multilocation testing of technologies and farming system model under similar environment (Associated activity with CRURRS).

• Impact assessment (In consultancy model) • Analysis of data (Associated activity with CRURRS, HARP

and ILRI).

• Report writing (Associated activity with CRURRS, HARP and ILRI).

• Base line survey (PRA) of selected micro watershed. All 4 clusters

Dumka and

Jamtara • Identification of Farmers seed and constraints. • Identification of unexploited area for rice cultivation. • Livelihood analysis of the communities in selected micro

watershed.

• Development of seed production units. • Technology on improved methods of rice cultivation with

INM and IPM (Associated activity with BAU).

• Improved cultivation of pulses & oilseed with application of INM on soil test basis (Associated activity with BAU).

• Study of input use and removal in crop production system. • Monitoring & evaluation of production, processing and

value addition under each enterprises (Associated activity with BAU, HARP and ILRI).

• Multilocation testing of technologies and farming system models under similar environment (Associated activity with BAU)

• Analysis of data (Associated activity with BAU, HARP and ILRI).

CRURRS

• Report writing (Associated activity with BAU, HARP and ILRI).

• Identification of unexploited area for vegetable and fruit cultivation.

All 4 clusters

Dumka and

Jamtara • Demonstration of ten decimal model of off season

vegetables.

• One acre model of fruit based multitier model. • Assessment of new technological option regarding post

harvest handling at farm level (Associated activity with BAU).

HARP

• Training on post harvest technology value addition, processing and preservation of fruit and vegetables. (Associated activity with BAU)

20

• Study of input use and removal in horticulture production system.

• Monitoring and evaluation of production processing and value addition under each enterprises (Associated activity with BAU, CRURRS and ILRI)

• Analysis of data (Associated activity with BAU, CRURRS and ILRI).

• Report writing (Associated activity with BAU, CRURRS AND ILRI).

• Identification of un exploited area/existing plant of Plash and Ber for lac cultivation.

All 4 clusters

Dumka and

Jamtara • Initiation of lac cultivation activities on existing Plash and

Ber tree.

• Demonstration and training on lac processing technology. • Establishment of model small lac processing units. • Study of input use & removal in lac production system. • Monitoring & evaluation of production, processing and

value addition under each enterprises (Associated activities with BAU, CRURRS and HARP).

• Analysis of data (Associated activity with BAU, CRURRS and HARP).

ILRI

• Report writing (Associated activity with BAU, CRURRS and HARP).

21

1.6 EXPECTED OUTPUT/ OUTCOME/ I MPACT

Output Out come Impact

• Increase in crops and animal

production by 25 to 30%.

• Increase in crop and

animal productivity.

• Higher mandays of

working

• Efficiency of improved breeds

of goat, pig & poultry in

higher by 25%.

• Improved breed of goat,

pig & poultry

• Food & nutritional

security

• Double cropping in 30 to 40%

of the project sites.

• Proper management of

land & water resources

• Environmental security

• More than 50% of inputs will

be available in the villages

where work is under taken.

• In-built input supply

system

• Less dependence on

external inputs

• Farm income increase by 50

to 75% in the area due to

multiple enterprises.

• Integration of farm

enterprises

• Higher profits

• Facilities for processing &

value addition with market

and financial institutions

linkages will be in place.

• Development of rural

industry

• Sustainable rural

development.

• Will reduce migration,

improve skills

• Employment generation • Less migration

22

1.7 Objectives and use of baseline survey

X To have the basic information of the area & farmers.

X To decide the types of intervention required.

X To evaluate the impact of the project.

1.8 Methodology of data collection for baseline survey

The data was collected from the selected villages by a multidisciplinary

team through a questionnaire. The local educated youths were involved in survey work.

The questionnaire were complied in master sheet and farmers were classified on the basis

of their land holdings as landless, marginal, small, medium and semi medium. A random

sampling of the 25 % farmers were selected from master sheet and evaluated as per the

template provided for baseline survey report.

23

CHAPTER -2

Baseline data of the sample villages

Introduction The following villages have been selected for NAIP project in the four cluster of Jamtara and Dumka district. Table 2.1 Villages selected for the project

Cluster District Block Villages C-1:

Barakar sub-catchment Jamtara

Charedih, DaharTola, Sawrimundu, SinjuTola, Rupaidih

C-2: Barakar sub-catchment

Jamtara Narayanpur

RaiTola,MandalTola,MuslimTola,Rampur,Bada majhladih, MairaTola

C-3: Mayurakshi sub-

catchment Dumka

Karmatanr ,Kodokicha-6, Kodokicha-7, Guhiyajori , Andipur

C-4: Brahmini sub-

catchment

Dumka

Jama Bhounra, Palasi, Ragat, Karela, Gajhanda

2.2 Population statistics Social structure: Cast composition of the target area

NAIP adopted villages are formed with

the cluster of households. The houses are in

rows with wide pathway. The

majority of farm families belong to

Scheduled Tribes and Other

Backward Classes but all the families

are dependent on agriculture. The social

distribution is given in Fig. 2.

In selected villages of Jamtara block dominated with 100 % schedule tribe

population with 194 households. While in Narayanpur block of Jamtara district have

64.44 % OBC, 26.44 % ST and 9.13 % SC.

In Dumka & Jama block ( Dumka district) have 75.52 % ST, 13.40 % OBC, 5.67

% SC and 5.41 % upper caste and 55.26 % ST, 32.85 % OBC, 7.24 % SC and 4.61 %

upper caste respectively.

Fig.2 Social distribution in the target village

24

Table 2.2: Caste composition of the target area (household %)

Farmers classifications (on the basis of land holdings): In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 1338 farmers were selected in which 13

farmers (0.97%) were landless (land holding < 0.01ha), 895 farmers(66.89%) were

marginal (land holding between 0.01 to 1.00 ha), 303 farmers(22.65%) were small (land

holding between 1.00 to 2.00 ha), 111 farmers(8.30%) are semi medium (land holding

between 2.00 to 4.00 ha) and 16 farmers (1.20%) are medium (land holding between

4.00 to 10.00 ha).

In cluster C-1, total 193 farmers were selected in which 3 farmer were landless, 151

farmers were marginal, 28 farmers were small and 11 farmers were semi medium.

In cluster C-2, total 333 farmers were selected in which 1 farmer was landless,

157 farmers were marginal, 127 farmers were small, 40 farmers were semi medium and 8

farmers were medium.

In cluster C-3, total 420 farmers were selected in which 9 farmers were landless,

319 farmers were marginal, 67 farmers were small, 20 farmers were semi medium and 5

farmers were medium.

Cluster Upper cast OBC SC ST

Jamtara 0 0 0 194 (100%)

Narayanpur 0 212

(64.44) 30

(9.13) 87

(26.44)

Dumka 21

(5.41) 52

(13.40) 22

(5.67) 293

(75.52)

Jama

21 (4.61)

150 (32.85)

33 (7.24)

252 (55.26)

Landless

Marginal

Small

semi-medium

Medium

1.2%

0.96%

8.3%

22.65%

66.89%

25

In cluster C-4, total 392 farmers were selected in which 268 farmers were

marginal, 81 farmers were small, 40 farmers were semi medium and 3 farmers were

medium.

2.3 Source of irrigation Main source of water is rainfall during monsoon months (15th June- 1st week of October).

The average annual rainfall of Jamtara & Dumka is 1376 mm and 1412 mm respectively

with 90% rainfall in monsoon months. The rainfall distribution pattern in these districts is

given in fig. 2.3.

Fig. 2.3. Rainfall pattern in Jamtara and Dumka

There were pond, wells, dari/dobha, and ponds in their field for collecting rain as

well as ground water. There are few Joria (rivers) flowing in adopted villages. These are

the major source of irrigation as well as drinking water.

In adopted villages, in addition to wells, there are 86 ponds covering an area 32

ha. The rain water is harvested in these ponds and the water is used for life saving

irrigation of Kharif crops and irrigation for winter and summer crops. But majority of

ponds are seasonal. Out of 86 ponds 66.3% ponds retain water for up to 6 months period,

12.8% for 6-9 months and 20.9% for 9-12 month period. These ponds are full of water

but as soon the rainfall terminated, the ponds start drying very quickly as these ponds are

situated at upper topo-sequence. The ponds in midlands are perennial (Table 2.3.1).

26

27

Table 2.3.1 Availability of ponds in different cluster Water availability during year Cluster No. Of

ponds Total area

(ha) Upto 6 months

6-9 months

9-12 months

Jamtara 23 6.31 15 3 5 Narayanpur 42 19.70 30 4 8 Jama 9 3.74 3 4 2 Dumka 12 2.25 9 0 3 Total 86 32 57 (66.3%) 11 (12.8%) 18 (20.9%) The farmers are using different irrigation water source in different land situations (Table 2.3.2). Table 2.3.2. Source of water in different land situation

District Jamtara District Dumka Land class Jamtara

Block Narayanpur

Block Jama Block Dumka Block

Bari land Well Well , seasonal Pond

Cemented wells (Perennial/seasonal), Earthen wells (Perennials/seasonal)

Cemented & earthen wells (Perennial)

Upland Well and pond (seasonal)

Well, Pond Seasonal

Ponds (Seasonal)

Pond (Seasonal)

Lowland Don 3 Pond

(Seasonal)

Well and pond (both seasonal/ perennial)

Earthen wells (seasonal/ perennial) Pond (seasonal), Govt. lift irrigation (not in use).

