Barriers to adoption: Policy & Institutional arrangements to support climate-smart agriculture
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Transcript of Barriers to adoption: Policy & Institutional arrangements to support climate-smart agriculture
Overcoming barriers: policies and
Barriers to adoption: policy & institutional arrangements to support CSA
Leslie Lipper, Solomon Asfaw, Giacomo Branca, Andrea Cattaneo, Romina Cavatassi, Uwe Grewer, Misael Kokwe, Nguyen Van Linh, Wendy Mann, Nancy McCarthy,
Adriana Paolantonio, George Phiri, Alessandro Spairani
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN .
Outline of the presentation
• Barriers to adopting what?
• Changing weather patterns means farmers need to adapt
• Though CSA is a site specific concept, there are key features of what it will take & specific barriers associated with them
• Policy levers to reduce barriers
• Policy coordination and financing needs
Barriers to what?
• Changing agricultural production systems– Increase productivity, incomes, reduce variability and
environmental damage
– Covers a wide range of possible options/combinations
• But goes beyond agricultural practices– Income diversification
– Efficient charcoal production
– Value chain management
Just to get an idea of the variation in agricultural practice sets farmers could adopt – evidence from Malawi
4
Freq. Percent
T0 only 47 3.28
T1 + crop rotation no legumes 127 8.86
T2 + crop rotation with legumes 185 12.91
T3 + swc + other combinations (rot/cover crop/intercrop/residue ret) 323 22.54
T4 + agroforestry + other combinations (rot/cover crop/intercrop/residue ret) 129 9
T5 + agroforestry & swc + other combinations (rot/swc/cover crop/intercrop/residue ret) 105 7.33
T6 + crop rotation no legumes + residue retention/cover crop/intercropping 131 9.14
T7 + crop rotation with legumes + residue retention/cover crop/intercropping 121 8.44
T8 + residue retention 27 1.88
T9 + other combinations 6 0.42
T Total tillage 1,201 83.81
M1 + residue retention 29 2.02
M2 + crop rotation no legumes + residue retention/cover crop/intercropping 39 2.72
M3 + crop rotation with legumes + residue retention/cover crop /intercropping 20 1.4
M4 + crop rotation + residue retention/cover crop /intercropping/swc +agrof (CF) 45 3.14
M5 + swc + other combinations (rot/cover crop/intercrop/residue ret) 54 3.77
M6 + crop rotation + other comb 27 1.88
M7 + agrof + swc + other comb 12 0.84
M8 + agroforestry + other comb 5 0.35
M Total MSD 231 16.19
Till
age
MSD
Weather patterns: recent past in Malawi
Coefficient of Variation of seasonal rainfall and temperature (1983-2012)
How various options impact crop yields under different climate effects
Higher YieldsLower/Same Yields
Reduced probabilityof yields<LR Average
Average climatic conditions
Legume intercropInorganic fertilizerImproved seed
Crop rotation
Inorganic fertilizerImproved seedTimely fertilizer access
Delayed onset of rainfall
Crop RotationImproved seedTimely fertilizer access
Inorganic fertilizer Legume intercrop
Increased seasonal temperature
Legume intercropTimely fertilizer access
Improved seedInorganic fertilizer
Legume intercropTimely fertilizer
II. Although CSA benefits & costs are site specific – we can identify some universal characteristics of CSA practices and technologies
… as well as the barriers to their adoption
CSA characteristic Examples and means Potential barriers
Resource use efficiency Correct timing & dose of inputs
Input recommendations for heterogeneous conditions
Timely delivery of inputs
Extension packages designed for specific agro-ecologies
Increased resilience of agro-ecosystem
Improved water holding & drainage capacity;
Delay/time frame to build ecosystem services results in financing gap
Labor constraints
Coordination across landscapes
Protect watersheds through tree planting
Restore degraded lands through grazing mgmt
Lack of social organizations to manage collective action
Barriers Enablers
Minimum soil disturbance
Low income Extension informationCollective action
Legumeintercropping
Low incomeDistance to district center
Extension informationLand TenureCollective action
Crop Rotation Low income Extension information
Agro-Forestry Distance to district centerLabor costLow income
Tenure securityDrought proneness
Improved seed Uninsured riskDistance to district center
Extension information
Inorganic fertilizer
Uninsured riskLack of land tenureDistance to district center
Extension information
Barriers to & Enablers of Adoption:Zambia & Malawi
Uninsured risk a key barrier – especially for the poorExtent of CSA Practice Adoption as Likelihood
of Extreme Weather Events Increase
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
Exte
nt
of
CSA
Pra
ctic
e A
do
pte
d
Likelihood of Extreme Weather Event
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Variable MSD Till
Yield (kg/ha) 2,273 1,707 ***
Gross margin ($/ha) 118 102
Cost of cash inputs ($/ha) 257 185 ***
Labor use (family + hired) 53 37 ***
Improved seeds (%/plot) 93 85 ***
Subsidized fertilizer (%/plot) 60 60
Labor and capital barriers to adoption
Evidence from Zambia Maize systems
• Yield is higher under MSD in dry areas
• MSD is more capital and labor intensive
Policy Levers and Outputs
Extension
Credit
Infrastructure
Input support
Safety nets
R & D
…
LEVERS
OUTPUTS• Food Security
• Adaptation
• Mitigation
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8Mean of predicted adoption by SEA
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
RESPONSE
• Farmers
• Agribusines
s
• Markets
• institutions
BUDGET
14
Enablers 1
• Information (e.g. via extension, radio) but needs to be more effective esp for poor
• Input supply (timely and amount --- input subsidy program design – agro-dealers)
• Participating in organizations
• Safety nets /insurance
Barriers to income diversification
Barrier Effect
Coefficient of variation of rainfall, 1983-
2010(+++)
Long term mean rainfall, 1983-2010
(mm)(+++)
Rainfall anomaly, 2009-10 rainy season (- -)
Access to extension service (+++)
Access to Fertilizer subsidy (+++)
Access to safety-net +/-
Climate finance
Can represent a significant but small share of overall yearly investment requirements for agricultural growth
27
Summing up II
- Weather variability is key determinant of which practices will give yield, stability and income increases
- We already know a lot about the characteristics of the practices we need for CSA & the types of practices that can generate them under some condition
Summing up II
• We also have a pretty good idea of which levers are key, but need more info on how to best operate them
• We need to look beyond changing ag. Practice for CSA, but in many cases we will be dealing with the same levers
• The scale & urgency of transformation needed indicates the need for enhanced (e.g. coordinated) policy & financing response