Barriers to Development Barriers to Development and Possible Solutions for and Possible Solutions for

Africa & Latin AmericaAfrica & Latin America

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

1.1. What are the What are the barriersbarriers to to development?development?

2.2. What are the possible What are the possible solutionssolutions to these barriers? to these barriers?

Homework: Characteristics of Homework: Characteristics of Developing WorldDeveloping World

1.1. Low income (low GDP)Low income (low GDP)2.2. Need investmentNeed investment3.3. Impact of Cold War & European Impact of Cold War & European

imperialismimperialism4.4. Low life expectancyLow life expectancy5.5. Low literacy rateLow literacy rate6.6. Little infrastructureLittle infrastructure7.7. Poor healthcarePoor healthcare8.8. Lack of diverse exports (one export)Lack of diverse exports (one export)9.9. Lack of educationLack of education10.10. Disease and environmental barriersDisease and environmental barriers

Homework: What is Homework: What is development?development?

Increased equitable wealth (GDP)Increased equitable wealth (GDP) Improved quality of lifeImproved quality of life Freedom: economic, political, socialFreedom: economic, political, social A process in place to achieve A process in place to achieve

sustainable economic growthsustainable economic growth

Possible Solutions?Possible Solutions? Increased EducationIncreased Education Reduce diseaseReduce disease Update medical careUpdate medical care Provide useful aid equitablyProvide useful aid equitably Give $ instead of food (to Give $ instead of food (to

communities)communities) Ask what they needAsk what they need Increased investmentIncreased investment

Barriers to DevelopmentBarriers to DevelopmentWe will look at 6 categories…We will look at 6 categories…

1.1. Human Rights ViolationsHuman Rights Violations

2.2. Environmental BarriersEnvironmental Barriers

3.3. Barriers to EducationBarriers to Education

4.4. Political FailurePolitical Failure

5.5. Economic BarriersEconomic Barriers

6.6. Foreign Policy BarriersForeign Policy Barriers

1. Human Rights Violations1. Human Rights Violations Slave tradeSlave trade European imperialism through European imperialism through

colonizationcolonization GenocideGenocide Civil warCivil war Poor healthcare; malnutritionPoor healthcare; malnutrition Low life expectancyLow life expectancy

European imperialism leads European imperialism leads to…to…

UnprecedentUnprecedented slave ed slave tradetrade

Millions killedMillions killed Millions Millions

displaceddisplaced Impact on Impact on

future future generationsgenerations

European imperialism leads European imperialism leads to…to…

Social and cultural Social and cultural disruption disruption

Europeans had Europeans had new ways of doing new ways of doing thingsthings

No regard for No regard for traditional African traditional African ways of lifeways of life

European imperialism leads European imperialism leads to…to…

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference of 1884 – of 1884 – Europe divided Africa using lines Europe divided Africa using lines on a mapon a map

Focused on balance of power in Focused on balance of power in EuropeEurope

Division of ethnic groupsDivision of ethnic groups Colonial bordersColonial borders

Scramble Scramble for Africafor Africa

Genocide and Civil WarGenocide and Civil War Ethnic ConflictsEthnic Conflicts

Civil wars in Angola, Chad, Republic of Congo, Civil wars in Angola, Chad, Republic of Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe…Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe…

Death, destruction, instability, no securityDeath, destruction, instability, no security

MalnutritionMalnutrition

SomaliaSomalia EthiopiaEthiopia SudanSudan

2. Environmental Barriers2. Environmental Barriers

DiseaseDisease HIVHIV MalariaMalaria TsetseTsetse

Erratic rainfallErratic rainfall Poor soil; desertificationPoor soil; desertification UrbanizationUrbanization

3. Education3. Education

Few opportunities for secondary Few opportunities for secondary educationeducation

Children used for cheap labor insteadChildren used for cheap labor instead Poor schoolsPoor schools Low literacyLow literacy

4. Political Failure4. Political Failure

DictatorshipDictatorship One party democracyOne party democracy LeadershipLeadership CorruptionCorruption

CorruptionCorruption

Rigged electionsRigged elections Leaders seek Leaders seek

personal gain and personal gain and richesriches

Mobutu made $5 Mobutu made $5 million on minerals million on minerals from Zimbabwefrom Zimbabwe

Where did Africans learn Where did Africans learn corrupt government practices?corrupt government practices?

European political power grew out of European political power grew out of the barrel of a gunthe barrel of a gun Authoritarian, manipulativeAuthoritarian, manipulative

Did not encourage democracy or Did not encourage democracy or lawful rulelawful rule

5. Economic Barriers5. Economic Barriers

One crop (instead of diversified One crop (instead of diversified economy)economy)

Low GDPLow GDP Little investmentLittle investment Little infrastructureLittle infrastructure High poverty rateHigh poverty rate Reliance on agricultureReliance on agriculture

6. Foreign Policy Barriers6. Foreign Policy Barriers

European colonialismEuropean colonialism BordersBorders Cold War (of course!)Cold War (of course!) CIA interventionCIA intervention U.S. support for dictatorsU.S. support for dictators U.N. noninterventionU.N. nonintervention IMF/World BankIMF/World Bank

Cold WarCold War

After WWII, many African nations After WWII, many African nations gain independence and become gain independence and become pawns in the Cold War pawns in the Cold War

U.S. support for poor leaders because U.S. support for poor leaders because they were communist or viewed as they were communist or viewed as communistcommunist

Sale of weapons to African statesSale of weapons to African states