Cemented & earthen wells & pond (seasonal)

Don 2 - Small pond (Seasonal)

Pond (perennial), 30-35 Kachha well (Dari/Dobha)

Pond (perennial/seasonal) Cemented/earthen wells (Perennial)

Don 1 Dari or Dobha

Small pond (Seasonal)

Perennial creeks Check Dam, Joria (small rivulet), Dobha, creeks, Bhurbhuri river.

Pond (perennial), creeks

2.4 Agricultural activities Cropping pattern in the target area

Cropping pattern of different cluster are presented in table 2.4.1.

Table 2.4.1: Cropping pattern in the target area

Season Cluster Types of Lands

Kharif Rabi Zaid

Bariland Maize, Pigeon ,pea, Vegetables

Vegetables Vegetables

Upland Vegetables Vegetables Fallow Medium land Rice Vegetables Vegetables

Jamtara

Lowland Rice Wheat/ Fallow Vegetables

Bariland Maize, Pigeon pea, Vegetables

Mustard, Vegetables Vegetables

Upland Rice, Kulthi, Maize, Pigeon pea, Vegetables

Wheat, Vegetables Fallow

Medium land Rice Wheat, Mustard, Vegetables

Fallow

Narayanpur

Low land Rice Wheat,Mustard,Vegetables Vegetables

Bariland Maize, Pigeon pea, Cowpea Wheat, Mustard, Vegetables

Fallow

Upland Rice, Kulthi, Pigeonpea Fallow Fallow Medium land Rice Wheat, Mustard Fallow

Dumka

Lowland Rice Wheat, Vegetables, Fallow Leafy Vegetables, Fallow

Bariland Maize, Pigeon pea, Vegetables

Mustard,Vegetables Vegetables

Upland Millets Fallow Fallow

Medium land Rice Wheat, Mustard, Vegetables

Maize, Vegetables

Jama

Lowland Rice Wheat, Vegetables, Fallow Maize, Rice, Vegetables

28

The different crops grown during 2007-08 in different land situation are as follow;

Table 2.4.2: Crops grown during 2007-08

29

Seasons Cluster

Types of land Kharif Rabi Zaid

Bari Land

Maize,Brinjal, Pigeon pea, Kudrum, Cow pea, Radish, Drumstick, Tomato, Ladies finger, Chilly, Sponge gourd

Tomato, Potato,Pumpkin, Mustard, Lal kudrum, Cauliflower ,Brinjal, Bitter gourd, Onion.

Potato, Brinjal, Onion, Tomato, Pumpkin, Bitter gourd, Cucurbitaceous vegetables.

Upland Ladies finger,Radish, cowpea, Bitter gourd, Tomato, Rice, Ridge gourd, Drumstick

Pigeon pea, Cow pea, Tomato, Maize, Cauliflower. Fallow

Low land (Don 3)

Rice Ridge gourd, Bitter gourd, Long melon, Pumpkin, Wheat, Mustard.

Ridge gourd, Cucurbitaceous vegetables

Low land (Don 2)

Rice Wheat Long melon, Bitter gourd,

Ridge gourd, Cucurbitaceous vegetables.

Rice Fallow Bitter gourd, Pumpkin,

Cucumber, Long melon, Pumpkin, Cucumber

Jamtara

Low land (Don 1)

Maize, Tomato, Potato,

Bari Land

Cowpea, Brinjal , Ridge gourd, Radish, Sponge gourd, Chilly Ladies finger, Sem, Pigeon pea, Tomato, Dangal Dhan, Gora dhan

Brinjal, Cauliflower,Mustard, Pea, Chilly, Spinach, Onion, Carrot, Radish

Pumpkin, Bittergourd, Cucumber, Bottle gourd, Brinjal

Upland

Kulthi, Maize, Pigeon pea,Brinjal,Tomato, Ladies finger, Bitter gourd

Wheat, Tomato,Mustard,Cauliflower, Brinjal

Fallow Narayanpur

Lowland (Don 3)

Rice Wheat, Mustard, Tomato, Radish. Fallow

Lowland

Rice Wheat, Mustard, Tomato Ridge gourd, Cucumber

(Don 2)

Lowland (Don 1)

Rice Wheat, Mustard, Tomato Long melon, Bitter gourd, Ridge gourd.

Bari Land Maize, Pigeon pea, Cowpea. Mustard, Vegetables, Potato, Wheat

Fallow

Upland Rice, Kulthi, Pigeon pea.

Fallow Fallow

Low land (Don 3)

Rice Wheat, Mustard Fallow

Lowland (Don 2)

Rice Wheat, Tomato, Potato, Brinjal

Fallow

Dumka

Lowland (Don 1)

Rice Fallow Leafy vegetables

Bari Land

Maize, Bitter gourd, Cowpea, Chilly, Ladies finger, Pigeon

pea

Potato, Brinjal, Tomato, Mustard, Cauliflower, Cabbage

Leafy vegetables, Cucumber, Chilly.

Upland China, Gondali, Madua, Kulthi. Fallow Fallow Lowland (Don 3)

Rice Wheat, Potato,Tomato, Brinjal, Mustard Maize, Ladies finger.

Low land (Don 2)

Rice Tomato, Potato, Ladies finger,Wheat Maize

Jama

Lowland (Don 1)

Rice Fallow Summer rice, Tomato, Brinjal Chilly.

30

Table-2.4.3 Methods of rice cultivation Types of land

Cluster Upland Low land(Don-3) Low land (Don-2) Low land (Don-1 )

Jamtara

Direct Seeded Transplanted

(4-5seedlings/hill) Transplanted (4-5 seedlings/hill)

Transplanted (4-5 seedlings/hill)

Narayanpur

Direct seeded Transplanted

(6-7seedlings/hill) Transplanted

(4-5seedlings/hill) Transplanted (4-5 seedlings/hill)

Dumka

Broadcasting Transplanted Transplanted Transplanted

Jama

Nil Transplanted Transplanted Transplanted

31

32

Table-2.4.4 Rice varieties grown during 2007-08

Type of land Cluster

Upland Low land(Don-3) Low land(Don-2) Low land(Don-1)

Jamtara Tam (Desi)dhan, Gora dhan, Dangaldhan, Baad dhan, Baba dhan.

Baad dhan,Lalat, Kanali, Chakrmala, Swama

Swama, Kanali, Bahiar, Pankaj, Lalat, IR 64, IR36, Ranjeet, 1036

Pankaj ,Bahiar, Swama, 1001, Bohal, 1017

Narayanpur

Baad dhan,Gora dhan,Vandana , Baba dhan.

Baad Dhan ,, IR-36,IR-64, Lalat, Pankaj, 1017,Chandramala

Swama Kanali, Ranjeet, IR- 64, 1036, Pankaj, Mansoori, MTU-7029

Pankaj, Bahiar,1017, Lalat, Bohal, 1036, Ran j eet, MTU-7029

Dumka

Sati Dhan , Gora dhan

Lohna, Baad Dhan.

Lohna, Baad Dhan

Swama

Jama

Nil

Lohna, Balha, Bhadai, Dhan

Lohna Swama (IT - 5656)

2.4.5 Productivity of important crop in the selected area

There were wide variation in the productivity of the different crop among the different groups of farmers and cluster. The details are available in table

Table 2.4.5 Productivity of the important crops (Q/ha) Name

of Crop

Name of Cluster Medium

Average Landless Marginal Small Semi

Medium

Jamtara - 21 21 - - 21

Narayanpur - 21.5 17.29 19.29 18.64 19.18

Dumka - 22.78 17.44 9.79 11.28 15.32

Jama - 12.53 11.72 10.91 10 11.29

Pad

dy

Average - 19.45 16.86 13.33 13.31 15.74

Jamtara - 25 16 - - 20.5

Narayanpur - 27.25 13.73 12.01 17.5 17.62

Dumka - 16.42 16.85 12.31 15 15.15

Jama - 18.1 15.52 15.65 16.08 16.34

Mai

ze

Average - 21.69 15.53 13.32 16.19 16.68

Jamtara - - - - -

Narayanpur - 22 20 - - 21

Dumka - - 14.05 - - 14.05

Jama - - 18.75 16.67 - 17.71

Whe

at

Average - 22 17.6 16.67 - 17.58

Jamtara - - - - - 0

Narayanpur - 156 - 156 - 156

Dumka - 128.57 148.86 - 162.5 146.64

Jama - 196.88 - 174.48 - 185.68

Po

tato

Average - 160.48 148.86 165.24 162.50 159.27

2.4 Farm machinery

The farmers are still using traditional farm tools namely spade, Khurpi, Kudali, deshi

plow, bamboo plank, sickles etc. They are storing seeds in Kuchuri (made locally using

rice straw) and sacs. Farm tools used by farmers are given in table 2.5.1

33

Table 2.5.1. Farm tools use in agricultural operations by farm families

Tools in use Agricultural operations Jamtara Narayanpur Jama Dumka

Tillage Desi plough Desi plough Desi plough, Plank Desi plough,

Plank Sowing Desi plough,

Kudali, spade Desi plough, Kudali, spade

Desi plough, spade. Desi plough, spade.

