Base oils for lubricants manufacture & classification
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Transcript of Base oils for lubricants manufacture & classification
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Base Oil for Lubricants
- Manufacture & classificationHussam Adeni
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What are Lubricants
• Lubricants• Special materials to
•Reduce friction•Reduce wear• In machine elements
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What are lubricants
• Lubricants come in a variety of forms• Liquids – fluids• Semi solids - grease• Even solid, at times - graphite
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What are Lubricants
• Lubricant comprise of• Base oil or carrier fluid• Specially formulated additives
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What are lubricants
Finished lubricants - a careful blend of• Base Oils• And additives
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Base Oil manufacture
Overview of the process• A series of steps• To improve desirable lube properties
• Viscosity Index• Oxidation• Heat resistance• Low temperature fluidity
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Base oil manufacture
Starting with crude oil, typical process of making lube oil consists of
•Separation•Removal•Distillation•Dewaxing•Finishing
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Base oil manufacture
• Crude oil distillation - First the lighter ends removed
Motor spirit Kerosene Solvents
- Middle distillates separated Lube base stocks
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Base oil manufacturing process
• Middle distillates refined further•Vacuum distillation•Propane de asphalting•Solvent refining•Solvent dewaxing•Treating•Clay filtering
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Base oil manufacturing process
• Lubes base stocks - Vacuum distillation
Single stage Multi stage
required for removal of “balance” - lighter ends
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Base oil manufacturing
• Lubes base stocks - Dewaxing
- MEK – Toulene - For Pour Point reduction
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Base oil manufacturing
• Hydrofinishing - Reduction with hydrogen
- For removal ofSulphur
Nitrogen Oxygen
Improves heat & oxidation stability
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Base oil manufacturing
• De asphalting - Reduction with propane
- For removal ofAsphaltic compounds
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Crude Oil composition
• Composition (weight %)• Carbon 84%• Hydrogen 14%• Sulphur 1.5%• Others (nitrogen, Oxygen, Metals, salts) < 2%
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Yield – Base Oil manufacturing process
• Yield in percentages• Gasoline 44%• Diesel 21%• Kerosene /Jet Fuel 9%• Others ( Coke , asphalt, residual
fuel oil) 25%• Lube Oil base stock 1%
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Base Oil classification
• Pale Oils• Lighter ends
• Neutrals• Middle ends
• Bright stock• Heavy ends
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Typical base oils
• Solvent neutrals• SN 70• SN 100• SN 150• SN 300• SN 350• SN 500 • SN 650• SN 900
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API classifications – Base Oils
• American Petroleum Institute (API)• Group I, II, II+
• Mineral Oils
• Group III, IV, V• Synthetic Oils
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API classifications – Base Oils
• American Petroleum Institute (API)• Group I,
• Solvent Refined base stocks• Mineral Oils
• Group II, II+,III• Solvent refined and Hydro treated
• Group IV, V• Synthetics• Polymerized olefins from petrochemical source
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API Base Oil – Interchange Guidelines
Base Oil category
Sulphur (%) Saturates (%)
Viscosity Index (VI)
Group I > 0.03 < 90 80 to 120
Group II < 0.03 > 90 80 to 120
Group III < 0.03 > 90 > 120
Group IV All polyalphaolefins (PAO)
Group V All others not included in Group I, II, III or IV
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Typical cost of base oils
• From crude oils - Yield of Lube stocks is 1%
• If crude price is “X”• Lube base oil price = “2X”• In short base oil costs can be upto
“twice” price of crude oil
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What is a lubricant
• Finished lubricants - Careful blend of
• Base Oils• additives
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What are additives
Lubricant additives - classified on their functional capability1.Enhance existing property2.Suppress undesirable property3.Impart new property
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What are additives
1. Enhance existing property• Anti oxidant• Corrosion inhibitor• Anti foam agent• Demulsifying agent
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What are additives
2. Suppress undesirable base oil property
• Pour Point depressant• VI improver
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What are additives
3. Impart new property• E P additive• Anti wear agents• Detergents• Dispersants• Metal deactivators• Tackiness agents