Weeding Kudali, Gainta Kudali, Khurpi Manual Manual Plant Protection

Manually, sprayer

Manually, sprayer machine

Knap sack sprayer, hand sprayer

Hand sprayer

Irrigation Diesel pump set Diesel pump set Diesel pump set Kerosene pump set, motor

Pump set

Harvesting Sickle Sickle. Sickle Sickle Winnowing Supa Supa Air blown, Supa Air blown, Supa Threshing Paddle thresher,

Beating on stone slab

Paddle thresher Paddle Thresher, beating on stone slab

Paddle Thresher, beating on stone slab r

Storage structure

Kuchuri (made of rice straw)

Kuchuri, sacs Kochar, Sacs, Kochar, Sacs,

Milling Dhekali and rice mill

Dhekali and rice mill

Rice mill Rice mill

2.6 Infrastructure Community structure of target areas: X In selected watershed areas cluster, C-1: have Gram Sabha and Kisan club. X In cluster C-2 have Gram Sabha , Kisan club as well as SHG & FIG. X In cluster C-3: have only SHG. X In cluster C-4: have Gram Sabha , Kisan club.

34

Table 2.6.1: Community Structure.

Community Structure Cluster

Gram Sabha Kisan Club SHG Jamtara

Yes Yes No

Narayanpur

Yes Yes Yes

Dumka

No No Yes(5)

Jama

No No No

Availability of educational institutions The cluster wise number of school shows that only four primary level schools were in Jamtara and four primary four middle level schools in Narayanpur. In Dumka there were three primary level and three middle level schools.and in Jama cluster there were three primary , one middle and one high level school . Table 2.6.2: Schools present in selected micro watershed areas

Type of Schools Cluster

Primary Middle High

Jamtara Yes (4) No No

Narayanpur Yes (4) Yes (4) No

Dumka Yes (3) Yes (3) No

Jama Yes (3) Yes (1) Yes (1) Table 2.6.3 Infrastructure existes in the cluster Infrastructure Jamtara Dumka Narayanpur Jama Post Office Nil Nil Nil Nil PCO Nil Nil Nil Nil Health Centre Nil Nil Nil Nil Vets -Services Nil Nil Nil Nil PAC Nil Nil Nil Nil Financial Inst. Nil Nil Nil 1 (SBI) Others Nil Nil 1 (Aagan Bari) 1 (Aagan Bari)

35

2.7 Awareness level

Awareness level among farmers were very poor. They are not very much aware

about the ongoing Government sponsored programme.

2.8 Extension services The NGOs and ATMA personal visits to educate the farmers about the recent

agricultural techniques. In most of the villages even Govt. machineries do not visit on the

regular basis.

2.8.1 Schemes/works running in the NAIP Villages Cluster By Govt. By Non Govt. Jamtara Govt. Primary School building is

being constructed at Sawrumundu. Badlao Foundation, JIWIJ, ATMA

Narayanpur NREGA ATMA- Agricultural Extension Program and SHG. Farmers Interest Group Drirh Sankalp, Badlav Foundation

Dumka NREGA Manvi – Formation of SHG

Jama NREGA,NHM Nil

2.9 Transport system in selected villages -

Almost all the villages have proper approach to main route/road and the common

conveyance used by farmers were bicycle.

2.10 Environmental & social safeguard issues- Jharkhand state is endowed with a climatic condition that is conducive for

successful cultivation of a variety of crops especially fruits & vegetables. Agriculture and

Animal Husbandry development in the state suffers from several physical, institutional,

infrastructural and technological constraints. The average size of holding is very small

and further being fragmented. Undulating terrain and soil erosion are major threats to

agriculture & allied activities. Rainfed agriculture and low input agriculture with

traditional low value crops & varieties are predominant. Among the organizational

constraints, non-availability of quality inputs, services & credit facilities are important

drawbacks. Inadequate marketing support for milk, vegetables, fish, pig meat &

agricultural produce & involvement of middlemen, lead to exploration of the producers.

The farmers need to understand the situation & diversify their farming system. Capacity

36

building, skill or entrepreneurship development & encouragement to farm families might

help to overcome the adverse agricultural scenario in these areas.

Food and nutritional security of the state population is very low. Poverty

in Jharkhand is very high (46% people living below poverty line) compared to national

average (26% in 1999-2000). The Santhal Paraganas region (central north eastern

plateau zone) of Jharkhand where the proposed project is planned has the following

major features:

X About 7% of the total area is irrigated.

X Low water retentive soils especially in uplands.

X Late arrival and early cessation of monsoon.

X Lack of safe disposal of runoff water during monsoon, water storage and moisture

conservation practices for growing Rabi crops.

X Vast areas under acidic soils.

X Drying of tanks & wells by February affecting prospects of Rabi crops.

However, if properly addressed, the agriculture in the region has a

tremendous potential for development. The region has unique positive features, namely,

rich natural resources, rich biodiversity, large number of tanks, reservoirs & seasonal

ponds and a different culture & social harmony among the inhabitants.

Problems related to soil and water conservation

Sl.no Problem Jamtara Narayanpur Dumka Jama

1 Soil erosion Yes Yes Yes Yes

2 Water logging Yes(Dhar tola

& Khas tola)

No Yes

(Kodokhcha-7)

No

3 Storage losses Yes Yes Yes Yes

4 Excess runoff Yes Yes Yes Yes

5 Infiltration Yes Yes Yes Yes

37

38

CHAPTER-3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

3.1 Family size and occupation

The family size of households in adopted villages ranged between 6 to 10

members per family. The average family size for landless, marginal, small, medium, and

semi medium is presented in the table below.

The villagers are mainly dependent on agriculture of their livelihood only 2-12%

household has services in Public /Pvt. sector besides the agriculture. The percentage is

highest in Dumka block may be due nearer to township. In Narayanpur block 42% house

holds are engaged in self employment besides the agriculture.

Table 3.1.1 Family size of households in adopted cluster

3.1 Family size per household of sample farmers

Cluster Landless Marginal Small Semi

Medium Medium

Jamtara 8.00 6.40 17.00 NA 0.00Narayanpur 8.00 8.40 8.86 9.52 9.75Dumka 7.00 4.76 4.63 6.33 6.00Jama NA 4.62 5.52 6.03 9.00

NA :Not available in the cluster Table 3.1.2. Occupation in adopted clusters

Occupation (%) Cluster Agriculture Service Self employment

Jamtara 100 (194) 2 (4) 2 (4) Narayanpur 100 (329) 4 (13) 42 (128) Jama 100 (456) 6.4 (29) 3.5 (16) Dumka 100 (388) 12.4 (48) 2.3 (9) Total 100 7.0 11.73

Figure in parentheses is number of adopted Households, 2. Member of some house holds are doing service and self employment (grocery shops etc) in addition to agriculture

3.2 Family assets of sample farmers- Table 3.2.1 Family assets of sample farmers

Cluster Cycle Land line Mobile Television

Jamtara 0 0 0 0 Narayanpur 29 0 4 7 Dumka 30 0 4 3

Jama 55 0 3 3

39

3.3 Average annual family expenditure Table 3.3.1 Annual family expenditure/ household( in Rupees)

Cluster Group Food Education Medical Vehicles MaintenanceOf house/cattle shed

Household equipment

Cloths Electricity

Social function

others Total

Landless 3826 395 465 245 532 435 1695 0.0 365 454 8412Marginal 3935 425 546 275 586 509 1805 0.0 275 587 8943Small 7635 1432 1896 450 2852 1895 3835 0.0 2045 2275 24315Semi-medium 6215 1352 1436 568 2568 1735 3055 0.0 2253 1986 21168

Jamtara

Average 5652.75 1059.67 1135.75 429.5 1884.5 1268.5 3148.75 1234.5 1350.5 13519.6Landless 4125 522 895 275 1125 1045 1625 800 674 678 11764Marginal 5138 750 950 389 1536 1185 2525 925 850 657 14905Small 5050 795 1025 405 1675 1200.00 3125 1050 900 670 15895Semi-medium 8128 1575 1855 995 3065 2125 4535 1142 2162 2585 28167Medium 21285 2305 3565 2068 5562 3632 9753 1895 3563 3565 57193

Narayan pur

Average 8745.2 1189.4 1658 826.4 2592.6 1837.4 4312.6 1162.4 1629.8 1631 25584.8Landless 4525 650 900 325 1335 1036 1856 0.0 1089 965 12681Marginal 6565 1105 1225 456 1795 1105 2885 0.0 1035 895 17066Small 7545 1685 1825 850 2955 2254 4326 0.0 1953 836 24229Semi-medium 18554 2145 2685 1653 2985 2125 9625 0.0 2165 1965 43902Medium 19655 2868 3175 1855 3100 2535 11358 0.0 2385 2135 49066

Dumka

Average 11368.8 1690.6 1962.0 1027.8 2434.0 1811.0 6010.0 0.0 1725.4 1359.2 29388.8Landless NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Marginal 6225 845 1065 450 1185 1050 2435 0.0 1335 925 15515Small 7065 985 1226 652 1295 1385 2385 0.0 1535 1276 17804Semi-medium 7845 1135 1325 950 3355 2016 3943 0.0 1820 1516 23905Medium 6845 920 1125 698 1325 1248 2500 0.0 1435 875 16971

Jama

Average 6995 971.25 1185.25 687.5 1790 1424.75 2815.75 0.0 1531.25

1148 14839

NA- not available

3.4 Other information during base line survey in NAIP villages

Trees The farmers were planting different trees (fruit and timber) in their land. There were naturally grown number of timber trees in the villages and farmers use for their home consumption and agriculture work. The fruit trees were Mango, Ber, Jackfruit, Papaya, Banana, Jamun, Citrus, Guava, Wood apple, Tamarind, Palm, Gular, Tar, , Kagji Lime, Amla, Aonla, Wood apple, Custard apple, Jamun, Coconut, Date palm and timber trees are Bamboos, Sagwan, Palm, Kadam, Jatropha, Siris, Sisum, Neem, Palas, Arjun, Kanar, Gamhar, Eucalyptus, Peepal, Banyan, Ashok, Sindoor, and Castor. Naturally grown as well as human planted trees in different land situation are given in table 13 and 14. Table 3.4.1 Fruit trees in different land situation Land class Name of fruit trees

Jamtara block

Bari Land Mango, Ber, Jackfruit, Papaya, Banana, Jamun, Citrus, Guava, Wood apple, Tamarind,

Upland Palm, Tamarind, Mango, Ber, Gular, Tar Low land (Don 3, 2, 1) Naturally grown trees on big bunds

Narayanpur block Bari Land Mango, Papya, Palm, Kagji Lime, Gular, Guava, jackfruit, Ber,

Amla, Aonla, Wood apple, Custard apple, Jamun, Coconut, Date palm

Upland Mango, Jamun, Jackfruit, Guava, Papaya, Ber Low land (Don 3) Mango, Guava, Jackfruit, Jamun, Ber. Low land (Don 2) Palm, Date, Mango, Jackfruit, Jamun Low land (Don 1) Palm, Date

Jama block Bari Land Mango, Ber, Jackfruit, Wood apple, Guava, Citrus, Papaya Upland Mango, Guava, Citrus, Jamun, Mahua Low land (Don 3, 2, 1) Nil

Dumka block Bari Land Mango, Ber, Guava, Wood apple, Citrus, Jack fruit

Upland Mango, Ber, Jamun, Wood apple, Tamarind

Low land (Don 3, 2, 1) Nil

40

Table 3.4.2 Timber and other trees in different land situation Land class Name of t trees

Jamtara block Bari Land Bamboos, Siris, Sisum, Arjun, Eradrum, Palas, Neem,

Eucalyptus, Tejpatta, Banyan, Semal, Karanj Upland Palas, Siris, Mahua, Tar, Neem, Bamboo, Dumhur

Low land (Don 3) Bamboo, Neem, Banyan, Sisum, Palm Low land (Don 2) Sisum, Palas, Mahua Low land (Don 1) Palas

Narayanpur block

Bari Land Bamboos, Sagwan, Palm, Kadam, Jatropha, Siris, Sisum, Neem, Palas, Arjun, Kanar, Gamhar, Eucalyptus, Peepal, Banyan, Ashok, Sindoor, Castor

Upland Neem, Siris, Mahua, Dumhur, Palas, Bamboo, Sisum, Neem, Eucalyptus, Banyan, Peepal, Sindwar

Low land (Don-3) Palas, Semal, Sisum, Neem, Bamboo, Sagwan Low land (Don 2, 1) Nil

Jama block

Bari Land Bamboos, Tar, Mahua Upland Palas, Mahua, Kusum, Tar, Bargad, Peepal

Low land (Don-3) Palas, Tar Low land (Don 2, 1) Nil

Dumka block

Bari Land Bamboos, Mahua, Tar, Palas Upland Tar, Palas, Mahua, Kusum, Sisum Low land (Don 3, 2, 1) Nil

41

CHAPTER-4 LAND AND WATER USE PROFILE

4.1 Land classification

In broad sense, soils of Jamtara and Dumka have been classified into two broad

groups as per revenue class, namely, Tanr mitti (Upland soils) and Don mitti (Lowland

soils). The Tanr mitti is further divided into Tanr I (Bariland), Tanr II (Typical upland)

and Tanr III (Gravel, stony, morram land). The Don mitti is divided into Don I

(Garha/ghoghra), Don II (Bad) and Don III (Chatar) as per hydrology. The description of

this revenue class land is given in table 4.1.1. Majority of soils are having sloppy and

undulating topography, stoniness, poor water holding capacity, drought prone,

moderately eroded and soils in some part of district is poorly drained. Soils are acidic in

nature, low in org. C and P.

Table 4.1.1 Land classification revenue class, local class and by hydrology .

Revenue class

(Group)

Sub-group

Local name Category by

Hydrology

Description

Tanr III

Tanr Upland Sloppy and gravelly lands, shallow in depth, low water holding capacity and with poor soil fertility. The lands are generally on the upper most Topo-sequence on the landscape.

Tanr II

Tanr/ Gora land

Upland Gentle sloppy to sloppy land, adjacent to the village with good soil depth, coarse texture, poor in organic matter, low water holding capacity, erosion prone and acidic in nature.

Tanr land

Tanr I Bari land Upland (Kitchen Garden)

Land immediately adjacent to the homestead, used for vegetable, maize and rice seedling growing.

Don III

Chater/ Chaura/ Badi (3 number)

Drought prone

shallow lowland

Transitional land between Tanr and Don categories moving from shallow to deep soils, greater bund heights, flat surface, higher water holding capacity. Suitable for short duration crops. Almost same physiographic position as the Tanr I.

Don II Tarkha/ Bad (2 number)

Favorable shallow lowland

These are the best lands for rice cultivation and for follow up crops. This land rarely faces drought. Major rice production in Jharkhand comes from these lands.

Don land

Don I Garha/ Ghoghra

(1 number

Favorable lowland to medium

deep

Lowlands with water accumulation up to 40-50 cm. Lowest in topo-sequence and suitable for long duration rice crop.

42

Every farm families owned all types of lands. These lands are used for cultivation, animal

grazing, orchards, shelter, making ponds etc (Fig. 4.1)

Fig. Fig 4.1 Land use in NAIP adopted villages

4.2 Profile of land use and irrigated area

Total area of the selected watershed area of NAIP was 2332.00 ha in which 29.88

% is upland, 57.25 % is low land, 8.93 % is Bari land and 3.95 % are under utilization for

other purpose i.e. roads, school, ponds etc.

Total area of cluster, C-1 is 436.00 ha in which 50.18 % is upland, 39.99 % is low

land, 7.25 % is Bari land and 2.58 % are under utilization for other purpose i.e. roads,

school, ponds etc.

Total area of cluster, C-2: is 626.00 ha in which 36.11% is upland, 43.94 % is low

land, 15.54 % is Bari land and 4.41 % are under utilization for other purpose i.e. roads,

school, ponds etc.

Total area of cluster, C-3: is 610.00 ha in which 10.24% is upland, 78.98 % is

low land, 5.93 % is Bari land and 4.85 % are under utilization for other purpose i.e.

roads, school, ponds etc.

46

Total area of cluster, C-4: is 660.00 ha in which 22.97% is upland, 66.08 % is

low land, 6.98 % is Bari land and 3.97 % are under utilization for other purpose i.e.

roads, school, ponds etc.

4.2.1 Description of land

In selected watershed areas cluster, C-1: upland soil was sandy, stony, gravels,

pebbled and low land soil was sandy loam.

In cluster, C-2: upland soil was sandy mixed with stones, pebbles, gravels and

some places have red soil and low land soil was sandy loam.

In cluster, C-3: upland soil were sandy mixed with stones, pebbles, gravels and

some places have red soil and low land soil were clay Loam ( Don 3: Silt Loam, Don 1 &

2: Clay Loam).

In cluster, C-4: sandy loam (low water holding capacity, acidic, and red in color,

medium infiltration of rain water) and low land soil were clay loam ( Don 3: Silt Loam,

Don 1 & 2: Clay Loam).

4.2.2 Land detail: Upland, Bari land, Medium land and Low land :

In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 1226.563 ha land is held by 1338

farmers in which 298.766 ha is upland, 224.961 ha is Bari land, 326.640 ha is medium

land and 376.196 ha is low land.

In cluster, C-1 total 129.012 ha land is held by 193 farmers in which 31.892 ha is

upland, 18.632 ha is Bari land, 32.168 ha is medium land and 46.320 ha is low land.



In cluster, C-3, 308.841 ha land is held by 420 farmers in which 44.584 ha is


In cluster, C-4, total 368.013 ha land is held by 392 farmers in which 102.606 ha

is upland, 59.539 ha is Bari land, 83.968 ha is medium land and 368.013 ha is low land.

4.2.3 Land Details: Cultivated, Fallow, Barren and Irrigated

In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 1226.563 ha land is held by 1338

farmers in which 1085.431 ha is cultivated, 119.957 ha is fallow and 22.720 ha is barren.

Only 90.785 ha land has irrigation facility.

47


is cultivated, 13.460 ha is fallow and 3.436 ha is barren. Only 1.044 ha land has irrigation

facility.


cultivated, 58.048 ha is fallow and 13.284 ha is barren. Only 12.496 ha land has irrigation

facility.


is cultivated, 15.368 ha is fallow and 3.464 ha is barren. Only 21.185 ha land has

irrigation facility.


is cultivated, 33.081 ha is fallow and 2.536 ha is barren. Only 56.060 ha land has


4.2.4 Land Details: Upland (cultivated, fallow, barren and irrigated) holdings

In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 298.766 ha upland is held by NAIP



In cluster, C-1, total 31.892 ha upland is held by NAIP farmers in which 21.288

ha are cultivated, 8.096 ha is fallow and 2.448 ha is barren. Only 0.500 ha land has



ha are cultivated, 35.556 ha is fallow and 6.912 ha is barren without any irrigation

facility.







48

4.2.5 Land Details: Bari land (cultivated, fallow, barren and irrigated) holdings

In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 224.961 ha Bari land is held by NAIP



In cluster, C-1, total 18.632 ha Bari land is held by NAIP farmers in which 13.880

ha is cultivated, 4.276 ha is fallow and 0.524 ha is barren. Only 0.016 ha land has


In cluster, C-2, total 108.757 ha Bari land is held by NAIP farmers in which

90.377 ha is cultivated, 15.728 ha is fallow and 3.852 ha is barren. Only 3.792 ha land

has irrigation facility.

In cluster, C-3, 38.033 ha Bari land is held by NAIP farmers in which 36.889 ha

is cultivated, 0.864 ha is fallow and 0.280 ha is barren. Only 5.504 ha land has irrigation

facility.

In cluster, C-4, total 59.539 ha Bari land is held by NAIP farmers in which 56.891



4.2.6 Land Details: Medium land (cultivated, fallow, barren and irrigated) holdings

In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 326.640 ha medium land is held by

NAIP farmers in which 317.672 ha is cultivated, 6.765 ha is fallow and 2.544 ha is

barren. Only 27.392 ha land has irrigation facility.

In cluster, C-1, total 32.168 ha medium land is held by NAIP farmers in which

31.152 ha are cultivated, 0.880 ha is fallow and 0.376 ha is barren. Only 0.528 ha land



91.296 ha are cultivated, 4.564 ha are fallow and 1.760 ha is barren. Only 4.800 ha land


49







4.2.7 Land Details: Low land (cultivated, fallow, barren and irrigated) holdings

In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 376.196 ha low land is held by NAIP

farmers in which 372.692 ha is cultivated, 2.488 ha is fallow and 1.016 ha is barren. Only

29.632 ha land has irrigation facility.

In cluster, C-1, total 46.320 ha low land is held by NAIP farmers in which 46.024

ha is cultivated, 0.208 ha is fallow and 0.088 ha is barren without any irrigation facility.

In cluster, C-2, total 94.736 ha low land is held by NAIP farmers in which 91.776



In cluster, C-3, total 113.24 ha low land is held by NAIP farmers in which

113.216 ha is cultivated and 0.024 ha is fallow. Only 4.352 ha land has irrigation facility.

In cluster, C-4, total 121. ha low land is held by NAIP farmers in which 121.676



4.3 Soil testing and use No farmer has conducted soil testing of their field.

50

CHAPTER-5 Cropping Pattern and Net Agriculture Income

5.1 Cropping intensity

Average cropping intensity was 95.71 per cent, which varies from 68.71 per cent to

115.56 per cent on the sample farms. The cropping intensity was positively related to size

of farm holding. The cluster-wise cropping intensity revealed that in Jamtara block, the

cropping intensity was about 102.94 per cent in which it was highest on marginal farmers

holding (108.82 per cent). Similarly in Narayanpur block, the cropping intensity was less

than 100 per cent (92.67 per cent) which was minimum in on marginal farms (85.92 per

cent) and highest on semi medium farm (97.69 per cent). The cropping intensity of

Dumka block was about 100.53 per cent which was positively associated with the size of

farm holding indicating minimum on marginal farm (91.30 per cent) and higher on

medium farm (115.56 per cent). In Jama block the average cropping intensity was about

79.82 per cent which varies from 68.71 per cent to 93.07 per cent on the sample farms.

The cropping intensity was observed to be highest in medium farm (93.07 per cent) in the

block.

Table 5.1.1 Cropping Intensity of Sample farmers

Name of Cluster

Landless Marginal Small Semi

Medium Medium Average

Jamtara NA 108.82 100.00 100 NA1 102.94Narayanpur NA 85.92 96.95 97.69 89.75 92.67Dumka NA 91.3 95.28 100.00 115.56 100.53Jama NA 86.54 68.71 70.98 93.07 79.82Average NA 93.88 83.92 92.41 112.64 95.71NA: No Agriculture land, NA1: Group not available

5.2 Gross revenue from agriculture and horticulture

The analysis indicates that the average annual income from agriculture and horticultural

crops was estimated to be Rs. 13839/- on the sample farms, which was highest on

medium farm (Rs. 27415/-) and lowest in marginal farm (Rs. 4465/-). The total income

was positively related to size of farm holding. The cluster-wise / block wise analysis

further revealed that in Jama block the average annual agricultural income was about Rs.

10220/- per household which was again highest in on medium farm (Rs. 16735/-) and

lowest on marginal farm (Rs. 3561/-). Again it was positively associated with farm size.

51

In case of Narayanpur block the average annual income was Rs. 22254/- per household

which varies from Rs. 7258/- to 43886/- on the sample farm.

Table 5.2.1 Gross Revenue from Agriculture and Horticulture Name of Cluster

Landless Marginal Small Semi Medium Medium Average

Jamtara NA 4452 19336 15623 NA1 13137 Narayanpur NA 7258 11620 26253 43886 22254 Dumka NA 2589 6088 8667 21625 9742 Jama NA 3561 8542 12044 16735 10220 Average NA 4465 11397 15647 27415 13839 NA: No Agriculture land, NA1: Group not available

The average annual income from agriculture increased as size of holding increase. The

agriculture income from crop and horticulture in Jamtara block was observed to be Rs.

13137/- per household and income was significantly related to size of farm. Similarly in

Dumka block the average income from agriculture and horticulture was found to be Rs.

9742/- per household, which increased with the increase in size of farm holding.

5.3 Net household income-

The average household income of sample farmers of all blocks under selection was about

to Rs. 24465/- which varies from Rs. 11608/- to 42707/- . The average annual income

was vary much associated with farm holding. The cluster-wise analysis further indicates

that the average annual income per household in Jama block was about Rs. 19172/-,

which varies from Rs. 16605/- to Rs.24164/-. In case of Narayanpur block the average

income per household was estimated to be Rs. 26615/- which ranged from Rs. 12626/- to

Rs. 59320. Similarly in cluster Dumka the average income was Rs. 30771/- which was

again highest in the medium farm and lowest on landless and marginal farms. It varies

from Rs. 13100/- to Rs. 51665/-. In the case of Jamtara cluster average annual income per

household was Rs. 17840/.

Table 5.3.1 Total Income/ household income( Rs.)

Name of Cluster



Jamtara 9099 10206 29620 22436 NA1 17840 Narayanpur 12626 15388 16419 29324 59320 26615 Dumka 13100 17984 25665 45442 51665 30771 Jama NA 16605 18784 24164 17135 19172 Average 11608 15046 22622 30341 42707 24465 NA: No Agriculture land, NA1: Group not available

52

CHAPTER-6

Post-harvest activities

6.0 Introduction :

Farm production produce throughout the length and breadth of the country and most of

the produces are of small size. This makes the estimation of Supply difficult and creates

problem in marketing. The most of farm products have to be processed before their

consumption by the ultimate consumer. This processing function increases the price

spread of agricultural commodity. Similarly most of the farm products are perishable in

nature but the period of their perishability varies from a few month to few days. This

perishability makes it almost impossible for producers to fix the reserve price for their

farm growing products.

The Supply of agricultural products is uncertain and irregular, the prices of crop,

therefore fluctuates both during the year and year to year. The characteristic of bulkiness

of most farm products makes their transportation and storage difficult and extensive.

There is a large variation in the quality of agriculture products, which makes their

grading and standardization somewhat difficult. All the problems lead to be solved before

marketing of product to ultimate consumer. This will create an opportunity for

producers/farmers to receive remunerative price from their farm produce. Post harvest

activities include cleaning packaging, grading and standardization, processing, storage,

disposal of produce and market information and market needs.

6.1 Cleaning and packaging:

Cleaning and packaging is the first function/ step performed in the marketing of

farm produce by the sample farmers, where produce are either for home consumption or

for sale. Under clearing process farmers usually used a bamboo made manual device like

Supa for cleaning of cereal crops. There was no specific material used in packaging of

farm produce because there is no surplus production for marketing.

6.2 Grading

Sorting out of commodity is generally Done by manual labour through local devices.

53

6.3 Processing

In some cases, processing is Done by farmers him- selves (like conversion of pulse crop

in arhar, kulthi into the edible form). Wheat processing is Done by mill owner. No any

sample farmer has own flours mill in the sample area.

6.4 Disposal of produce

Most of produce was consumed by the sample farmers themselves and some quantity of

the produce were sold by farmers in the sample village to local trader or in village

market.

6.5 Market information - Market information includes prices of farm input and price of

produce and these informations were received with the help of friends, middleman, and

shoppers in the sample village.

6.6 Storage of produce - Sample farmers used locally made storage device i.e. Khochar

and gunny bags for the storage of paddy and maize grains.

54

CHAPTER-7 Live-stock and fisheries activities

All the farm families rear animal for home consumption, draft power and income. The

common animals are cow, he buffalo, goat, pig, duck, poultry and sheep (Table- 7.1). The

population of cows is more than other animals. He buffalo is also reared as bullocks and

he buffalo are major source of draft power Table 7.1 Animal population in adopted villages

Name He animal She animal Total Number of families owned

Jamtara block Buffalo 6 0 6 4 Cow 292 121 413 142 Goat 65 238 303 132 Pig 18 50 68 27 Sheep 46 137 183 40

Narayanpur block Buffalo 35 12 47 20 Cow 548 603 1151 238 Goat 157 601 758 243 Pig 11 25 36 17 Sheep 78 324 402 67

Jama block Buffalo 36 74 110 32 Cow 652 618 1270 521 Goat 16 480 496 276 Pig 8 105 113 41 Sheep 3 17 20 3

Dumka block Buffalo 12 29 41 25 Cow 1000 579 1579 363 Goat 34 559 593 295 Pig 43 91 134 95 Sheep 4 42 46 7 Inspite of more population of cow in adopted village, the order of preference of farm

families for animals are different in different blocks (Table 7.2), because pigs, goats,

chicken, duck etc. are instant source of income.

55

Table 7.2. Farm family’s preference of rearing animals and birds

Jamtara Narayapur Jama Dumka Animals/Blocks Ranking

Pig 2 - 1 1 Goat 1 1 2 2 Poultry 5 5 3 3 Cow 3 2 5 4 Buffalo - - 4 5 Sheep 4 3 - - Duck - 4 - - In addition to draft and cash animals, the farm families are also rearing birds to meet the

cash demand of home. The birds reared by farmers in adopted villages are given in table

7.3.

Table 7.3 Rearing of birds in adopted villages.

Name Number Families owned Jamtara block

Poultry 498 144 Duck 83 21 Pigeon 102 2

Narayanpur block Poultry 561 116 Duck 226 45 Pigeon 420 22

Jama block Poultry 257 +344 chicks 103 Duck 13 3 Pigeon 683 18

Dumka block Poultry 610+675 chicks 171 Duck 70+16 duckling 13 Pigeon 461 23

The number of live stock includes cow, buffalo, goat and pig on the sample farm. The

average number of live-stock per household was estimated to be 4.45. The number of

live-stock was maximum on small farm 5.67 and minimum on landless farm about 0.91.

Small farmers were having more number of livestock as compared to marginal and semi

medium farms. In total number of live-stock per household, numbers of cattle, buffalo,

goat and pig was 2.22, 0.22, 1.46 and 0.84, respectively. Pig rearing was most popular on

56

landless household as compared to other categories of farm in the sample village. The

cluster-wise analysis further revealed that in Jamtara block average number of live-stock

were about 7.41 per sample household which was high on small farm. The number of

cattle, goat and pig was 4.67, 1.90, and 0.84 respectively in total number of live-stock per

household.

Table 7.4 Different live-stock stake in different farm holding

Name of Cluster



Jamtara 0 4.32 10.5 0 0 7.41Cow 0 2.84 6.50 0 0 4.67

Buffalo 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 Goat 0 0.80 3.00 0 0 1.90

Pig 0 0.68 1.00 0 0 0.84 Narayanpur 3.67 3.66 1.82 1.65 4.37 3.04

Cow 0.67 1.33 0.59 0.74 1.25 0.78 Buffalo 0 0 0.08 0.05 0.875 0.20

Goat 1.00 1.86 1.09 0.81 2.25 1.40 Pig 2.00 0.47 0.06 0.05 0 0.52

Dumka 0 3.86 5.74 2.33 5.00 3.38Cow 0 2.55 3.53 1.00 0 1.416

Buffalo 0 0.01 0.05 0.00 0 0.012 Goat 0.00 0.92 1.37 1.33 5.00 1.72

Pig 0.00 0.38 0.79 0.00 0 1.33 Jama 0 4.38 4.65 6.96 0 3.99

Cow 0 2.26 2.50 3.38 0 2.03 Buffalo 0 0.36 0.41 1.10 0 0.46

Goat 0 1.16 1.02 1.14 0.00 0.83 Pig 0 0.60 0.72 1.34 0 0.66

Average 0.91 4.05 5.67 3.64 4.68 4.45 Among live-stock, cattle population was observed to be maximum in all sample size. In

case of Jama cluster average number of live-stock was about 3.99 per household which

was maximum on semi medium farm and minimum on marginal farm. It was further

observed that number of cattle was found to be high among livestock on all categories of

farmers. The average number was 2.03, 0.46, 0.83 and 0.66 of cattle, buffalo, goat and

pig, respectively per household. Goat and pig rearing was observed to be popular in all

categories of farmers in the selected areas. Similarly, in case of Narayanpur cluster the

average number of livestock was about 3.04, which was again high on medium farm. The

average number of cattle, buffalo, goat and pig was about 0.78, 0.20, 1.40, and 0.52

respectively per household. Goat rearing and pig rearing were again popular in all

57

categories of farmers. Although number of goat per household was high on medium farm

as compared to other farms. While pig rearing were popular in landless household and it

is decreased as size of holding increasing in the area. In Dumka cluster average number

of livestock was about 3.38 per household in which cattle, goat and pig was about 1.4,

1.72 and 1.33, respectively. The buffalo rearing was not common in the selected clusters.

Goat rearing was popular in all categories of household while pig rearing was popular

among marginal and small farmers.

Table 7.5 Gross annual income from milk production Name of Cluster



Jamtara 0 1080 4500 945 NA1 2175Narayanpur 0 1504.51 736.93 640.83 2730 1403Dumka 0 330 2526.3 0 0 1428Jama NA1 1514.8 1598.2 1362.1 0 1492Average NA 1107.33 2340.4 982.63 2730 1624NA: No Milch Animal, NA1: Group not available

Average annual income from milk production on sample household was about

Rs.1624 per year per household, which varies from Rs.982.63 to Rs.2340.4 per annum on

the sample farm. The income from milk production was negatively related to size of farm

holding can marginal Rs.1107.33, small Rs.2340.4, semi-medium Rs.982.63 medium

2730. The cluster-wise analysis further revealed that in Jama block/ cluster, the average

annual income per household for milk production was about Rs.1492 in which marginal

and small farmers received higher increase per annum for milk (Rs.1514.80 & Rs,

1598.2) as compared to semi medium farmer (Rs.1362.1).

Similarly, the farmers of Narayanpur block received an annual income of Rs.1403

per annum. In this block also the average annual income from milk production was high

on marginal and medium farms as compared to semi medium and small farm. In case of

Dumka cluster income from milk production per household per annum was about

Rs.1428 which varies from Rs.330 to Rs.2526.3 on marginal and small farm.

In Jamtara block, average annual income from milk was Rs.2175 per household

which was highest (Rs. 4500) on small farm and lowest (Rs. 945)on semi medium farm.

7.5 Income from livestock other than milch animal

The average annual income from other livestock (draft animal, goat, pig, poultry)

was received by the sample farmers as Rs.423.4 per annum per household. The income

58

was negatively associated with size of farm holding (Rs.479 on marginal farmers, Rs.473

on small, Rs.212, semi medium & Rs.358.3 medium). The cluster-wise analysis further

revealed that in Jama cluster/block, the average annual income from other livestock was

received as Rs.145.29, which was maximum in small farms (Rs. 241) and minimum

(Rs.55) on marginal farm per household, respectively. Landless and medium farmers

were not rearing other type of livestock in the selected area. In case of Narayanpur

cluster, the average annual income from other livestock was Rs.403.95 household, which

varies from Rs.187 to Rs.677 on the sample farm. In case of Dumka block, the average

annual income received as Rs.309.49 per annum per household. The income decreased

with increase in size of farm holding. Similarly in Jamtara block the average annual

income was Rs.717.5 per annum per household. In this block, the average income was

higher in small farm than that of marginal farmer and semi medium.

Table 7.6 Income from livestock other than milch animal

Name of Cluster



Jamtara 563 516.60 1283.50 507 NA1 717.5Narayanpur 625.67 269.44 260.85 187.31 676.50 403.95Dumka 0.0 1076.82 107.79 13.33 40.00 309.49Jama NA1 54.60 240.89 140.38 0 145.29Average 594.3 479.4 473.26 212 358.3 423.4 NA1: Group not available

7.7 Average annual income from livestock : This includes the average annual income from milk & milk product in the sample

village and income from other livestock products on the sample farm. The average annual

income was observed to be Rs.1633.93 per annum, which was more on marginal and

small farmers than that of semi medium and medium farmers.

Table 7.7.1 Average annual income from livestock Name of Cluster



Jamtara 563 1596.60 5783.50 1452 NA1 2348.78Narayanpur 625.67 1773.95 997.78 828.14 3406.50 1526.41Dumka 0.0 1406.82 2634.11 13.33 40.00 818.85Jama NA1 1569.40 1839.04 1502.45 0 982.18Average 594.34 1586.69 2813.61 948.98 1723.25 1633.93NA1: Group not available

59

The cluster-wise analysis further indicates that in Jamtara block thee average

annual income from this enterprise per annum per household was about Rs.2348.78,

which was higher on small farm followed by marginal farm. In case of Dumka block, the

average annual income from livestock enterprise was Rs.818.85 per annum, which was

maximum on small and marginal farmers. Similarly in case of Narayanpur block, the

income from livestock per annum per household received as Rs.1526.41, which varies

from Rs.626.67 to 3406.50 on sample farmers. In case of Jama block, the average annual

income was Rs.982.18 which was high on small farm (Rs.1839) followed by marginal

farmer (Rs.1569.40) and on semi medium (Rs.1502.45), respectively.

7.9 Income from Fisheries :

The farmers were not trained in fish culture and no basic ideas of fisheries.

Although seasonal ponds are available in the villages but due to lack of inputs the

production is merely 100-300 kg/ha/yr. There were no marine fisheries in the state. There

was no clear information from fisheries because whatever fishes were produced used for

self consumption.

60

CHAPTER-8 Income from other subsidiary occupation and wage

employment Subsidiary occupation includes wages of family labour, salary of employed

person, business etc. The average annual income from subsidiary occupation per

household was observed to be Rs8560.96, which was maximum in medium farmers

(Rs13232.5). There was no much variation in annual income from this occupation on

landless, marginal, small and semi medium farms.

Table 8.1 Income from other subsidiary occupation and wage employment

Name of Cluster



Jamtara 7451 1997 NA1 1853 NA1 3767Narayanpur 10200 3209.16 1627.75 1602.05 9297.63 5187.32Dumka 10000 6148.98 11222.5 35333.3 30000 18540.96Jama NA1 4980 3402.17 4627.59 400 3352.44Average 9217 4083.78 5417.46 10854 13232.5 8560.96NA1: Group not available

The cluster-wise analysis further revealed that in Jama block average annual

income from subsidiary occupation on selected sample was about Rs3352.44 per annum

per household, which was maximum on marginal farmers (Rs.4980) and minimum on

medium farmers (Rs400). In case of Dumka block, the average annual income from this

occupation was estimated to be Rs.18540.96 on the sample farm, which was observed to

be maximum on semi medium and medium farmers (35333.3 & 30000) and lowest on

marginal farm (Rs.6149). In Jamtara block income from subsidiary occupation was

estimated as Rs.3767 per annum per household. The low income from this occupation on

the sample farm was mainly due to poor opportunity of service, business etc. in the

sample household. In case of Narayanpur cluster income from subsidiary occupation on

the sample farm was found to be Rs.5187.32 per annum, which was highest on landless

household (Rs.10200).

61

Table 8.2 Total Employment (man days) available in a year Name of

the Cluster

Sector Landless Marginal Small Semi Medium

Medium Average

own farm 0 96 90 100 NA1 95.33 wages 85 15 0 0 NA1 50.00 Migration 65 52 105 50 NA1 68.00 Others 10 10 24 35 NA1 19.75 Ja

mta

ra

Total 160 173 219 185 NA1 184.25 own farm 0 90 89 91 87 90.00 wages 62 14 56 56 102 47.00 Migration 95 85 45 0.0 0.0 75.00 Others 25 11 30 90 150 39.00

Nar

ayan

pur

Total 182 200 220 237 339 209.75 own farm 0 96 98 125 92 106.33 wages 85 41 60 70 130 64.00 Migration 90 42 65 34 0.0 57.75 Others 12 14 15 25 50 16.50 D

umka

Total 187.0 193.0 238.0 254.0 272.0 218.00 own farm NA1 95 80 85 92 86.67 wages NA1 49 46 43 34 46.00 Migration NA1 39 66 34 24 46.33 Others NA1 25 25 72 23 40.67 Ja

ma

Total NA1 208 217 234 173 219.67 NA1: Group not available

The cluster wise analysis revealed that in Jamtara block average annual man days

employment of selected sample was about 184.25 days per annum per household.

Maximum total annual man days employment on small farmer 219 days and minimum on

160 days in landless farmer.

In case of Narayanpur block average annual man days employment of selected sample

was about 209.75 days per annum per household. Maximum total annual man days

employment on medium farmer 339 days and minimum on 182 days in landless farmer.

In case of Dumka block average annual man days employment of selected sample was

about 218.00 days per annum per household. Maximum total annual man days

employment on medium farmer 272days and minimum on 187 days in landless farmer.

In case of Jama block average annual man days employment of selected sample was

about 219.67 days per annum per household. Maximum total annual man days

employment on semi- medium farmer 234 days and minimum on 173 days in landless

farmer.

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CHAPTER-9 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE In Jamtara, block radio is the main source of information & in Narayanpur Radio,

Television, News Paper and ATMA are the main source of information.In Dumka, block

Radio and ATMA (occasionally) are the main source of information & in Jama Radio

and ATMA are the main source of information.

Table-9.1: Source of information

Cluster Radio Television News Paper

Extension worker/ Block

Jamtara

Yes (3) No No No

Narayanpur

Yes Yes Yes ATMA

Dumka

Yes No No Yes, Occasional

Jama

Yes (3) No No ATMA

In these clusters, farmers were mostly depended upon the information Supplied by the

shopkeeper of their locality for their different enterprises. During input purchase they

were interacted and exchange their latest ideas. Kisan Mela was the second most

important mode of information for the farmers. They were participated very

enthusiastically on the occasion of Kisan Mela. Market middle-man also performed

important source of information of village people. Their role had noted vital for selling of

farm produce. In other words, farmer produce price was very much dependent upon the

information Supplied by the local trader/ middlemen. Friends and relatives were also

source of information to dispense day to day activity. In mass communication media,

radio was the most popular electronic device for them till date.

9.3 Suggestions for strengthening knowledge base-

Lack of extension services in the villages were the main constrains for strengthening

knowledge base of village. By strengthen of the extension services and field

demonstration will be incredibly helpful for improvement in knowledge base of village

people. Radio is one of the important sources of information for village people hence

knowledge about potential enterprise for the area should be dissimilated regularly.

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CHAPTER-10 Perception of farmers

10.1 Farmers’ perception on low yields

In all selected villages, non-availability of water for production purpose gets highest

recognition. They were largely depended on the rainfall for production of agricultural

crop. Owing to that very reason, they had given first place to non availability of water for

low productivity of their produce.

The cluster wise analysis further shows that after non availability of water in Narayanpur

cluster insects and pest is the second most destructive factor followed by weed for low

yield. According to them, among other factors which favor the low productivity was lack

of proper market, malpractice of pesticide etc. Similarly in Jama block, after non-

availability of water, low quality of input, high price of inputs, unavailability of farm

credit on time were the important factors for low productivity of yield. In the analysis of

farmers’ perception in Dumka cluster, the low productivity of crop was due to non-

availability of water, poor quality of pesticide & seed and lack of credit facility on time.

In Jamtara cluster farm people narrated that the low productivity in the farm due to lack

of water, poor quality seed and lack of credit facility.

10.1.1 Problems faced by farmers in crop production In almost all cluster the problem is common as follows,

1. Water scarcity for irrigation

2. Lack of quality seed

3. Electricity problems

4. Lack of knowledge in agriculture.

5. Lack of communication

6. Disease and pest infestation

7. Un willing to take summer rice due to free grazing of cattle

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10.1.2 Drudgery in the marketing in horticultural crops

In Jamtara & Narayanpur cluster dominance of middleman, inferior

quality of produce, low production and low price are the major drudgery in marketing of

horticultural produce.

In Dumka & Jama dominance of middleman, transportation( bicycle and

overhead) and low production of vegetables for marketable surplus are the major

drudgery in marketing of horticultural produce.

Table 10.1: Drudgery in the marketing of horticultural crops

Cluster Drudgery

Jamtara

1. Dominance of middleman 2. Inferior quality of produce. 3. Low production 4. Low price

Narayanpur

1. Dominance of middleman 2. Distance from market. 3. Low price of the product

Dumka

1. Transportation (Bicycle and Overhead) 2. Dominance of middleman. 3. Very low production of vegetables for marketable surplus.

Jama

1. Transportation (By-cycle and Overhead) 2. Dominance of middleman.

10.1.3. Constraints in vegetable and fruit growing In Jamtara lack of knowledge about horticulture, poor irrigation facility,

unavailability of superior quality of planting material, disease and pest infestation and

premature mortality in Brinjal are the major constraints in vegetable and fruit growing.

In Narayanpur lack of irrigation facility, unavailability of quality seed, lack of

interest, lack of knowledge about improved cultivation of vegetables, lack of money and

disease and pest infestation are the major constraints in vegetable and fruit growing.

In Dumka poor awareness about vegetable cultivation, lack of improved Seeds

and Planting materials, illiteracy, poor irrigation facility and lack of awareness about

earnings from vegetables are the major constraints in vegetable and fruit growing.

In Jama lack of improved variety seeds, lack of technical knowledge of nursery

growing, poor economic status, unavailability of water resources for irrigation round the

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year, disease and pest infestation, no knowledge of sowing time and lack of machine are

the major constraints in vegetable and fruit growing.

Table 10.2 Constraints in vegetable and fruit growing Cluster Constraints

Jamtara

1. Lack of knowledge about horticulture. 2. Poor irrigation facility. 3. Unavailability of superior quality of planting material 4. Disease and pest infestation 5. Premature mortality in Brinjal

Narayanpur

1. Lack of irrigation facility. 2. Unavailability of quality seed. 3. Lack of interest. 4. Lack of knowledge about improved cultivation of

vegetables 5. Lack of money 6. Disease and pest infestation

Dumka Block – Dumka Mayurakshi sub-catchment

1. Poor awareness about vegetable cultivation. 2. Lack of improved Seeds and Planting materials 3. Illiteracy 4. Poor irrigation facility. 5. Lack of awareness about earnings from vegetables.

C-4: District – Dumka Block – Jama Brahmini sub-catchment

1. Lack of improved variety seeds. 2. Lack of technical knowledge of nursery growing 3. Poor economic status 4. Unavailability of water resources for irrigation round the

year. 5. Disease and pest infestation 6. No knowledge of sowing time 7. Lack of machine

10.1.4. Problems of farmers in livestock and poultry farming In all cluster, the problems were common which were as follows,

• Improper management of diseases

• Inferior quality of breeds

• Unavailability of feed and fodder

• Unavailability of water for drinking and Mortality due to white diarrhea in poultry

• Lack of medical facilities. Blindness among cattle

• Indigestion due to ufra

• FMD in cattle

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10.2 Suggestions for improving the yield

The respondents have suggested various methods to improve the present level of

production in existing enterprises. In general, water availability at the time of crop

requirement is the most important factor to enhance their productivity. Cluster wise

analysis also shows that in Jamtara cluster canal rehabilitation and quality input can

improve their field productivity. In the case of Jama block, water availability is the main

factor for low productivity and they have suggested canal rehabilitation will improve the

present situation in greater extent. They have also suggested that new water saving

technique will serve his purpose. Similarly in Dumka cluster, water saving technique and

low input price will help to enhance productivity of different crops. Canal rehabilitation

will also helpful in increasing cropping intensity in that area. In Narayanpur cluster,

canal rehabilitation is the most important factor in improving crop productivity. Other

factors which influences are the price of quality inputs and credit facility in the area.

10.3 Use of new crop variety

There was no specific record of use of new crop variety in the considered cluster. In some

cluster they had used new variety of Maize named Kanchan 25. Varieties of paddy like

Hajari Dhan and Abhishek were cultivated by farmers in some pocket of considered area.

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CHAPTER-11 Migration status

Migration problems were recorded in all sample clusters with some variation.

11.1 Period of migration

Village people are migrated from one month to six months, depending upon the work

availability in their respective villages. Cluster wise analysis shows that in Jama cluster,

average migration was nearly two month. In Dumka cluster, average migration period

was one and half months. Similarly in Narayanpur cluster, migration period was high and

it was about five months in a year. In case of Jamtara cluster, migration period was about

six months

Table11.1.1 Average earning from migration ( Rs./ household/ annum)

Cluster Landless Marginal Small Semi Medium

Medium Average

Jamtara 0.00 1080.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1080.00 Narayanpur 1800.00 1641.89 1436.84 0.00 0.00 1219.68 Dumka 3100.00 7509.07 3193.59 1428.57 0.00 3807.81 Jama 0.00 4980.00 3402.17 4627.59 400.00 3352.44

11.2 Nature of work during migration

Owing to lack of any technical skills, most of the migrated people do labour work in the

period of migration. Hence their income was very low. And it also depends upon the bargaining

power of migrant. Very few migrant people were engaged as Mason man/ Rajmistri and had high

income as compare to labour. The average income per year per family through migration was Rs.

2121/- , which varies from Rs. 2775/- to 1029/- where landless household income was highest

and semi medium farmers have lowest income. The analysis is also shows that migration is

negatively related with the farm size holding. In cluster wise migration earning shows that in

Jama cluster average income from migration was Rs. 3352/- in which marginal farm family again

have larger share than to small (Rs. 3402/-) and semi medium (Rs. 4628/-). Medium farmers have

lowest income (Rs 400/-) per year per household. In Dumka cluster, average income from

migration was Rs. 3807/- where marginal farmers have received larger amount Rs. 7508/- per

year per household and semi medium farms have received least. (Rs. 1429/-). In Narayanpur

cluster, average income was Rs. 1626/- per annum per household which varies from Rs. 1800/- to

Rs. 1437/- per annum per household. In Jamtara cluster, there were very few people (under

marginal group) who had migrated during year.

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CHAPTER-12 EXTENSION SERVICES

12.1 Extension service in agriculture – The various agencies are involved in extension

activities for agriculture development and other agricultural related activities.

a. Government agency- Under the selected area government machinery like block

Agricultural officer and ATMA (Agriculture Technology Management Agency) are

working for dissimilation of improved technology.

b. Non government Organization (NGO) - Through different branches in selected area

NGO is working for agriculture development and people upliftment.

These agencies are providing training to the farmers regarding crop management,

integrated pest management.

12.2 Extension services in live-stock- Animal husbandry department is providing

different type of training for live-stock development in the area.

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CHAPTER-13

ACCESS TO MICRO CREDIT AND LOAN FACILITIES

13.1 Present source of credit In Jamtara, farmers were using family income, financial institution (3

farmers of Sawrumundu village have Kisan Credit Card) and money lender as source of

credit and in block- Narayanpur, farmers were using family income, financial institution

(47 farmers have Kisan Credit Card) and money lender as source of credit

. In cluster, Dumka farmers were using family income and financial

institution (53 farmers have Kisan Credit Card) as source of credit and in Jama farmers

were using family income, financial institution (60 farmers have Kisan Credit Card) and

money lender (occasional ) as source of credit.

Table 13.1.1 Present source of credit.

Cluster Family income

Financial institution (Bank/ KCC) Money lender

Jamtara

Yes 3 farmers of Sawrumundu have KCC

Yes

Narayanpur

Yes 47- Farmers have KCC Yes

Dumka

Yes 53 farmers have KCC No

Jama Yes 60 farmers have KCC Occasional

13.1 Access to micro-credit and loan facility- The following agencies are working for

providing micro-credit loan facility in the selected areas-

a. Self Help Group (SHG)- In the selected villages, seven self help group are working to

help farmers for meeting small amount of credit requirement for agriculture and allied

activities.

b. Nationalized bank- Some nationalized bank/ commercial banks are helping farmers

for meeting agricultural credit requirement in the selected village/ area.

c. Gramin bank- Some branches of Gramin Bank are also providing credit to the

farmers for agriculture as well as non-agricultural activity.

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d. Money lender/ Private credit agency- Private credit agencies like village money

lender/ money lender are also working in the area for agricultural credit as well as non-

agricultural activities.

13.1 Loan and its utilization- Institutional credit and private credit agencies are

providing all type of agricultural credit i.e. crop loan and long term loan to every

categories of farmers However money lender and private credit agencies are providing

maximum loan for consumption purposes and non agricultural loan.

13.3 Vocational training- Vocational training facilities are not provided by any agencies

to the selected respondents.

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CHAPTER-14 Conclusion

The baseline survey had been conducted in 20 villages of 4 blocks of two disadvantaged

district of Jharkhand state for the implementation of the project entitled Developing

sustainable farming system models for prioritized micro watersheds in rainfed area of

Jharkhand. The survey was conducted covering the whole farmer door to door method

through a multidisciplinary team using the questionnaire. After the compilation of the

data random sampling of 25% household was taken for analysis.

The baseline report revealed that,

1. In the selected villages the caste composition was 60.42% ST, 6.21%SC,

30.28%OBC & 3.09% Upper caste.

2. Total 2332.0 ha land were available in the target area, out of which 29.88%

upland,57.25% low land, 8.93% bari land & 3.95% was utilized for general

purpose i.e. School, Ponds Roads etc.

3. In selected watersheds areas out of total 2332 ha only 1226.563 ha land belongs to

1338 farmers, 1085.431 ha was cultivated 119.957 ha fallow, 22.720 barren and

only 90.785 ha land has irrigation facilities.

4. On the basis of landholdings the farmers had been classified 0.97% farmers were

landless, 66.88% marginal, 22.64% were small, 7.54% were Semi-medium &

1.20%were medium.

5. The livestock played an important role in livelihood, all the farmers keeps some

livestock/birds as cash crops.

6. The agriculture is monocropped mainly dependent on rain. The cropping intensity

ranged from 94% to 104%.

7. The productivity of the major crop was found to be Paddy 16.74 q/ha, wheat

17.58 q/ha, Maize 16.68 q/ha, Potato 159.27 q/ha in the area.

8. The annual income ranges from Rs 9,099to Rs 59,320 from all sources.

10. There is no soil testing facility.

11. The animal health is very poor and local breed of animal were domesticated.

12. There is no concept of contract farming in the area.

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13. The irrigation facilities are very poor mainly the ponds, well, etc. are used for

irrigation.

14. The extension services are poor and radio and shopkeeper is the main source of

information.

Table 14.1 Average Annual Income from all the sources (Rs./household)

Name of the Cluster

Sector Landless Marginal Small Semi Medium

Medium Average

Agriculture& Horticulture

0.00 4452.00 19336.00 15623.00NA1 13137.00

Live Stock 563.00 1596.60 5783.50 1452.00 NA1 2348.78 Milch animal 0.00 1080.00 4500.00 945.00 NA1 1631.25 Wages 7451.00 1997.00 0.00 1853.00 NA1 2825.25 Others 1085.00 1080.00 0.00 2563.00 NA1 1576.00

Jam

tara

Total Income 9099.00 10205.60 29619.50 22436.00NA1 14272.00Agriculture& Horticulture

0.00 7258.00 11620.00 26253.00 43886.00 22254.30

Live Stock 625.67 1773.95 997.78 828.14 3406.50 1526.41 Milch animal 0.00 1504.51 736.93 640.83 2730.00 1403.07 Wages 10200.00 3209.16 1627.75 1602.05 9297.63 5187.32 Others 1800.00 1641.89 1436.84 0.00 0.00 1626.24 N

aray

anpu

r

Total Income 12625.70 15387.50 16419.30 2932.40 59320.10 26615.30Agriculture& Horticulture

0.00 2589.00 6088.00 8667.00 21625.00 9742.25

Live Stock 0.00 1406.82 2634.11 13.33 40.00 1023.57 Milch animal 0.00 330.00 2526.32 0.00 0.00 1428.16 Wages 10000.00 6148.98 11222.50 35333.30 30000.00 18541.00Others 3100.00 7509.07 3193.59 1428.57 0.00 3807.81

Dum

ka

Total Income 13100.00 17983.90 25664.50 45442.20 51665.00 30771.10Agriculture& Horticulture

NA1 3561.00 8542.00 12044.00 16735.00 10220.50

Live Stock NA1 1569.40 1839.04 1502.45 0.00 1636.96 Milch animal NA1 1514.80 1598.15 1362.07 0.00 1491.67 Wages NA1 4980.00 3402.17 4627.59 400.00 3352.44 Others NA1 4980.00 3402.17 4627.59 400.00 3352.44

Jam

a

Total Income NA1 16605.20 18783.50 24163.70 17535.00 19271.90NA1: Group not available

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BASELINE SURVEY REPORT OF THE PROJECT AREA ...

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